It describes different animals, routes of drug administration, and handling techniques used in laboratory experiments.

2. Content
• Overview Of Animal Use In Drug Discovery
• Different Strains Of Animals Used In Pre-clinical Studies
• Different Types Of Animals Used In Laboratory
• Handling Of Different Experimental Animals In The Laboratory
• Sex Determination And Diet Of Animal
• Different Routes Of Drug Administration In Animals

4. Different Species Used in Pre-clinical Study
Different Strains of Animals Used in the Laboratory

9. Handling Of Different Experimental Animals Used In Laboratory
MOUSE

10. RAT

11. GUINEA PIG
HAMSTER

12. RABBIT

14. SEX DETERMINATION DIET OF ANIMAL
 The influence of the diet is directly on the health of any
animal or human. Diet is important in order to maintain
health and energy. The main constituents of the diet
remain the same as for humans, i.e. proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, fibers, vitamins, and some ions
and elements. Blood, urine concentration, pH, and extent
of ionization of compounds all depend on the diet of the
individual. In the experimental setting, one can develop
different models of the animals by restricting or
enhancing the constituents of the diet.
 For example atherosclerosis model, hypertension model,
diabetic model, pancreatitis model, etc.
 All animal diets are tested in the government laboratory
for their constituents (Proteins, carbohydrates, fibers,
lipids, etc.) before being supplied to any institute or
research center.

15. Sex Determination Of Rabit

16. DIFFERENT ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION in Experimental Animal
ENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
 Oral administration (per
os, p.o.)
 Intragastric administration
PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
 Subcutaneous (s.c.)
 Intraperitoneal (i.p.)
 Intrathoracic
 Intradermal
 Intravenous (i.v.)
 Intracerebral administration
 Intra-muscular injection
TOPICAL APPLICATION
INHALATION OTHER ROUTES
 Intra-arterial
 Intra Spinal (Intra-thecal)

17. ENTERAL ADMINISTRATION

18. Procedure for intragastric administration using a ball tip needle. (a) First extend the neck; (b) A
straight line is formed between the mouth and stomach; (c) Intragastric injection using 1.0 ml
syringe with 22 G 1.0 in. feeding needle is made
INTRA-GASTRIC ADMINISTRATION

19. INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION

20. (a) Transverse section view of the mouse tail;
(b) sagittal view of the mouse tail (the tail is
turned 90)
(c) intravenous injection into the lateral tail vein
of an anesthetized mouse using an Insulin
syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml.
I.V. injection is also given in the vein of ear also.
INTRAVENOUS INJECTION

23. (a) Subcutaneous injection at the base of a fold of
loose skin (area at the neck) using an Insulin
syringe: 27 G 1/2 in., 1.0 ml
(b) subcutaneous injection at the lower left
quadrant using an Insulin syringe: 27 G 1/2 in.,
1.0 ml.
SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION

24. INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION

25. INTRADERMAL ROUTE INTRATHECAL ROUTE
Intradermal injections are delivered into the outer layers of the
dermis, underneath the upper skin layer (the epidermis). Intrathecal administration is a route of administration for
drugs via an injection into the spinal canal, or into the
subarachnoid space so that it reaches the cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) and is useful in spinal anesthesia, chemotherapy, or pain
management applications.

26. Inhalation Route of Drug Administration
This route is used for experiments on asthma, air pollution, or
respiration. The inhalation route incidentally is the nearest akin to
an intravenous injection because of the relatively large area
presented for absorption by a membrane that is separated from the
blood by only one or two cell layers. Consequently, the absorption
of gases and aerosols that reach the alveoli is virtually complete.

27. TOPICAL APPLICATION
The usual site is the skin covering the back or the
abdomen. After clipping the hair for topical
administration, the hairless area should be cleaned
from any fat, grease, and other debris. The substance
should be dissolved in a volatile solvent or mixed in
a suitable cream before application and then applied
with a dropper or smeared onto the skin with a swab.
Some precautions are usually necessary to prevent
the animal from licking or scratching the application
sites