How did Analogue Photography develop and what us ====

1. From
Single Image
to
Analogue
Photography
London Analogue Festival 2014

2. What is actually analogue photography?
Why and how did photography evolve from Single Image to
Analogue Photography?
How did the ‘snapshot’ come about?
What’s Kodak got to do with it?
What are the effects of this production development on
contemporary photography?
And why do we want to go back in time to the Analogue Era?

3. What is Single
Image Photography?
Officially began in 1839 with the Daguerreotype, a one of a kind
photograph, produced with a self-made emulsion.

4. What is
Analogue Photography?
Photography that uses a progressively changing recording medium,
which may be either chemical process based (e.g., photographic film or
plate) or electronic (e.g., vidicon or CCD sensor)

5. The need for photography
• Portraits: a portrait for the loved ones (“Civil War Souvenirs”)
• Documenting people: showing future generations how family members
looked like
• Documenting landscapes, buildings and cultural events: spreading
knowledge and education around the world

6. Need = multiple
affordable images

7. Existing knowledge
Camera Lucida, Latin "light room“,
1807 by William Hyde Wollaston
&
Camera Obscura,
Latin “dark room”,
the first use of the term
by the German astronomer
Johannes Kepler in 1604
Capturing light

8. Missing knowledge
Preserve light

9. Necessity = experiments
for image preservation

10. The Beginning
1816 - World’s First Negative - Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
1826 - Heliography - Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
1832 - Physautotype - Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
1839 - Defining Photography - Sir John Herschel
1839 - Daguerreotype - Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre
1839 - Direct Positive on Paper - Hippolyte Bayard
1841 - Calotype (Talbotype) - William Henry Fox Talbot
1851 - Wet Plate Collodion - Frederick Scott Archer

11. World’s First Negative*
Year: 1826
Inventor: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Image: Retinas
Base: Paper
Technique: Using a silver salts coated paper in a camera
obscura. No developer and fixer involved.
* It is the first registered made negative. The photograph
becomes completely black, due to light and no
conservation method.

12. Heliography
Year: 1826
Inventor: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Image: Landscape in Saint-Loup-de-Varennes
Base: Tin
Technique: Using bitumen as a coating on glass or metal.
The bitumen hardens on the plate when exposed to light.
The plate is then washed with oil of lavender, to fix the
remains of the hardened areas.
© Heliography-hrc.utexas.edu

13. Physautotype
Year: 1832
Inventor: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Image: A set table
Base: Glass plate
Technique: Exposing to light a glass plate with
oil of lavender and alcohol, in a camera obscura
and developing it in oil of white petroleum.

14. Daguerreotype
Year: 1839
Inventor: Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre
Image: Portrait of Louis Daguerre
Base: Silver plated copper
Technique: A highly detailed photographic image on a
polished copper plate coated with silver. A fume of iodide
is added and exposed to light. Then fumed with mercury
vapour and fixed with hyposulphate of soda.

15. Direct Positive
Year: Allegedly 1839
Inventor: Hippolyte Bayard
Image: Self-Portrait as a Drowned Man
Base: Paper
Technique: Exposing silver chloride paper to light, which
turned the paper completely black. It was then soaked in
potassium iodide before being exposed in a camera. After
the exposure, it was washed in a bath of hyposulfite of
soda and dried.
.

16. Calotype (Talbotype)
Year: founded 1835 (Photogenic Drawing),
introduced in 1841
Inventor: William Henry Fox Talbot
Image: Window in the South Gallery of Lacock Abbey
Base: Paper
Technique: A sheet of paper coated with silver chloride is
exposed to light in a camera obscura. The image is
developed in gallic acid and fixed with sodium hyposulfite

17. Wet Plate Collodion
Year: 1851
Image: A set table
Inventor: Frederick Scott Archer
Base: Paper
Technique: a bromide, iodide, or chloride is dissolved in
collodion (a solution of pyroxylin in alcohol and ether).
The plate is then placed in a silver nitrate solution and
afterwards exposed to light. It is developed using a
solution of iron sulfate, acetic acid and alcohol in water.

18. The Outcome:
The First
Photography
Inventions:
World’s First Negative
The negative could
not be fixed
No continuation of
this process
Other scientists made
use of these learnings
Now belongs to the
“forgotten processes”
Heliography
Light exposure was
too long
Quality photograph
was too poor
No continuation of
this process
Served as basis for
the Physautotype
Physautotype
Light exposure was
too long
Quality photograph
was too poor
No continuation of
this process
Served as basis for
the Daguerreotype
Daguerreotype
Light exposure was
relatively good
Quality photograph
was very good
No reproduction
possible
The process was
used until apx. 1860
Direct Positive on
Paper
Light exposure was
too long
Quality photograph
was too poor
Bayard did not get
recognition for his
process
Now belongs to the
“forgotten processes”
Calotype
Light exposure was
relatively good
Quality photograph
relatively poor
Reproduction was
possible
Led to the
development of
Albumen (1850)
Wet Plate Collodion
Light exposure was
relatively good
Quality photograph
was very good
No reproduction
possible
Led to the
development of Dry
Collodion (1864)

19. 1835 - Photogenic Drawing - William Henry Fox Talbot
1939 - Sodium Thiosulfate - John Herschel
From Salt Print to Film
1816 - Salt Print
1841 - Calotype (Talbotype) –
William Henry Fox Talbot
1850 - Albumen –
Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard
1854 - Carte de Visite –
André-Adolphe- Eugène Disdéri
1866- Baryta paper –
Martinez-Sanchez and J. Laurant
1851 - Wet Plate Collodion –
Frederick Scott Archer
1864- Dry Plate Collodion -
W. B. Bolton & B. J. Sayce
1869 - Celluloid film base –
John Wesley Hyatt
1871 - Silver Gelatin emulsion –
Richard Maddox
1901 -120 film – Kodak

20. Salt Print
Calotype = Negative  Salt Print = Positive
William Henry Fox Talbot vs Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Light sensitive: silver nitrate & Light sensitive: silver nitrate
potassium iodide & gallic acid & sodium chloride
Fixed: sodium thiosulfate Fixed: sodium thiosulfate

21. Albumen
Egg & Salt

22. Carte de Visite
© dulltooldimbulb.blogspot.com

23. Baryta Paper
© Freestylephoto.biz

24. Dry Plate Collodion
© library.marist.edu

25. Celluloid based sheet film
© bjdejong.squarespace.com

26. Roll film

27. Carrier development

Camera development

28. Fox Talbot Cameras

29. Daguerre’s Camera

30. Glass Plate Folding Camera

31. Kodak no.2 Camera

32. Sheet Film Camera
© cameratechs.com

33. Roll Film Camera

34. The Kodak Era
1871 – Silver Gelatin emulsion - Richard Maddox
1878 – Mass production of dry glass plates - Eastman Dry Plate Company.
1884 – Negative (roll) Paper - Eastman & William H. Walker
1885 – First film - EASTMAN Company
1888 – First Kodak camera – "You press the button - we do the rest."
1889 – The first commercial transparent roll film
1891 – Motion picture camera - Thomas Edison
First daylight-loading camera
1892 – Eastman Kodak Company
1900 – Kodak No. 1 Brownie - The snapshot concept
Introduction of the Pocket Camera
1901 – Kodak No 1 Brownie Model B

35. 1878 – Mass production
dry glass plates
© gmpphoto.blogspot.com

36. 1884 – Negative (roll) Paper
© Kodakcollector.com

37. 1884 – Negative (roll) Paper

38. 1888 – First Kodak camera –
"You press the button - we do the rest."
1991 – First daylight-loading camera
© Kodakery.com

39. 1990 – Kodak No. 1 Brownie
© Kodakery.com

40. The snapshot concept
© Kodakery.com

41. The snapshot concept
© Kodakery.com

42. With it comes MARKETING
© etsy.com © Memographer.com © slv.vic.gov.au

43. Kodak encouraged families to use the Brownie to
capture moments in time and to shoot photos
without being concerned with producing perfect
images. Kodak advertising urged consumers to
"celebrate the moments of your life" and find a
"Kodak moment".

45. 1990 – Introduction of the
Pocket Camera
© mysfpast.com

46. 1991 – Kodak No 1
Brownie Model B
© nationalmediamuseum.org.uk

47. © uh.edu
© museumofplay.org

48. © uh.edu1

49. What are the effects of this
production development on
contemporary photography?

50. And why do we want to go back in
time to the Analogue Era?

51. Go back in time –
Explore
alternative
& analogue
photography
© 2013 for