1. Era of General Ayub Khan
President of Pakistan
(1958-1969)
Course Instructor: Ms. Nargis Shamim
2. This statement means that in the initial years following Pakistan's independence in
1947, the country experienced significant political turmoil characterized by instability
and unrest. During this period, civilian democratic governments struggled to maintain
power and faced numerous challenges, resulting in frequent collapses of these
governments.
Eventually, in 1958, the instability and dissatisfaction with civilian rule culminated in
a military coup, through which the military assumed control of the government. This
marked a transition from civilian to military rule in Pakistan's political history.
3. REGIME WISE ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN 1958-2024
This breakdown implies that Pakistan's political landscape from 1958 to 2024 has been
characterized by alternating periods of military rule and civilian democratic
governance. Here's a brief overview:
MILITARY REGIME:
Military rule refers to periods when the country's government is controlled by the military,
typically through a coup or direct military intervention.
During military regimes, the armed forces take control of the executive, legislative, and
often judicial branches of government.
Military rulers often cite reasons such as political instability, corruption, or threats to
national security as justifications for seizing power.
Examples of military rulers in Pakistan include Ayub Khan (1958-1969), Yahya Khan
(1969-1971), Zia-ul-Haq (1977-1988), and Pervez Musharraf (1999-2008).
4. REGIME WISE ANALYSIS OF PAKISTAN 1971-2024
DEMOCRATIC REGIME:
Democratic regimes refer to periods when civilian governments, elected through
democratic processes, are in power.
During democratic regimes, political power is vested in elected representatives, and
institutions such as parliament and the judiciary operate independently.
Civilian governments may face challenges such as corruption, governance issues,
and political instability, but they operate within the framework of democratic
principles.
Examples of democratic governments in Pakistan include those led by Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto (1971-1977), Benazir Bhutto (1988-1990, 1993-1996), Nawaz Sharif (1990-
1993, 1997-1999, 2013-2017), Imran Khan (2018-2022), Shahbaz Sharif (2022-
2023), Caretaker Government (Anwar ul haq kakar) (2023-2024), and Shehbaz
Sharif (2024 –Present).
5. Four Heads Of State And Seven Prime Ministers Governed The
Country In The Eleven Years
Four heads of state and seven prime ministers governed the country in the eleven
years following independence in 1947.
HEADS OF STATE:
Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Governor-General of Pakistan from 1947 until his
death in September 1948.
Khawaja Nazimuddin - Succeeded Jinnah as Governor-General and served
until 1951.
Ghulam Muhammad - Became Governor-General after Nazimuddin and
served until 1955.
Iskander Mirza - Took office as the first President of Pakistan in 1956 after
the country became a republic.
6. Four Heads Of State And Seven Prime Ministers Governed The
Country In The Eleven Years
PRIME MINISTERS:
1. Liaquat Ali Khan - Served as the first Prime Minister from 1947 until his assassination
in 1951.
2. Khawaja Nazimuddin - Served briefly as Prime Minister in 1951 after the assassination
of Liaquat Ali Khan.
3. Muhammad Ali Bogra - Served as Prime Minister from 1953 to 1955.
4. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali - Served as Prime Minister from 1955 to 1956.
5. Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy - Served as Prime Minister briefly in 1956.
6. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar - Served as Prime Minister for a brief period in 1957.
7. Feroz Khan Noon - Served as Prime Minister from 1957 to 1958.
These individuals led Pakistan through a period of political transition, constitutional debates,
and economic challenges in the years following independence.
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9. Martial Law and President of Pakistan
General Ayub’s dramatic ascent to power in 1958 came after a decade of political turmoil.
From 1947 to 1958, Pakistan was governed by four heads of state and seven prime ministers.
On October 1958, President Iskander Mirza nullified the Constitution and imposed Martial Law
throughout the nation. He dissolved the national and provincial assemblies and prohibited all
political party activities. Mirza announced the imposition of martial law, appointing Gen.
Mohammad Ayub Khan as the new prime minister.
General Ayub Khan declared himself the president of Pakistan on October 27 while he concurrence
held the office of the Chief Martial Law Administrator.
General Ayub resented the public and democratic process, creating a Basic democracy of a few
thousand, with 95% electing him as leader. Basically, General Ayub Khan created a system called
Basic Democracy that seemed to give people a voice but was actually designed to keep him in
power by controlling elections and limiting who could participate. He didn't trust real democracy
and preferred a system where he and his supporters could maintain control.
For him, the public was too illiterate and poor to be trusted with adult franchise.
10. CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN (1962)
The 1962 Pakistani Constitution, enacted during Ayub Khan's presidency,
introduced a Presidential system of government and emphasized principles of
"basic democracy" and "controlled democracy."
Key features included the presidential system, the concept of "Basic
Democracies," The One-Unit scheme, A Bill of Rights, a bicameral legislature,
and Islamic provisions. However, the constitution faced criticism for its
authoritarian features and lack of genuine democracy.
Despite its provisions, political dissent was suppressed, and opposition parties
remained banned or marginalized.
The constitution was ultimately abrogated in 1969, paving the way for a
return to parliamentary democracy in Pakistan.
11. POLICY ADOPTED BY AYUB KHAN
During the Ayub era in Pakistan (1958-1969), the government implemented a monetary policy aimed at
stabilizing the economy, promoting industrial growth, and modernizing the financial sector.
Key features included a Fixed exchange rate system, Tight monetary control by the State Bank of
Pakistan, development financing for priority sectors, Modernization of the banking sector, control of
interest rates, and an import substitution strategy.
The government also closely coordinated monetary and fiscal policies to achieve macroeconomic
objectives.
External aid and loans were used to finance development projects and stabilize the balance of payments.
Despite some short-term economic gains, these policies laid the groundwork for long-term challenges,
such as income inequality and structural imbalances.
The Bonus Voucher Scheme introduced during the Ayub era played a significant role in promoting
savings mobilization and investment, contributing to the government's efforts to accelerate economic
development and modernization in Pakistan.
During the Ayub era in Pakistan, the government introduced Liberal concessions to boost economic
growth, investment, and industrial development, attracting investors, stimulating entrepreneurship, and
modernizing sectors.
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15. 1. The Indus Waters Treaty, signed on September 19, 1960, is a water-
distribution agreement between India and Pakistan.
2. It divides the Indus River into two categories: Eastern and Western
rivers.
3. India controls eastern rivers for unrestricted use, while Pakistan has
exclusive rights to western rivers. The treaty establishes a Permanent
Indus Commission to oversee the treaty's implementation and resolve
disputes.
4. The World Bank mediates the negotiations and provides technical
assistance for water infrastructure projects.
5. Despite political tensions, the treaty has been a successful example of
international water sharing. However, ongoing challenges include water
management, climate change, and increasing water demands.
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22. By the fall of 1968, his health deteriorated even more.
At the same time, the opposition by Zulfiqar Ali
Bhutto gained strength. On February 21, 1969,
General Ayub threw in the towel declaring he would
not seek re-election in 1970. By March, General
Yahya Khan took control as the Chief Martial Law
Administrator.
