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EXPLORING LIFE.ppt
1.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero Chapter 1 Exploring Life
2.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Overview: Biology’s Most Exciting Era • Biology – Is the scientific study of life
3.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The phenomenon we call life – Defies a simple, one-sentence definition Figure 1.1
4.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • We recognize life – By what living things do
5.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Some properties of life Figure 1.2 (c) Response to the environment (a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development (b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processing
6.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Concept 1.1: Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale • The study of life – Extends from the microscope scale of molecules and cells to the global scale of the entire living planet
7.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Hierarchy of Biological Organization • The hierarchy of life – Extends through many levels of biological organization
8.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • From the biosphere to organisms Figure 1.3 1 The biosphere
9.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • From cells to molecules Cell 8 Cells 6 Organs and organ systems 7 Tissues 10 Molecules 9 Organelles 50 µm 10 µm 1 µm Atoms Figure 1.3
10.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Ecosystems • Each organism – Interacts with its environment • Both organism and environment – Are affected by the interactions between them
11.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecosystem Dynamics • The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes – Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil – The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers
12.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Conversion • Activities of life – Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source
13.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings – Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another
14.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Energy flows through an ecosystem – Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Heat Ecosystem Figure 1.4
15.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Cells • The cell – Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life 25 µm Figure 1.5
16.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell’s Heritable Information • Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes – Which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring Egg cell Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Figure 1.6
17.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The molecular structure of DNA – Accounts for it information-rich nature DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. Figure 1.7 Nucleus
18.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two Main Forms of Cells • All cells share certain characteristics – They are all enclosed by a membrane – They all use DNA as genetic information • There are two main forms of cells – Eukaryotic – Prokaryotic
19.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Eukaryotic cells – Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles
20.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Prokaryotic cells – Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Figure 1.8
21.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Concept 1.2: Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts • A system – Is a combination of components that form a more complex organization
22.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Emergent Properties of Systems • Due to increasing complexity – New properties emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order
23.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Power and Limitations of Reductionism • Reductionism – Involves reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
24.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • The study of DNA structure, an example of reductionism – Has led to further study of heredity, such as the Human Genome Project Figure 1.9
25.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems Biology • Systems biology – Seeks to create models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems • With such models – Scientists will be able to predict how a change in one part of a system will affect the rest of the system
26.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings CELL Nucleus Cytoplasm Outer membrane and cell surface Figure 1.10
27.
Copyright © 2005
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings • Systems biology – Is now taking hold in the study of life at the cellular and molecular levels – Includes three key research developments: high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, and interdisciplinary research teams
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