this slide is for the educators of human development and marriage specialist

1. Family and Familial

2. Table of contents
01 Definition
02 Characteristics and functions
03 Types of family structure in india and
their relationships
04 Familial and familial factor
05 Women employment & education
06 Extra familial fector &
consequences of their changes

3. Definition
01

4. @ Families are groups of people who are related by
marriage, blood, or adoption, and they live together in
the same house.
@ Family members talk and share with each other,
playing different roles like husband, wife, mother,
father, son, daughter, brother, or sister.
@ They create and follow traditions and ways of life that
they all share, which is their common culture.
@ Families help each other and stay connected through
these relationships. Each family member has a special
role to play in the family.
Definition

5. Maclever
Attempts to define term FAMILY
"Family is a group defined by a
sex relationship sufficiently
precise and enduring to provide
for the procreation and
upbringing of children".
“Family is a social group
characterized by common
residence, economic
cooperation and reproduction.”
Murdok

6. Clare Nimkoff
"Family is a system of
relationship existing
between parents and
children".
"Family is a more or less
durable association of
husband and wife with or
without children or of a
man or women alone, with
children
"Family is the logical social
unit composed of
husband, wife and
children".
RecommEliott and Merrill

7. Characteristics
‡ Family is formed through marriage or mating,
symbolizing the union of individuals.
‡ It represents a lasting connection through generations,
passed down from either the father or mother, ensuring
the continuation of the family line.
‡ Family involves raising children, emphasizing the care
and upbringing of offspring.
02

8. Characteristics
Families often provide
emotional support,
encouragement, and a
sense of belonging to
their members.
Families typically share
common values,
traditions, and beliefs
that are passed down
through generations.
Conflict is a natural part of
family life, and healthy
families develop strategies
for resolving conflicts and
disagreements in a
respectful manner.
Families need to be
adaptable to change,
such as changes in family
structure, roles, or
circumstances.
Shared values and
beliefs
Communication
Effective communication
is important in families,
as it helps members
understand each other's
needs, feelings, and
perspectives.
Families provide a sense
of connection and
continuity, linking past,
present, and future
generations.
Conflict resolution
Adaptability Connection
Bonding and support

9. Characteristics
Love and affection are
central to family life,
helping to strengthen
bonds between family
members. Families often share
experiences and create
memories together,
which can help
strengthen their
relationships.
Family members are often
interdependent, meaning
they rely on each other for
various forms of support
and assistance.
Shared experiences
Interdependence
Connection
Love and affection

10. Functions of family
Function
Essential
Non essential
 Production and rearing of children
Provision of home
 Satisfaction of sex needs
 Biological Function
 Economic Function
 Protective Function
 Educational Function
 Socializing Function
 Recreational Function
 Affectional Function
Accdg to Macklever

11. Reproduction From religious
point of view. To assume
family responsibility-
children bring kind and
affectionate relationship.
Performance of Shradh for
the dead to make the soul
united with- the God.
Family is the chief producer
and consumer of goods.
Members earn money to
run the family. Saving for
emergencies and clearing
of debts is also important
function of the family.
Family is the first institution from where the child
starts education. The home teaches social and ethical
values. It trains and prepares the child for his future
roles.
Biological Function
Economic Function
Protective Function: Caring
and protecting the children, sick
and old. Church, temple, mosque
served as centers for social
intercourse and recreation. Rites
and ceremonies are means of
furthering family life and
promoting marital accord.
Religious functions and
ceremonies in the family and
participation in common prayer
help to solidify the relationship
between family members under
stress.
Educational Function:

12. Recreational Function
It embraces both the young and old in the family. Family members
share their experiences after hectic work of the day. Plans suitable
programmes to cater to the needs of family members. Family
members release their tensions, stresses through family recreations.
Affectional Function
It consists of complex and important relationships which are
necessary for family members to develop as normal socially
adjusted human beings. It is present throughout life. Family
provides close and intimate responses necessary for cultivating
individual personalities. This affectional relationship extends to
outside family also. It provides opportunities to develop sense of
trust, which is essential for adjustment to family members to
become marital partners when they grow up.

13. Structures and Forms of Family
The family can be classified on the
following screen bases.
03

14. The nuclear family is centered around the individuality of the
married couple, with less interdependence on parents and
grandparents. It typically consists of a husband, wife, and
their children, forming an autonomous unit free from control
by elders. The nuclear family manages its own affairs, with
both spouses taking part in family matters. This type of
family structure typically lasts until one of the parents dies.
Based on Organization
Nuclear family

15. Joint family
Traditionally the ideal family structure in India, the joint family
consists of multiple generations living together under one roof –
parents, children, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. They
share resources, work together, and make decisions collectively,
with the eldest male often acting as the head.
Joint family in India

16. This involves the merging of several nuclear families. It includes
the husband, wife, their children, nieces, nephews, brothers, their
wives, and children, among others. Hindu marriages often follow
this structure. The extended family is based on close blood ties
and common residence, typically in a single house or within an
extended family compound.
This family structure is continuous, meaning members may come
and go, but the group continues. It is run by a patriarchal system,
where the head of the family acts as a trustee. In this setup, the
nuclear family has little power for independent decision-making,
as property is held in common and earnings are pooled together
and spent for the maintenance of the family as a whole.
Extended Family

17. A joint family specifically refers to multiple generations living
together, while an extended family includes a broader
network of relatives beyond the nuclear family, whether they
live together or not.
Joint Family Vs Extended Family

18. The conjugal family
A conjugal family is one which consists of spouses
their of springs and relatives thorough marriage
The consanguineous family
The consists of blood relatives together with their mates
and children.
Based on the blood relationship

19. The endogamous family
A man marries within his caste/ within his group.
1.
The merits include group homogently.
2.
Protection of prestige and status preserves purity of
caste keeps the property within the group.
3.
A man marries wife out of his own class with different
gotra.
4.
Most prevalent form of marriage
Based on in group or out group
affiliation

20. The exogamous family
A man marries wife out of his own class with different
gotra.
1. Most prevalent form of marriage

21. BASED ON FORMS
1. Monogamous family
2. In this type of family one man marries one women only at one time.
3. It is most prevalent form all over the country.
4. It brings a better state for women better case of children.
5. Fathers and mother tenders affection and look after their
welfare and bring.

22. POLYGAMOUS FAMILIES
1. One man marries many women at a time.
2. It was prevalent because of enforced celibacy.
3. Desire for variety in sexual life.
4. To obtain more children and greater social prestige.
5. Economic necessity of getting cheap and reliable
labour in the form of wives.
6. Quorely among wives is common.
7. Lower position of women
8. Under Hindu marriage act 1955 polygyny is an
offence.

23. Polyandrous family
1.One woman marries many men and live with all of
them or with each of them alternately.
2.Polyandry Still practiced among tibetians.
3.Fraternal polyandrous – where the women is married
to two or more brothers (family consists of husband
who are all brother or cousins on the father side.)
4.Non fraternal polyandrous family where the husbands
are not so related.

24. Based on Authority
• Patriarchal
1.Male member exercises role Pater and unlimited
authority over the member of the family
2.Father is the supreme lord, owner and administrator
of the property.
3.Wife’s position are subordinate
4.Individual members have no right
5.The head presides over the religious lights and
graduation of family gods and of the sacred health.
6.He is the protector and ruler of the family enjoying full
authority over family members.
7.Descent is reckoned through the father and son are
known by the name of father’s family.

25. Matriarchal
1.The authority rests in the women heard of the family.
2.Males have subordinated position.
3.Women is the owner and ruler.
4.The descent is reckoned through the mothers and
daughter.
5.No marriage relations are in the house.
6.Husband visits wife occasionally
7.Mother’s brother act like loco parents not to his
children but to his sister children.
8.No companionship between husband and wife and
father and children
9.Property is transferred through the mother and
only female’s succeed to it.

26. Based on Residence
• Matrilocal family
1.Husband goes to live in the house of wife.
2.More common among some caste and communities in southern
India, particularly among certain communities in Kerala and Tamil
Nadu

27. Patrilocal family
1.Wife goes to live in the house of her
husband after marriage.
2.Her identity is merged with that of her
husband’s family.
3.It is a dominant family type all over India
among all communities.

28. Based on the Descent
1.Matrilineal family
2.The females are in-charge of the family and children
get family title of mother's.
3.property inherited from the mother’s family.
4.The future of the children is more secure in
matrilineal families
5.The status of women is better in matrilineal families
6.Children are reared by the maternal uncle

29. Patrilineal family
1.Families are headed by males and children
get the family title of the father.
2.Property was inherited from the father’s
family.
3.The women have subordinate status
4.Children are reared by the biological father

30. POV
 Both systems are imperfect and there is a need
of a family system where both man and woman
are equal and it being only matter of choice
whether the woman retains her title or adopts
her husband’s name of mother should be
recorded in hospital and school record whereas
it should be optional to add father's name also.

31. Single-parent family
Headed by one parent, either a mother or a father, single-parent
families can be formed through divorce, separation, or out-of-
wedlock birth. This is becoming increasingly common globally.
Single-parent family

32. Stepfamily
Formed when a parent from a previous relationship remarries or
partners with someone new, stepfamilies can include stepparents,
stepsiblings, and biological or adopted children. Stepfamily
structures are becoming more prevalent worldwide.

33. Same-sex family
Headed by a same-sex couple, same-sex families may have
children through adoption, surrogacy, or foster care. Same-sex
marriage and family recognition are becoming more widespread
globally.
Countries where same-sex families are more commonly accepted
and recognized include the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Spain,
Canada, South Africa, and several states in the United States.

34. Foster family
Foster families provide temporary care for children who cannot live
with their biological parents. Foster parents are licensed by the
state and receive training and support to care for children in their
home. This system exists in many countries around the world.
United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, foster care
is a common and well-established practice.

35. Adoptive family
An adoptive family adopts a child or children to raise as their own.
Adoptive families can be single-parent or two-parent families, and
adoption is practiced across the globe.
Adoptive family around the world

36. Kin family
A kin family is a family group composed of relatives beyond the
immediate family members. This can include grandparents,
aunts, uncles, cousins, and other extended family members who
play a significant role in a child's life. Kin families are found in
many cultures around the world.
In many Asian countries, such as India, China, and Japan, the
concept of kinship is strong, and multigenerational households are
common

37. DUAL EARNER FAMILIES
 1. Dual earner families feature both
spouses working outside the home for
improved economic standing, influenced
by various socio-economic factors.
 2. Challenges faced by women in such
families include role overload, role
conflict, and feelings of guilt due to
perceived inability to efficiently manage
family responsibilities.
 3. Despite working outside the home,
women's status within the family remains
largely unchanged, but their involvement
in decision-making has typically
increased.

38. Child Free Family
• Parenthood is increasingly seen as a choice due to
widespread birth control use. The term "childless" is
being replaced by "child-free," reflecting cultural
values. Couples without children are no longer seen as
lacking, with personal fulfillment considered essential.
Child-free women are often well-educated and career-
focused. The decision to be child-free is often gradual,
starting with postponing children, then deciding
indefinitely, appreciating the benefits, and often
culminating in sterilization:

39. Patterns of changes in family str. and relationship
in India
1. India's family structure is shifting from traditional joint families to more diverse
forms, influenced by urbanization, industrialization, and changing educational
priorities.
2. Economic independence of women is increasing, challenging traditional
patriarchal structures and promoting more egalitarian family dynamics.
3. Nuclear families are becoming more prevalent, driven by career aspirations of
both spouses and the practicality of smaller living spaces in urban areas.
4. Delayed marriages and childbearing are altering family size and dynamics,
with single-parent households and live-in relationships also gaining visibility.
5. Despite these changes, enduring family bonds remain strong, with close
connections often maintained through frequent visits and support among
relatives.

40. Factors
• Decline of religious influence:
• Earlier marriage was thought as sacred, but now
marriage is considered as more secularized (not
sacred), religious laws are ignored. Marriage is
thought as a man made affair or a social convention
(custom/practice). The outlook of marriage also has
changed emphasis is placed on comforts and high
standard of living.

41. 1. Economic factors, such as industrialization and urbanization,
have led to the separation of home and workplace, with women
gaining economic independence through increased participation in
the workforce.
2. Political factors, including state intervention to protect children
and changes in the legal status of women, have influenced family
structure and dynamics.
3. Social factors like women's mobility and higher education have
contributed to a preference for smaller families.
4. Religious and philosophical changes have reduced the influence
of traditional religious norms on marriage and divorce, leading to
new outlooks and emphasis on material comfort and high living
standards.
5. Modern civilization has elevated the status of women, changing
their economic role and impacting family functioning, task
distribution, and childbirth patterns, creating new challenges for
families.
Causes Leading to Break Down of
The Family

42. Familial
Tending to occur in more members of a family than expected
by chance alone: This definition is often used in a medical
context to describe conditions or disorders that are observed
within a family more frequently than in the general
population.
Of, relating to, or suggestive of a family: This definition
encompasses anything that is characteristic of or resembles a
family unit, including relationships, dynamics, or
environments that have a familial feel.
Similar to that in a family: It can refer to relationships or
interactions that are like those typically found within a
family, such as close bonds or shared responsibilities.
Affecting several members of the same family: This definition
is used to describe something that impacts multiple family
members, such as a familial disease or trait.
“familial” can describe characteristics, conditions, or
relationships that pertain to or affect a family or its members

43. Family Proximity or Co-residence: The physical closeness
of family members can influence the level of support and
interaction among them.
Mental Health: The psychological well-being of family
members, especially parents, can significantly affect the
family dynamics and the emotional support available.
Socioeconomic Status: A family’s financial situation can
determine access to resources, education, and
opportunities, influencing the life choices and stability of
family members.
Family Communication: Open and effective
communication within the family is crucial for emotional
support and conflict resolution.
Familial Factor
Healthcare Access: The availability and quality of
healthcare can affect family members’ well-being and
financial stability.

44. Parenting Styles: The approach parents take to raise their
children can have long-lasting effects on personality and
behavior.
Family Structure: The composition of the family,
including single-parent, nuclear, extended, or blended
families, shapes the family dynamics.
Cultural Practices: Traditions and cultural norms within
the family influence values and behaviors passed down
through generations.
Health: The physical and mental health of family members
can significantly impact family life, affecting daily
functioning and emotional bonds.
Inter-generational Relationships: The dynamics
between different generations within a family, such as
grandparents and grandchildren, can influence family
support systems and cultural transmission.
Life Events: Significant events like births, deaths,
marriages, and divorces can reshape family roles and
emotional bonds.

45. Family Structure and Education: Family life education in India has
evolved to address contemporary trends and changes in family structure,
emphasizing the importance of education for all members, including
women. The concept of ‘vasudhaivakutumbakam’—the world as one
family—is deeply rooted in Indian philosophy and underscores the
interconnectedness and responsibilities within a family, which includes
the education of women.
Labor Participation and Gender Inequalities: Despite India’s growing
economy, traditional gender norms and the decline in the labor force
participation rate (LFPR) for women are concerning. Research suggests
that while women’s labor force participation is crucial for gender equity,
it is not sufficient to ensure gender equality. Persisting patriarchal values
and traditional roles often discourage women from entering or re-
entering the workforce, especially in the industrial and service sectors
The topic of women’s education and employment in
relation to family structures is quite broad and multifaceted.
Women Education and Employment

46. Impact of Joint Family on Employment: Living in a
joint family can impact married women’s employment
opportunities, particularly in non-farm sectors. Studies
indicate that being part of a joint family may reduce
the likelihood of women engaging in non-farm
employment by more than 10 percentage points.
Changing Dynamics: Increased access to education
has led to more women pursuing higher studies and
entering various professional fields. Women are now
more likely to have careers and contribute to their
family’s financial stability. However, higher education
levels do not necessarily free women from cultural and
traditional norms that limit their decision-making
power and mobility within a joint family setting.

47. Economic Climate: Changes in the economy, such as recessions or
booms, can impact employment, income, and thus family stability
and societal structures.
Government Policies: Legislation related to healthcare, education, and
welfare can affect families differently, altering the support systems
available to them.
Societal Context: The broader cultural and social norms can influence
family roles, expectations, and the transition to adulthood.
Significant Adults: Teachers and other non-family mentors can
provide crucial emotional support and guidance to young people.
Extra Familial Factor

48. Technological Advancements: The rise of digital technology affects
how families interact, learn, and entertain themselves, often reshaping
family routines and communication patterns.
Educational Systems: Schools and educational policies influence
children’s development and opportunities, as well as parental
involvement in schooling.
Community Environment: The neighborhood and community
resources available, such as parks and libraries, contribute to family
well-being and social interactions.
Media Influence: Exposure to various media can affect family members’
attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, including those related to health,
relationships, and societal roles.

49. Globalization: The increasing interconnectedness
of the world influences family life by exposing
members to diverse cultures and ideas.
Migration: Families may experience changes due to
migration, which can lead to separation,
adaptation to new cultures, or reunification.
Climate Change: Environmental factors and
natural disasters can have profound effects on
family stability and societal structures.

50. Consequences Of These Changes
On Family Life: Changes in familial factors can lead to shifts in family structures, such as the
rise in single-parent households or extended families living together. This can affect the
distribution of roles and responsibilities within the home.
On Society: Extra-familial factors can lead to societal shifts, such as changes in the average
age of marriage or childbearing, affecting population demographics and societal norms.
Interpersonal Relationships: Changes in familial factors can affect the quality of relationships
between family members, influencing emotional closeness, conflict resolution, and support
systems.
Socialization: Extra-familial factors like media and technology play a significant role in
socializing children and adults, impacting their views and interactions with the broader society.
Adaptability: Both familial and extra-familial factors contribute to a family’s ability to adapt to
changes, whether they are internal shifts or broader societal transformations.

51. Cultural Identity: Familial and extra-familial factors
contribute to the shaping of individual and collective
cultural identities.
Economic Disparities: Socioeconomic factors can lead to
disparities in family life, affecting education, employment,
and health outcomes.
Social Mobility: The interplay of these factors can
influence social mobility, with implications for equality
and opportunity in society.