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Gestalt-Psychology and different laws including its history with the following founders
1.
2. Gestalt Psychology
• Gestalt theory was the initial cognitive
response to behaviorism. It emphasized
the importance of sensory wholes and
the dynamic nature of visual perception.
• The term Gestalt, means “form” or
“configuration”
3. History of Gestalt Psychology
❑When?
Gestalt Psychology started in early twentieth century
❑Where?
The birthplace of gewstalt psychology is Germany NS
Austria-Hungary.
❑Why?
It emerged as the theory of Perception that was a
rejection of basic principle of Wilhelm Wundt’s and
Edward Titchener’s elementalist and structuralist
psychology
6. The Founders of Gestalt Psychology
Max Wertheimer
1880-1943
Wolfgang Kholer
1887-1967
Kurt Koffka
1886-1941
7. Psychologists Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka
who studied perception, concluded that:
• learners were not passive, but rather
active.
• Factors like past experiences, needs
attitudes and one’s present situation can
affect their perception.
8. Learners do not just collect information
but they actively process and
restructure data in order to understand
it. This called perceptual process.
Like past experience, needs, attitudes
and one’s present situation can affect
his/her perception.
9. GESTALT THEORY
• the initial response of behaviorism.
• emphasized the importance of sensory
wholes and the dynamic nature of visual
perception.
• Gestalt Psychologists
“the way we form our perception are
guided by certain principles or laws”.
These principles or laws determine
what we see or make things or
situation.
10.
11. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt
Theory
Law of Pragnanz
Law of Similarity
Law of Continuity/Continuation
Law of Proximity
Law of Closure
Law of Figure/Ground
Law of Common Region
12. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Pragnanz or
Law of Good Figure
This principle suggests that you
will naturally perceive things in
their simplest form or
organization.
13.
14. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Similarity
This principle suggests that we
naturally group similar items
based on elements like color,
size, or orientation
Do you see rows or columns?
15. In this image,
there appear to be
two separate and
distinct groups
based on shape:
the circles and the
triangles.
16. The principle states that when things appear to be
similar to each other, we group them together. And
we also tend to think they have the same function.
A variety of design elements, like color and
organization, can be used to establish similar
groups. In the image below, even though all of the
shapes are the same, it’s clear that each column
represents a distinct group:
18. First, they use it to distinguish different sections.
The grey section at the top serves a different
purpose than the black section, which is also
separate from and different than the blue
section.
Second, they used the color blue to distinguish
links from regular text and to communicate that
all blue text share a common function.
19. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Proximity
This principle states that objects
near each other tend to be
viewed as a group.
The right side of
the picture is
perceived as
three columns
20.
21. The principle of proximity states that things that are
close together appear to be more related than things
that are spaced farther apart.
22. Proximity is so powerful that it overrides similarity of
color, shape, and other factors that might
differentiate a group of objects.
Notice that in the three groups of black and red dots
above, the relative nearness of the objects has an
even stronger influence on grouping than color does.
23. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Continuity/
Good Continuation
We will perceive elements
arranged on a line or curve as
related to each other, while
elements that are not on the
line or curve are seen as
separate.
24.
25. The principle states that elements that are arranged
on a line or curve are perceived to be more related
than elements not on the line or curve.
In the image below, the red dots in the curved line
seem to be more related to the black dots on the
curved line than to the red dots on the straight
horizontal line. The eye naturally follows a line or a
curve, making continuation a stronger signal of
relatedness than the similarity of color.
26. Example:
Amazon uses continuity to communicate that each of
the products below is similar and related to each
other (books of similar topics that are available for
purchase).
27. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Closure
This suggests that elements that
form a closed object will even
fill in the morning information
to create closure and make
sends of an object..
28. The principle of
closure states that
when we look at a
complex
arrangement of
visual elements, we
tend to look for a
single, recognizable
pattern.
29. When you see an image with missing parts, your brain
will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you
can still recognize the pattern.
30. Examples of the closure principle
The principle is used often in logo designs at a variety
of companies like IBM, NBC, Zendesk, and Funding
Circle.
31. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Figure/Ground
The figure-ground principle states
that people instinctively perceive
objects as either being in the
foreground or the background. They
either stand out prominently in the
front (the figure) or recede into the
back (the ground).
In the image above your eye
instantly sees a white apple
sitting on a black
background.
32. Example:
The Basecamp homepage has a bunch of graphics,
text, forms, and other information. And because of
the figure-ground principle, you can immediately tell
that you should focus on the content in the white
foreground areas.
33. Principles (or Laws) of Gestalt Theory
Law of Common Region
This principle states that we
tend to group objects if they’re
located in the same bounded
area.
34. The principle of common region is highly related to
proximity. It states that when objects are located
within the same closed region, we perceive them as
being grouped together.
Adding borders or other visible barriers create a
perceived separation between groups of objects—
even if they have the same proximity, shape, size,
color, etc.
35. Examples of the common region principle
In the example from Pinterest below, the common
region principle is used to separate each pin—including
its photo, title, description, contributor, and other
details—from all the other pins around it.
36. • The idea of insight learning was first developed by
Wolfgang Kohler in which he describes
experiments with apes where the apes could use
boxes and sticks as tools to solve problems.
• In each of these problems, the important aspect
of learning was not reinforcement, but the
coordination of thinking to create new
organizations(of material). Kohler referred to this
behavior as insights or discovery learning.
Insight Learning
37. • His theory suggested that learning could occur
when the individual perceives the relationships of
the elements before him and reorganizes these
elements and comes to a greater understanding,
or insight.
• Learning could occur without reinforcement, and
once it occurs, no review, training or investigation
is necessary.
Insight Learning
38. • in the box problem, the banana is attached to the
top of a chimpanzee’s cage. The banana is out of
reach but can be reached by climbing upon and
jumping from a box. Only one of Kohler’s apes
(Sultan) could solve this problem. A much more
difficult problem was involved the stacking of
boxes was introduced by Kohler. This problem
required the ape to stack one box on another, and
master gravitational problems by building a stable
stack.
Insight Learning
39. • Kohler also gave the apes sticks which they use to
take food into the cage. Sultan, Kohler’s very
intelligent ape, was able to master a two-stick
problem by inserting one stick into the end of the
other in order to reach the food.
Insight Learning
40. • the important aspect of learning was not
reinforcement, but the coordination of thinking to
create new organizations. Kohler referred to this
behavior as insight or discovery learning.
Insight Learning
41. • the Gestalt Principles not only influence
perception but also they impact on learning.
• his theory focusing on “life space adhered to
gestalt psychology.
• he said that an individual has inner and outer
forces that affect his perception and also his
learning.
GESTALT PRINCIPLES AND
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
42. • Inner Forces
include his own motivation, attitudes and
feelings.
• Outer Forces
include the attitude and behavior of the teacher
and classmates.
GESTALT PRINCIPLES AND
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
43. • Other Psychologists like Kurt Lewin expounded on
gestalt psychology. He said that an individual has
inner and outer forces that affects his perceptions
and also his learnings.
GESTALT PRINCIPLES AND
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS
44. • italian psychologist writes about the relevance of
Gestalt Psychology to education.
• Gestalt Psychology is focused on experience of
contact that occurs in here and now.
• It considers with interest the life space of teachers
as well as students.
Relevance of Gestalt Psychology to Education
According to Mario Polito
45. • It takes interest in complexity of experience,
without neglecting anything but accepting and
amplifying all that emerges.
• It stimulates learning as experience and the
experience as a source of learning.
• It appreciates the affections and meaning that we
attribute to what we learn.
Relevance of Gestalt Psychology to Education
According to Mario Polito
46. • Knowledge is conceived as a continuous
organization and rearrangement of information
according to needs, purposes and meanings.
• It asserts that learning is not accumulation, but
remodeling or insight.
• Autonomy and freedom of students is stimulated
by the teachers.
Relevance of Gestalt Psychology to Education
According to Mario Polito
