1. REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SUMACAB ESTE, CABANATUAN CITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER 6: OVERVIEW OF SAFETY AND BASIC SAFETY
PROCEDURES IN HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES AND INDUSTRIES
CE 322
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. MARIELLE CABALLERO
SUBMITTED BY:
BSCE 3B
GROUP 6
MEMBERS:
GARCIA, CRISTINE JOYCE M.
LUZON, RICHARD ANGELO D.
ORANE, MEGAN ANGELIE A.
2. PROCEDURE ANALYSIS
What is Procedure Analysis?
Revolves around the proper comprehension in the possible hazards and risk involved,
controlling these discrepancies by integrating layers of protection to prevent the occurrence of
severe incidents and learn from those incidents if it inevitably occurs.
Thus, procedure analysis focuses on the following:
● Understanding potential risk
● Evaluate risks, consequences, and safeguards.
● Using layers of protection (safeguards) to prevent or mitigate incidents.
The Sweese Cheese Model
● Engineering Controls
● Administrative Controls
● Behavioral Controls
● Post-Incident Mitigation
Identify Hazards Involving:
● Overpressure/Underpressure
● Thermal Expansion and Brittle Fracture
● Fire and Explosion
● Dust Explosion
● Static Electricity
● Human Factors
● Chemical and Reactive Chemistry
● Toxic Exposure
3. FALL PROTECTION
What is Fall Protection?
Ensures the safety of workers when they are working in greater heights preventing deaths
and serious injuries. Thus, any type of planned system that prevents the risk of falling is considered
as fall protection. It can be achieved by various methods, such a barricades and personal fall arrest
system.
Determining if Fall Protection is necessary by these questions:
● Are workers working at heights?
● Is a hazard assessment required (by law, other authority, or good practice)?
● Are you required to have a fall protection plan?
Why is it necessary?
It identifies the fall risk factors and the precautions need to be taken to prevent injury are
together. This plan covers the selection, assembly, maintenance, inspection, use, and disassembly
of any fall protection equipment as well as ladders, scaffolds, or other platforms used for working
at heights. It ensures that protocols exist if workers accidentally fall including those who are
suspended in midair by their harness. Every location where employees are working at a height
need its own unique fall safety plan. "No one size fits all" applies to plans. The necessities and
tools needed will vary from one workplace, one site, and one job to another.
4. BARRICADES AND SCAFFOLDS
Barricades - an improvised barrier erected across a street or other thoroughfare to prevent or delay
the movement of opposing forces.
Types of Barricading
• Soft Barricade - they are to be used to identify and protect personnel from general hazards
and also those which are high risk and may pose a risk to life and death.
• Solid Barricade - The purpose of a solid barricade is to provide a physical barrier capable
of performing the same function as a permanent guardrail.
Methods of Barricading
• Caution Barricades - tape shall be erected to inform personnel of an uncontrolled hazard
within the barricaded area.
• Restricted Access Barricades - shall be erected to prevent unauthorized personnel` from
accessing the barricaded area.
• Electrical Work Barricades - is to be erected to prevent access to electrical hazards.
• High Voltage Testing Barricades - is to be erected around the item under test to provide
a minimum safe approach distance.
• Safety Requirement for Lights - barricades are installed across roadways and will remain
in place during hours of darkness.
Responsibilities
• Manager
The operations shall ensure that this procedure shall be implemented and maintained throughout
the operations.
• Coordinators/Supervisor
Shall ensure that:
- maintenance of the barricade in accordance with the procedure.
- sufficiency of the supplies.
• Employees/Contractors
- They do not access a barricaded area unless the conditioned detailed on the barricade sign
are complied.
- They monitor and maintain the condition of barricades in their work areas.
5. Scaffold – is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the
construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other manmade structures.
Scaffolding is also used in adapted forms for formwork and shoring, grandstand seating, concert
stages, access/viewing towers, exhibition stands, ski ramps, half pipes and art projects.
Types of Scaffold
1. Supported - consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets,
poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
● Foundation - scaffold poles, legs, post, frames and uprights must be on base plate
and mud sills or other firm foundations.
● Support - Platforms supported by legs, outrigger beams, bracket, poles, uprights,
posts, and frames.
● Restraint - ties and braces must be installed at locations where horizontal scaffold
components support both inner and outer legs.
2. Suspended - a mobile scaffold that is suspended from ropes or cables. also known as
swinging scaffold.
3. Aerial Lifts/Scissor Lifts - are essentially elevated.
Risks
● Fall from Elevation - can be caused by slipping, unsafe access and lack of fall protection.
● Struck By - from falling tools and debris.
● Electrocution - from overhead power lines.
● Scaffold Collapse - often caused by instability of overloading.
● Bad Planking - may give way to material or occupant load.
Falling Object Protection
1. Hard Hats
2. Barricade
3. Panels or screen
4. Canopy or net
Essential Element of Safe Scaffold Construction
● Appropriate Construction - to control a risk of a scaffold falling or collapsing.
● Proper Access - Direct access to or from another platform. Ramps and walkways must
have guardrails.
6. Scaffold Platform Construction
1. Platform must be fully planked.
2. Able to support.
3. Gaps - no gaps larger than 1 inch are permitted between adjacent plank or deck units or
between the platform and the uprights.
4. Exception - a larger gap (not to exceed 9-12 inches) is permitted when the employer can
demonstrate, a 1 inch or less gap is not feasible.
5. Overlap - platforms at least 12 inches over supports, unless restrained to prevent
movement.
Guardrails - guardrails, or protective guarding, in general, are a boundary feature and may be a
means to prevent or deter access to dangerous or off-limits areas while allowing light and visibility
in a greater way than a fence.
Types of Guardrails
● Along the Front Edge - of the platform not more than 14 inches from the work. For lathing
and plastering, a gap of 18 inches is permitted.
● Top rails - should be no less than 38 and no more than 45 inches tall.
● Midrails - should be placed halfway between top rail and platform. For construction work,
midrails may not be spaced more than 19 inches apart.
● Toeboards - must be 3-1/2 inches high. Open spacing between the toe board and platform
cannot exceed 14 inches.
7. FIRE SAFETY AND CODES
Fire Safety - is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire safety
measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that
are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts.
Fire Hazard - a situation in which there is a greater than normal risk of harm to people and
property due to fire.
Classification of Fires
Fires are classified in six groups A, B, C, D, F and electrical:
● Class A fires – are fires involving organic solids like paper, wood, etc.
● Class B fires – are fires involving flammable liquids.
● Class C fires – are fires involving flammable gasses.
● Class D fires – are fires involving burning metals (e.g. aluminum swarf)
● Class F fires – are fires involving fats such as used in deep fat fryers.
● Electrical fires (the letter E is not used. Instead, the symbol of an electric spark is
displayed) – are fires caused by electrical equipment.
Types of Fire Detectors
1. Smoke detectors - A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an
indicator of fire.
2. Temperature Detectors - is a device that is designed to measure the degree of hotness or
coolness in an object.
3. Flame Detectors - A flame detector is a sensor designed to detect and respond to the
presence of a flame or fire, allowing flame detection.
4. Gas Detectors - A gas detector is a device that detects the presence of gases in an area,
often as part of a safety system.
Fire Codes in Construction
• NFPA1 - Fire Code, advances fire and life safety for the public and first responders as
well as property protection by providing a comprehensive, integrated approach to fire
code regulation and hazard management.
• NFPA 5000 - This code provides requirements for those construction, protection, and
occupancy features necessary to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare and
minimize injuries.
8. • National Building Code - Republic Act No. 6541 or the National Building Code of the
Philippines is a law that answers the demand for urbanization. It aims to ensure the
developers will follow the implementation of the latest technical knowledge on building
design, construction, occupancy, maintenance, and use.
• RA 9514, commonly referred to as the Fire Code of the Philippines, serves as the basis
that guides the Bureau of Fire Protection in enforcing the law to maintain public safety
and economic development by preventing and suppressing all types of damaging fires.
• NFPA 1042 - This standard identifies the minimum job performance requirements (JPRs)
for fire service instructors.
• NFPA 1620 - This standard provides criteria for developing pre-incident plans to help
responders effectively manage emergencies so as to maximize protection for occupants,
responding personnel, property, and the environment.
9. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
What is Industrial Hygiene?
Employed by organizations to ensure the overall health and safety of the workers while
they fulfill task in their respective workspaces. It is the field of study that focuses on predicting,
identifying, evaluating, communicating, and controlling environmental stresses at work that could
harm employees or the community in other ways, such as through injury, disease, or disability.
Leverage rigorous scientific techniques to identify and manage workplace risks, including
risk assessment instruments and data like Safety Data Sheets, which are produced by chemical
producers and contain comprehensive information on each chemical. Along with resolving issues
with particular tasks or work areas, industrial hygienists are also capable of conducting a worksite
analysis to assess all jobs, operations, equipment, and work activities at a given location.
An industrial hygienist is going to cooperate with the company to reduce or remove the
hazard after it has been determined. Using personal protection equipment, such as gloves or
goggles, or improving ventilation are some examples of how to do this. It can also mean switching
out a chemical for one that is less dangerous.
Key Components of Industrial Hygiene
• Ergonomics – is the study of people at work objective is to lessen stress and get rid of
injuries brought on by poor posture, misuse of the muscles, and repetitive motions.
• Noise - workers who are exposed to noise for an extended period of time, whether it be
desired or unwanted, risk hearing loss.
• Temperature - problems for workers might arise in both high and low temperatures.
Since, prolonged exposure to cold temperatures can result in hypothermia or frostbite,
while high temperatures put employees at risk for heat exhaustion or heat stroke.
• Indoor Air Quality - chronic coughing, motion sickness, and excruciating headaches can
all be symptoms of poor air quality.
• Chemical Exposure - chemical risks can be swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed into a
worker's system in a variety of ways, including as liquids, fumes, and dusts. Pesticides,
gasoline, and cleaning supplies are a few typical substances that may be dangerous.
• Radiation - the non-ionizing radiation kinds that are most likely to put employees' health
in danger—usually by resulting in burns—are ultraviolet (UV) radiation and laser
radiation.
• Biological hazards - living organisms that may penetrate the body include bacteria,
viruses, and fungus can result in both acute and chronic infections.
• Eliminating or Controlling Hazards - It is possible to eliminate or minimize the potential
hazard if dangerous situations have been discovered.
10. CHEMICAL SAFETY AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY
What is Chemical Safety?
Chemicals are widely used in society and have both beneficial and detrimental effects on
one's health around 1 billion workers are exposed to hazardous substances each year, an estimated
1 million of these workers pass away every year. For those who survive, non-fatal illnesses and
injuries could cause disability, and other negative effects on their health. All these illnesses,
injuries, and fatalities are completely avoidable. The urgency of this worldwide health concern is
demonstrated by significant industrial incidents like the ammonium nitrate explosion at the Beirut
Port in 2020.
Depending on the precise quantity of the chemical to which a person was exposed and how
dangerous the chemical actually is, the effects of a chemical exposure to a person will vary.
Chemicals Route of Entries
• Skin and Eye Contact - chemicals can enter the body most easily through direct contact
with the skin or eyes.
• Inhalation - the most typical entrance point for gases, vapors, and particles is the lungs.
• Ingestion - the gastrointestinal tract is another possible route of entry for toxic substances.
• Injection - injections can happen as a result of incidents involving syringe needles, broken
glass, or other sharp objects tainted with chemicals.
Types of Injuries
• Local Injuries - affect the body part that came into contact with the substance.
• Systemic Injury - when poisons are transferred through the bloodstream to tissues or
organs other than the contact site.
Types of Toxicity
• Acute Toxicity - a single, brief encounter to a toxin, effects typically come into play
rapidly and may usually be reversed.
• Chronic Toxicity - repeated exposure over a lengthy period of time leads to chronic
toxicity. Effects are often slow and delayed, with the potential to be permanent.
What is Electrical Safety?
We rely on electricity, but occasionally we fail to see its potential for harm. Your heart can
be stopped by even 120 volts of household current. Electricity can cause shock, fire, and explosion;
therefore, members must be aware of these risks and take steps to either eliminate or control them.
11. • Electrical Shock - happens when a body is exposed to current.
• Electrocution - refers to the electrical energy dose that can cause death or harm.
• Explosion - when a combustible dust or gas mixture in the air is ignited by electricity.
Causes of Electrical Fire/Explosion
● Excessive current flowing through wire in cases when overcurrent prevention is absent or
ineffective.
● Faulty electrical outlets that cause arcing or poor contact,
● Faulty electrical connections and aging, damaged wiring that is unable to support the load.
Things To Do in Ensure Electrical Safety
● Ensure that workers are familiar in the equipment used.
● Make sure enough sockets are available and ensure its not overloaded.
● Ensure there are no trailing cables that can cause people to trip or fall.
● Switch off and unplug appliances before cleaning or adjusting them.
● Ensure everyone looks for electrical wires, cables or equipment near where they are going to
work.
● Make sure anyone working with electricity is competent enough.
● Stop using equipment immediately if it appears to be faulty.
● Check any electrical equipment before using.
