Shampoo is a preparation of a surfactant (i.e., surface active material) in a suitable from liquid, solid or powder-which when used under the specified condition will remove surface grease, dirt, skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user. Surfactant are the main components of shampoo preparation. Mainly anionic surfactant is used. A surfactant consists of two-part are hydrophilic (water loving) while the other is hydrophobic in nature. Shampoo for oily hair can been exactly the same detergent at the same concentration as shampoo for dry hair.

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Formulation and Evaluation of Liquid Shampoo
Rahul Pal*1
, Prachi Pandey2
, M. Pharm (Pharmaceutics)
Department of Pharmaceutics, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India.
Object: To formulate and evaluate liquid shampoo.
References:
01. Gaud RS, Gupta GD, “Practical physical pharmacy” Ist
edition, New Delhi, CBS Publishers
and Distributer (2001); page no. 81-105.
02. Kumar, Ashok and Rakesh Roshan Mali “Evaluation of prepared shampoo formulations and
to compare the formulated shampoo with market shampoo”, evaluation 3.1 (2010); page no.
25-36.
Requirement:
❑ Chemicals/Materials: Coconut oil, Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS), NaOH, Propylene
glycol, perfume, stearic acid and water.
❑ Apparatus/Glassware’s: Beaker, motor and pestle, glass rod and weighing balance.
Theory:
Shampoo is a preparation of a surfactant (i.e., surface active material) in a suitable from liquid, solid
or powder-which when used under the specified condition will remove surface grease, dirt, skin debris
from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user.
Surfactant are the main components of shampoo preparation. Mainly anionic surfactant is used. A
surfactant consists of two-part are hydrophilic (water loving) while the other is hydrophobic in nature.
Shampoo for oily hair can been exactly the same detergent at the same concentration as shampoo for
dry hair.
Modern shampoos are prepared to provide sufficient cleansing action with adequate form to remove
solid particles from hair and scalp. In the above shampoo formulation occurs by saponification of free
fatty acid of coconut oil with sodium hydroxide at 800
C. where SLS (Sodium Lauryl Sulphate) acts as
a detergent & foaming agent.
Anionic Surfactant Example
Soaps Sodium Oleate/Palmitate
Sulphates Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS)
Hemiester Sodium dioctyl, sulphosuccinate
Miscellaneous Cetrimide (Sodium Laureth Sulphate)

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Procedure:
SLA was pasted with suitable gilling agent (coconut oil/stearic acid). SLS was weighed accurately
20% w/w & other aqueous soluble (NaOH) components heated into a separate beaker if needed.
- Aqueous phase consists of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), propylene glycol and water (distilled).
- Aqueous phase was taken then added to oil phase with continuous stirring to form paste like
consistency, sometime indirect heat required.
- Finally, the added colour, perfume and pack in a suitable container.
Table. 01 List of ingredients used in shampoo formulations
Sr. No. Ingredients %w/w
01. Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) 20
02. Coconut oil 1
03. Propylene glycol 2
04. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 5
05. Perfume q.s.
06. water Up to 100ml
 Table. 02 INGREDIENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SHAMPOO:
SLS Surfactant (foam booster and stabilizer)
- Provide detergency and foam
Citric acid pH adjusters
Stearic acid Opacifying agent
It given shine, cleansing
Propylene glycol Conditioners
Rose Oil Perfume
EVALUATIONS PARAMETER OF SHAMPOO:
01. Physical Appearance/Visual inspection: The formulation prepared were evaluated in terms
of their clarity, foam producing ability and fluidity.
The evaluation mentioned in the given below table:

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Table. 03 List of physical appearance during shampoo formulations
Evaluation test Formulated shampoo
Colour White
Transparency Moderate (turbidity)
Odour Good
pH of 10 % solution 7
Foam type Dense, very small
02. Determination of pH: The pH of 10% shampoo solution in distilled water was determined at
room temperature 250
C and some of cases pH will used for pH determination as well as pH
also be used in the determination.
03. Viscosity: Viscosity of shampoo is to be determined using a “Brookfield Viscometer”, 100ml
of the shampoo is taken in a beaker and the spindle is dipped in it about 5 min. & then reading
is take.
Table. 04 Viscosity determination
Sr. No. Volume of liquid shampoo (ml) Viscosity (cps)
01.
02.
03.
04. Detergency and Cleaning action: cleansing power is evaluated by the method of “Barnet &
Powers”. Place 5gm of sample shampoo of soiled human hair in 200cc of water at the 350
C
containing of 1gm of shampoo.
Shake the flask around 50 times a minute for 4 minutes. Then wash once with sufficient amount
of water, then filter the hair, drug it and take the weight.
o Calculate the amount of soiled remover using shampoo:
Table. 05 of calculate the soiled removing using shampoo
Sr. No. Wt. of soil Wt. of hair Total wt. (soil
+ hair)
Am. Of
shampoo
Final wt. of
soil after
cleaning
01.
02.
03.

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05. Foam and foam stability: The Ross-Miles foam column test is accepted, 200ml of water
dropped into a glass column containing 50ml of solution. The height of the foam generated is
measured immediately and again after a specified time interval, considered proportional to the
volume.
Table. 06 The foam and foam stability of shampoo preparations
Sr. No. Initial vol. of
shampoo
Height of
foam (0
min.)
Height of
foam (5
min.)
Height of
foam (10
min.)
20 min.
foam
01.
02.
03.
06. Dirt dispersion test: In the dirt dispersion test using Indian ink, the volume of ink in the froth
was dispersed/measured and the results was graded as none, light, moderate and heavy.
07. Skin Irritability test: Draize test is performed in albino rabbits. A set of six rabbits are used
for testing each material. Shampoo should be tested only for a short duration, for not more than
4 hours.
These preparations are diluted between concentrations of 8-10%.
08. Conditioning Action: Conditioning action is a difficult to access. This is because it is basically
dependent on subjective appraisal. The degree of conditioning give to hair is ultimately judged
by the shampoo user who making evaluation on the basis of past experience.
09. Microbial Assay: Prepare pre-inoculum of staphylococcus aureus & sterilized. Prepare media
of soya bean casein, preparation of pour plates, SCD agar & 40o
C melt and mixed. Finally,
making the walls on agar plates. Lastly incubate at 370
c for 24 hours.
Observation of shampoo:
- *The dirt dispersion using the India ink graded, “lightly”.
- *The propylene glycol as conditioning agent which having the moderate conditioning
action.
Result: The liquid shampoo by using SLS has been prepared and evaluated carefully.