Lecture at Nationell Seminariedag "Fusarium och dess toxiner i spannmål" in Uppsala, Sweden, October 2, 2013

1. Fusariumsituationen
i Europa
Alois Fellinger
2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic

2. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Fusarium sp.

3. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxins

4. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Europe
• Big interest in national, regional or European mycotoxin monitoring data
• No coordinated program with comparable sampling available
• Individual studies, if published, with different scopes and methodology
• Some results are for internal use only and just available in personal
communication

5. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Europe
2009 2010 2011 2012
DON 3 2 11 4
FUM 1 3 4 4
ZEA 4
*RASFF – Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed - http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/rapidalert/index_en.htm
Notifications via RASFF*

6. © 2013, Food Diagnostic2 October 2013
Mycotoxin Situation
worldwide 2012*
*Source: Biomin Mycotoxin Report 2012
67 58 50
33 42 50
DON FUM ZEA
EUROPE
67
52 47
33
48 50
DON FUM ZEA
ASIA
45
12 13
55
88 53
DON FUM ZEA
OCEANIA
37
78
26
63
22
74
DON FUM ZEA
N. AMERICA
21
64
26
79
36
74
DON FUM ZEA
S. AMERICA
43
65
15
57
35
85
DON FUM ZEA
MIDDLE EAST
68
100
38
32
0
62
DON FUM ZEA
AFRICA
64
56
46
36
44
54
DON FUM ZEA
GLOBAL OCCURENCE

7. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Italy*
*Source: Mycotoxins contamination in Italy and amagement experiences. Gruppo di Lavoro Micotossine,
Mycotoxin Forum 5-6 September 2013
Durum
Wheat
2011 2012
> LOQ mean [µg/kg] > LOQ mean [µg/kg]
North 84% 180 100% 696
Center 80% 167 72% 120
South 36% 41 41% 31
Common
Wheat
2011 2012
> 1000 [µg/kg] > 1000 [µg/kg]
North 3% 7%
Center 1% 0%
South 0% 0%
DON data from national monitoring program (Micoprincem-Contrimpcer)

8. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Italy*
*Source: Mycotoxins contamination in Italy and amagement experiences. Gruppo di Lavoro Micotossine,
Mycotoxin Forum 5-6 September 2013
DON
n=69
> LOQ
(%)*
> EU Limit
(%)
mean
[µg/kg]
min
[µg/kg]
max
[µg/kg]
Durum Wheat 86 0 250 163 322
Common Wheat 97 28 1147 20 5690
* LOQ: 40 μg/kg common w. – 120 μg/kg durum w.
T-2 / HT-2
n=69
> LOQ
(%)*
> EU Limit
(%)
mean
[µg/kg]
min
[µg/kg]
max
[µg/kg]
Durum Wheat 43 0 44 29 56
Common Wheat 2 0 27 27 27
DON 2013 - 69 samples collected in northern Italy

9. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic10.09.2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in France*
*Source: Mycotoxins in French cereals: progress on knowledge and risk Management, Benoît Meleard,
Intercereales, Arvalis – Institut du végétal, Mycotoxin Forum 5-6 September 2013
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
DON survey 2003-2012- Distribution of classes in wheat**
**140 samples/year
% > 1250 µg/kg
750 – 1250 µg/kg
< 750 µg/kg

10. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in France*
*Source: Mycotoxins in French cereals: progress on knowledge and risk Management, Benoît Meleard,
Intercereales, Arvalis – Institut du végétal, Mycotoxin Forum 5-6 September 2013
Exclusion between T-2 + HT-2 and DON contents in small grain cereals
0 1000 3000 40002000 5000
500
400
300
200
100
0
DON [µg/kg]
T-2andHT-2[µg/kg]
from Arvalis and FranceAgriMer surveys
(3000 data from 2006 to 2011)

11. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Austria*
*Source: AGES Austria
LOQ = 50 ppb, ML (maize, Durum, oats): 1750 ppb, ML (other cereals): 1250 ppb
N and DON maxima: wheat (n=524): 6700 ppb, durum (n=41): 1300 ppb, Triticale (n=54): 2600 ppb
barley (n=70): 1100 ppb, rye (n=32): 770 ppb, oats (n=21): 700 ppb, maize (n=322): 6000 ppb
DON contamination in Austrian cereals and maize
wheat
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
durum triticale barley rye oats maize
> LOQ
> ML

12. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Austria*
*Source: AGES Austria
50 μg/kg LOQ
200 μg/kg EU-ML processed cereal-based foods for infants, 750 μg/kg EU-ML – flours
range: n.n. – 1300 ppb, n = 175 (2005), 100 (2011)
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
< 50
2005
2011
50 - 200 200 – 750
DON in flours

13. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in breakfast cereals*
*Source: Zearalenone in breakfast cereals: challenges for compliance with current maximum levels. John
Woodward et. al. CEEREAL, Brussels, Mycotoxin Forum, 5-6 September 2013
• EU Legislation (1881/2006/EC & subsequent amendments)
• Limit for ZON for non-maize-based breakfast cereals = 50 μg/kg
• Limit for ZON for maize-based based breakfast cereals = 100 μg/kg
• 50 μg/kg proved to be unattainable in 2008: high levels of ZON in UK wheat
bran (some >200 μg/kg) from 2008 harvest
• Temporary limit of 100 μg/kg granted until 31 October 2009, based on the
UK risk assessment conducted by the UK Food Standards Agency.
• EFSA opinion published in 2011 concluded, increasing the limit for ZON in
breakfast cereals up to 150 μg/kg “is unlikely to result in a chronic dietary
exposure exceeding the TDI”.
• 2008 problem attributed to a late harvest after heavy & prolonged summer
rain
• Simon Edwards, Harper Adams University concluded that weather conditions
conducive to high ZON levels in bran, would occur 1 in 5 years on average in
Northern Europe.

14. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Sweden
Presentations 2012
• Cecilia Lerenius och Göran Gustafsson: Fusarium och toxiner i vete, rågvete,
havre och maltkorn – inventering av prover från fältförsök 2004 -2011
• Klara Eskilsson: Vad gör Jordbruksverket? Foderkontroll Fusarium -
mykotoxiner
• Lisa Fredlund: Kartläggning av mögel och mykotoxiner i vete och havre
2009-2011
• Paula Persson, Anna-Karin Kolseth, Hanna Friberg, Ida Karlsson, Helena
Bötker: Några pågående projekt om Fusarium och mykotoxiner vid SLU
• Thomas Börjesson: Svensk forskning på Fusarium– mark-växt-spannmål
• Mats Lindblad och Thomas Börjesson: Prognosmetoder för Fusarium-toxineri
spannmål. Vädermodeller och fältprovtagning. Kort om sortprovning

15. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxin Situation
in Sweden
Lägesrapport 5
• Erik Hartmann och Thomas Björesson: Lägesrapport 5 (130911) beträffande
förekomst av DON och andra mykotoxiner i 2013 års spannmålsskörd Di
Sverige
• DON situation better than 2012
• Västergötland: about 7% of oats above DON food limits
• Värmland: about 20% of oats, spring and winter wheat higher
• Östergötland, Södermanland and Mälardalen: about 10% above
• No problems found with T-2, HT-2 and Zearalenone so far

16. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
§
Legislation

17. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
• COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006
setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
(om fastställande av gränsvärden för vissa främmande ämnen i livsmedel)
Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin A, Patulin, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone, Fumonisins
• COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 27 March 2013 on the presence of T-
2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals and cereal products (om förekomsten av T-2-
toxin och HT-2-toxin i spannmål och spannmålsprodukter)
actual
European Legislation
AFLA AF B1 AF M1 OTA PAT DON ZEA FUM T-2/HT-2
4,0 – 15,0
µg/kg*
0,1 – 8,0
µg/kg
0,025 – 0,05
µg/kg
0,5 – 10,0
µg/kg
10,0 – 50
µg/kg
200 – 1 250
µg/kg
20 – 200
µg/kg
200 – 2 000
µg/kg
15 – 1 000
µg/kg**
* maximum levels dependig on foodstuffs
** recommendation only

18. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
outlook / under discussion
European Legislation
• „New“ Mycotoxins
T-2/HT-2, Ergot alkaloids, alternaria toxins, citrinin, phomopsin
EFSA opinions, occurrence data, methods, EU-RL, factors involved in
formation, fate during processing, ML
• Future Challenges
masked/bound mycotoxins, metabolites, EFSA opinions, methods, maximum
limits, guidance values, prevention, …
• Other Mycotoxins of possible interest
Pentitrem A, Cyclopiazonic acid, Roquefortine (A, B) C, Emodin,
Fusarenon X, Fusarin C, Enniatins, Beauvericin, Diacetoxyscirpenol,
Moniliformin

19. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
European Legislation
regulatory outlook*
*Source: Frans Verstraete, Directorate-General for Health & Consumers, Mycotoxin Forum 6.9.2013
• Aflatoxin:
• sampling procedures
• managing heterogeneity of analytical results
• T-2 and HT-2 toxin
• guidance document for implementation of Commission Recommendation
• guidance level for cat feed
• Sampling of large lots for mycotoxins – food
• Validation requirements and performance criteria for screening methods for
the determination (quantitative / qualitative) of mycotoxins
• Changes to performance criteria for T-2 and HT-toxin
• Follow-up from risk management on new EFSA opinions on:
• Sterigmatocystin (opinion available)
• Nivalenol (opinion available)
• Enniatins
• Beauvericin
• Diacetoxyscirpenol
• Moniliformin

20. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic10.09.2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
European Legislation
regulatory outlook*
*Source: Frans Verstraete, Directorate-General for Health & Consumers, Mycotoxin Forum 6.9.2013
• Requests to EFSA:
• Masked/hidden/bound/glycosylated mycotoxins and metabolites
• Risk assessment Deoxynivalenol (including 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON)
• Challenges as a consequence of changing weather conditions
• tension between MLs based on the application of prevention measures versus changing
climate/weather conditions and year to year variation
• Increasing prevalence of aflatoxins in Europe (increased levels of aflatoxins in the South-
(East) of Europe in 2012 – 2013)
• Findings of other mycotoxins
• Penitrem A (mainly feed - food (?)) – Penicillium
• Cyclopiazonic acid (food/feed) - Penicillium
• Mycophenolic acid - Penicillium
• Roquefortine (A,B) C - Penicillium
• Emodin - Aspergillus
• Penicillic acid – Penicillium
• Fusarenon-X – Fusarium
• Fusarin C - Fusarium

21. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxins & Climate
*Source: EMTOX – Impacts of climate change effects on natural toxins in plant and seafood production
Projected changes in mean summer (June-August) temperature for the scenario
period 2031-2050 as compared with the reference period 1975-1994.
Mean summer temperature for 2040 – Most models predict an
increase of ca. 1°C for NW Europe

22. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxins & Climate
*Source: EMTOX – Impacts of climate change effects on natural toxins in plant and seafood production
Projected changes in mean summer (June-August) precipation for the scenario
period 2031-2050 as compared with the reference period 1975-1994.
Mean summer rainfall for 2040 – Most models predict an increase
of ca. 0.2 mm/day for NW Europe

23. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Mycotoxins & Climate
• The climate changes!
• Average temperature and rainfall will increase
• Increased temperature and humidity favor molds
• The rest, I leave to your imagination….

24. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Frans Perssons väg 6
412 76 Göteborg
Tel. 031-335 13 62
info@food-diagnostics.se
www.food-diagnostics.se
Tack!

25. 2 October 2013 © 2013, Food Diagnostic
Ing. Alois Fellinger, MA
• Medical Research (Immunology)
University Vienna
• Sales & Marketing Manager with Austrian
distribution companies
• R-Biopharm – International Sales Manager
Responsible for N, S, FIN, DK, EE, LT, LV, PL, CZ, SK,
H, A, SLO, HR, SRB. BiH, RO, BG, MAK
Projects in USA, China, UK
• Romer Labs Holding - Chief Marketing Officer
• Owner ComCon Communication Consulting, Austria
• Areas of Interest: Mycotoxin Testing, Food Allergens & Food Allergy