This presentation is about thinking shortcuts in which we readily make decisions . Its all about decision making in every field of life. Thinking based on pre-existing believes.

1. GROUP 2 presentation
Hamza Qureshi
Sidra Shareef
Muqadas Fiaz
Usman Hanif
Noor illahi
Muhammad khizar

2. BIAS Heuristics

3. History
 This research , called the heuristics- and
–biases program , challenged the idea
that human beings worldwide attention
in 1974 with the science paper
“Judgment Under Uncertainty
:Heuristics and biases”.

4. Biases Heuristics
 “Heuristics are the shortcuts that human
use to reduce task complexity in
judgement and choice and Biases are the
resulting gaps between normative behavior
and the heuristically determined behavior”

5. Heuristics in making decision
 TYPES OF HEURISTICS :
 Availability Heuristics: A mental shortcut which helps us make a decision
based on how easy it is to bring something to mind.
 Representativeness Heuristics: A mental shortcut which helps us make a
decision by comparing information to our mental prototypes.
 Base-Rate Heuristics: A mental shortcut which helps us make a decision
based on probability.

6. Biases in decision making
 Types of biases:
 Action bias: The action bias is our automatic tendency to take action ,
even when the better choice may be holding off on doing anything
at all.
 Confirmation bias: A confirmation bias is cognitive bias that favours
information that confirms your previously existing beliefs or biases.
 Anchoring bias: The anchoring bias is a pervasive cognitive bias that
causes us to rely too heavily on information that we received early in
the decision making process.

7. Biases in decision making
 Information bias: A distortion in the measure of association caused by a lack of
accurate measurements of exposure or health outcome status which can result
from poor interviewing or differing levels of recall by participants.
 Hindsight: A psychological phenomenon in which one becomes convinced they
predicted an event before it occurred:
 In group: A type of cognitive bias that causes us to categorize people depending
on whether we share a common group identification with them.

8. Biases in decision making
 Outcome bias: Can arise a decision is based on the outcome of previous
events without taking into account how the past events developed.
 Spotlight bias: The spotlight effect is a cognitive bias influenced by
factors such as our familiarity with our own thoughts and the anchoring
bias.
 Omission bias: The omission bias refers to our tendency to judge harmful
actions as worse than harmful inaction, even if they result in similar
consequences:
 Recency bias : Recency bas is the tendency to place too much emphasis
on experiences that are freshest in your memory- even if they are not the
most relevant or reliable .