Green House Effect, Methane Emission and its Relevance to Abiotic Stress, Use of Anti-Transpirants, Interaction Among Different Stresses The greenhouse effect, exacerbated by methane emissions, contributes significantly to abiotic stress in plants. Methane, a potent greenhouse gas, traps heat in the atmosphere, leading to increased temperatures and altering climatic conditions. This phenomenon can induce various abiotic stresses such as heat stress, drought stress, and salinity stress, adversely affecting plant growth and productivity. To mitigate abiotic stress, including those exacerbated by methane emissions, anti-transpirants are employed. These substances reduce water loss through transpiration, thereby alleviating water stress and improving plant water-use efficiency. Additionally, anti-transpirants can help regulate stomatal closure, minimizing heat stress and reducing oxidative damage in plants. Furthermore, the interaction among different stresses, known as stress cross-tolerance or stress priming, is a complex phenomenon. Plants exposed to one stressor may develop enhanced tolerance to subsequent stress events, indicating the interconnected nature of abiotic stress responses. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to enhance plant resilience to multiple stressors, including those exacerbated by methane emissions, ultimately ensuring sustainable crop production in a changing climate.

1. Indira
Gandhi
Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur
Indira
Gandhi
Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur

2. COURSE CODE: FSC-692
CREDIT HOURS: 1(0+1)
Seminar Incharge:
Dr. Prabhakar Singh
(Head, Dept. of Fruit Science)
Prepared By:
Yogesh K. Chandrakar
Ph.D. 1st year 2nd Sem.
Dept. of Fruit Science
Doctoral seminar
On
Green House Effect, Methane Emission and its Relevance to Abiotic
Stress, Use of Anti-Transpirants, Interaction Among Different Stresses

3. •
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Definition and types of greenhouse effect
3. Mechanism of greenhouse effect
4. Sources of greenhouse effect
5. Methane emission and its relevance to abiotic stress
6. Anti-transpirants
7. Interaction Among Different Stresses
8. Research findings
9. References

4. INTRODUCTION
 The greenhouse effect was discovered
by Joseph Fourier in 1824.
 First reliably experimented on
by John Tyndall in 1858.
 First reported quantitatively
by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.

5. Green House effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon that is
responsible for heating of Earth’s Surface and atmosphere
Greenhouse Effect, the capacity of certain gases in the
atmosphere to trap heat emitted from Earth’s surface, thereby
insulating and warming the planet.
DEFINITION

6. Types of Green House
Natural Greenhouse Effect Artificial Greenhouse Effect
 It is created naturally  It is created by humans
 The greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere trap the solar
radiations to warm the earth
 The transparent glass allows the
radiations to pass through and
traps the radiations by not letting
them escape
 It occupies a large area  It occupies a relatively small area
 It creates the heating effect in the
whole earth
 It creates the heating effect only in
a certain specified area

7. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

8. A FLOW CHART
The sunlight passes through atmosphere and the earth surface and
absorbs it
The land heated by the sunlight emit back the heat as infrared rays
The Green House Gases absorb this heat
Part of this heat is sent towards the ground, and it heats the earth’s
surface and the lower atmosphere again.

9. incoming
radiation
Solar energy reaches the Earth’s surface

10. incoming
radiation
infrared radiation
Earth’s surface warms, emits radiation

11. incoming
radiation
infrared radiation
greenhouse
gases
Greenhouse gases absorb IR leaving the surface

12. incoming
radiation
infrared radiation
greenhouse
gases
Gases are energized, then emit radiation (IR)

13. incoming
radiation
infrared radiation
greenhouse
gases
Some of this IR reaches the planet surface, warming it further

14. Causes of Greenhouse Effect
• Greenhouse gases
• Deforestation
• Burning of Fossils
• Population Growth
• Ozone Layer Depletion
• Industrialization

15. Greenhouse Gases
 Carbon Dioxide
 Choro Fluro Carbons
 Methane
 Nitrous Oxide
 Others

16. Sources of CO2
 Burning fossil fuels (coal,
natural gas, and oil)
 Solid waste, trees and wood
products
 Chemical reactions (e.g.,
manufacture of cement)
Avg atmospheric residence time= 500 years

17. Sources of CH4
 Methanogens
 Wetlands
 Animals
 Landfills
 Rice field
Avg atmospheric residence time= 7-10 years

18. Sources of Nitrous Oxide
Avg atmospheric residence time= 140-190 years

19. Sources of CFCs

20. GREEN HOUSE GASE EMISSION
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency

21. METHANE EMISSION
• Methane is produced by microorganisms in a process
called methanogenesis.
• Methane stored in rocks and soil stems from ancient
biomass and the generation mechanisms are the not the
same as for other fossil fuels.
• Natural sources create 36% of methane emissions.
• Human-related sources create the majority of methane
emissions, accounting for 64% of the total.
• Paddy field= 91 %
• Animal husbandry= 7 %
• Burning of Ag. waste= 2 %
Source:- Aydinalp and Cresser, 2008

22. Sources of atmospheric methane
 Methanogens:-
 Rice agriculture:- 50-100 million metric tons of methane emission each year.
 Landfills:-
 Wetlands:- 20 percent of atmospheric methane through emissions from soils and plants.
 Animals:-
 Plants:- 10 to 30 percent of atmospheric methane.
 Waste water treatment:- Anaerobic treatments of organic compounds
Source: Haokip et. al., 2020

23. Methane production in plant under abiotic stresses
The proposed mechanisms for CH4 production in plant
under abiotic stresses. The stimuli factors are shown as red
dash-lined boxes. ROS are considered to play a vital role in
CH4 production. AsA (ascorbic acid), CO2, H2 (hydrogen),
ROS.
Source: Liu et al., (2020)

24. Examples of CH4 Involvement in Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance
Plant species Stress Mechanism References
Medicago sativa NaCl toxicity Re-establishment of ion homeostasis Zhu et al. (2016)
Zea mays Osmotic stress Improving sugar and AsA metabolism,
thus suppressing ROS production
Han et al. (2017)
Vigna radiata Osmotic stress CH4-induced, redox homeostasis and
starch metabolism
Zhang et al. (2018)
Medicago sativa Cu stress Reducing Cu accumulation and re-
establishing redox homeostasis
Samma et al. (2017)
Medicago sativa Al stress Reducing Al accumulation via
stimulating the organic acid metabolism
Cui et al. (2017)

25. Result of Green House Effect

26. Use of Anti - Transpirants
Anti-transpirants are the materials or chemicals which decrease the water
loss from plant leaves by reducing the size and number of stomata.
Features of Antitranspirant
• Non toxicity
• Non-permanent damage to stomata mechanism.
• Specific effects on gaurd cells and not to other cells.
• Effect on stomata should persist at least for one week.
• Chemical or material should be cheap and readily available.

27. Types of Anti-transpirants
Types
Film
forming
type
Stomata
closing
type
Reflectant
type
Growth
retardant
type

28. Sr. No Anti-transpirants Example Salient Feature
1 Film forming type • Low viscosity waxes
• Silicone oils
• Hexadecanol
• Methanol
• Ethyl alcohol
• Power oil 1%
• Plastic films
Allow CO2 to pass into the leaf
2 Stomata closing type • 2, 4 – D
• Phosphon D
• Atrazine
• Phenyl Mercuric Acetate
• Hydroxy Sulfonates
• KMS
The rate of CO2 diffusion into
the leaf is also reduced due to
stomata closure
3 Reflectant type • Kaolinite clay
• Lime wash
• Calcium bicarbonate
Reflecting compounds do not
cause blockage of stomatal pores
4 Growth retardant • Cycocel Reduce shoot growth and
increases root growth
Source: Sow et. al., 2021

29. Treatments Pre- harvest fruit drop
(%)
No. of fruits/tree Fruit weight
(g)
2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011
Control 38.9 40.0 281.0 284.0 59.0 58.5
Green miracle at 1.0 % 7.0 7.3 350.0 356.0 78.0 76.0
Green miracle at 2.0 % 5.9 6.0 380.0 387.0 82.9 80.8
Kaolin at 1.0 % 15.0 14.0 380.0 387.0 70.3 68.2
Kaolin at 2.0 % 9.2 10.6 355.0 364.0 74.0 72.9
Vapor guard at 1.0 % 21.0 20.0 296.0 304.0 62.3 63.5
Vapor guard at 2.0 % 18.0 17.5 307.0 318.0 67.0 66.6
Effect of some anti-transpirants on the percentage of preharvest fruit dropping, yield and fruit weight (g.) of
Hamawy apricot trees during 2010 and 2011 seasons
Source: Masoud, 2012

30. Effect of pruning, anti-transpirants and growth retardants on mitigating drought effects on yield and fruit
quality in Barrani grapevines during 2008 and 2009 seasons
Treatments Fruit weight (g) No. of berry/cluster Yield/Vine (Kg)
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
Control 6.42 6.57 261.7 259.9 1.67 1.70
Pruning at 6 canes x 8buds 6.82 7.50 264.0 261.0 1.80 1.95
Vapor guard at 6% 7.76 9.40 378.7 380.8 2.96 3.53
Paraffin wax at 8% 8.41 8.42 278.5 281.6 2.29 2.38
Paclobutrazol at 500ppm 9.06 9.39 398.7 396.9 3.73 3.83
Cycocel at 1000ppm 9.08 9.91 478.8 469.9 4.33 4.38
Source: Parray et. al., 2017

31. Interaction Among Different Stresses
• Due to global warming, and potential climate abnormalities associated with it, crops
typically encounter an increased number of abiotic and biotic stress combinations, which
severely affect their growth and yield (Ramegowda and Senthil-Kumar, 2015).
• Concurrent occurrence of abiotic stresses such as drought and heat has been shown to be
more destructive to crop production than these stresses occurring separately at different
crop growth stages (Prasad et. al., 2011).
• Abiotic stress conditions such as drought, high and low temperature and salinity are
known to influence the occurrence and spread of pathogens, insects, and weeds (Peters et.
al., 2014).

32. Examples of Different Stress Combinations Occurring in Nature
• A single stress represents only one stress factor affecting plant growth and
development
• Whereas multiple stress represents the impact of two or more stresses occurring
at different time periods without any overlap (multiple individual) or occurring
concurrently with at least some degree of overlap between them (combined).
• The co-occurrence of drought and heat stresses during summer is an example
of a combined abiotic stress, whereas a bacterial and fungal pathogen
attacking a plant at the same time represents a case of combined biotic stress.
Source: Pandey et. al., 2017

33. Source: Pandey et. al., 2017

34. Purple colour = Pathogen
Orange colour = Drought
Research Findings

35. Research Findings
Trend analysis of last
five years 2011-2015
showed there was a huge
decrease of 14.98chill
units per year. Data on
apple productivity in
Kullu district for last
decade (2005-2014)
showed a decreasing
trend of the order of
0.183 tons/ha /year.

38. CONCLUSION
• Global climate changes are likely to exert pressure on fruit
production system and may constrain in attainment of
future fruit production targets.
• These changes are natural as well as anthropogenic but its
control in our hand through several mitigation measures
which reduce the concentration gases in atmosphere which
are responsible for climate change and fruit crops have a
great in mitigation of these gases through carbon
sequestration by photosynthesis.

39. References
• Haokip, S. W., Shankar, K. and Lalrinngheta, J. 2020. Climate change and its impact on fruit crops. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1): 435-438.
• Parray, E. A., Rehman, M. U., Khanday, M. U., Bhat, T. A., Ali, M. T., Wani, M. A., Hajam, M. A., Ali, M. T.,
Islam, T. and Mehraj, S. 2017. Drought management strategies in fruit crops: An overview. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6): 2423-2425.
• Masoud, A. A. B. 2012. Impact of some anti-transpirants on yield and fruit quality of Hamawy apricot trees grown
in sandy soils. Research Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 8(2): 78-82.
• Sow, S. and Ranjan, S. 2021. Anti-transpirants: a novel tool for combating with water stress under climate change
scenario. Food and Scientific Reports, 2(1): 29-31.
• Ramegowda, V. and Senthil, M. K. 2015. The interactive effects of simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses on
plants: mechanistic understanding from drought and pathogen combination. J. Plant Physiol., 176(10): 47–54.

40. • Peters, K., Breitsameter, L. and Gerowitt, B. 2014. Impact of climate change on weeds in agriculture: a
review. Agric. Sustain. Dev., 34(09): 707–721.
• Prasad, P. V. V., Pisipati, S. R., Momcilovic, I. and Ristic, Z. 2011. Independent and combined effects of
high temperature and drought stress during grain filling on plant yield and chloroplast EF-Tu expression
in spring wheat. J. Agron. Crop Sci., 197(12): 430–441.
• Li, L., Wei, S. and Shen, W. 2020. The role of methane in plant physiology: a review. Plant Cell Reports,
39(3): 171–179.

42.  Greenhouse gases—including most diatomic gases with two different atoms (such as carbon monoxide,
CO) and all gases with three or more atoms—are able to absorb and emit infrared radiation.
 More than 99% of the dry atmosphere is IR transparent (because the main constituents: N2, O2, and
Ar are not able to directly absorb or emit infrared radiation), intermolecular collisions cause the
energy absorbed and emitted by the greenhouse gases to be shared with the other, non-IR-active, gases.