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Exploring External Memory: Understanding Memory Hierarchy and Hard Disk Functionality
- 2. EXTERNAL MEMORY Advance computer architecture Presented by ASHWIN KULANGARA SHAJI NAVYA THADAKAMALLA NEERAJ KUMAR GONTALA Professor TATHAGATA BHATTACHARYA
- 3. Let’s get to know 01 02 WHAT ARE THE EXTERNAL MEMORY DEVICES? HOW DOES A MAGNETIC DISK WORKS ? ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES? WHY DO WE NEED EXTERNAL MEMORY? 03 MEMORY HIERARCHY? WITH EXAMPLE 04
- 4. WHY DO WE NEED EXTERNAL MEMORY? Processor Cache Memory Mapping Main Memory [ ROM ] [ RAM ] 4 - 8 GB 4 - 8 MB CACHE Words Words Or (Blocks) Secondary memory BIG PICTURE RAM – volatile and writable ROM – Non-volatile and non-writable Virtual Memory Mapping Main memory – process fast, but costly Secondary memory – stores huge data but cheaper and slower
- 7. MAGNETIC TAPES • Developed in Germany in 1928. • Recorded and read using Tape drivers • Widely used in Mainframe computers. • Used In Tape Vaulting. • Storage: 148 GB per sqr inch -> 185 TB per cartige. SONYCorporation in 2014 Backing up critical data using magnetic tapes. Cost-effective
- 9. FLOPPY DISKS
- 10. • Debuted in 1960 8 inch 5.25inch 3.5 inch FLOPPY DISKS • 3 different form factors
- 11. 3.5 inch FLOPPY DISKS • 3 different form factors Plastic Housing : 8 inch, 5.25-inch, 3.5 inch • Capacity: 1.2 MB to 1.44 MB Shutter Polyster Fabric Plastic Housing Magnetic Disk Magnetic Disk
- 12. FLOPPY DISKS • 3 different form factors : 8 inch, 5.25-inch, 3.5 inch • Capacity: 1.2 MB to 1.44 MB • LEgacy: Icon for saving files INTERESTING FACT…! Do you know why our computer drive names start with C ……..? Earlier, we used to have two floppy drives A & B in Computers and that’s why the Hard Drive partition starts from C.
- 13. FLOPPY DISKS
- 14. OPTICAL DISKS
- 15. OPTICAL DISK: CD ROM • It was introduced in 1983. • Data can be read from and written to the optical disk by a laser beam. • They rely on a red or blue laser to record and read data. • A Non erasable disk that stores digital audio. • Size: 12 CM • Records more than 60 minutes uninterrupted audio. • Contain read only media like music. • Capacity : 700 MB
- 16. OPTICAL DISK: CD-R, CD-RW AND DVD • CD Recordable • Write Once Read Multiple • CD-Rewritable • Writes multiple times • Erase and write multiples times. • Digital Versatile Disk • Provides Video information • And stores large volume of other digital data • 8 and 12 cm are used with double sided capacity • Size: 17gb • Basic-Read only memory
- 17. OPTICAL DISK: DVD-R, DVD-RW AND BLUE-RAY DVD • DVD Recordable • Write only once • They can read CD-ROM and CD-R/RW addition to reading DVD video and audio discs. • 20 times faster than CD • DVD Rewritable • Read and multiple write both CD's and DVD's • User can erase and rewrite multiple times • One sided discs can be used • High definition • Stores more data • 25gb of data per layer • Dual and triple layers which hold more data • Three versions: Read only (BD- ROM),recordable once(BD-R), recordable(BD-RE).
- 18. OPTICAL DISKS
- 20. MEMORY CARD AND FLASH DRIVE • An electronic storage device used for storing digital media • Small size but large data storage capacity • Cheaper • Small, ultra-portable device unline an optical or hard drive has no moving parts • USB plug. • Storage capacity: 8 GB to 64 GB • Flash drives can be written and rewritten to an almost unlimited number of times, similar to hard drives. • They've replaced floppy drives
- 21. Main Memory ROM RAM 4 - 8 GB 4 - 8 MB Processor Secondary Memory Hard Disk Floppy Disk Compactable Disk Digital Versatile Disk 1 TB 1.44 MB 700 MB 4.7 GB Let’s turn ON our system and play the movie TITANIC.. Switching ON process. . . • ROM Programs 1. BIOS: Binary Input Output System 2. UEFI: Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
- 22. Let’s turn ON our system and play the movie TITANIC… Main Memory Cache Bus ROM D RAM Cache Memory Mapping External Memory Hard Disk Floppy Disk Compactable Disk Digital Versatile Disk S RAM 2 - 4 MB 4 - 8 GB 4 - 8 MB 1 TB 1.44 MB 700 MB 4.7 GB Processor
- 23. Main Memory L2 Cache Processor Bus ROM D RAM Cache Memory Mapping External Memory Hard Disk Floppy Disk Compactable Disk Digital Versatile Disk S RAM L1 Cache 8 KB 2 - 4 MB 4 - 8 GB 4 - 8 MB 1 TB 1.44 MB 700 MB 4.7 GB Let’s turn ON our system and play the movie TITANIC….
- 25. HARD DISK
- 26. HARD DISK DRIVE Tracks Sectors Sectors size: 512 Bytes • Recording Density • Capacity of one disk = No. of Tracks x No. of Sectors per Track x Bytes per Sector
- 27. HOW TO READ OR WRITE IN A HARD DISK Read Heads Write Heads Heating Coil Changing the polarity • Write Head: Cobalt Chromium Tantalum Alloy (120nm) • Change in polarity • Read Head: Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) • Change in resistivity 011011
- 28. ADVANCEMENTS IN HARD DISK - Around 2010 • Orientation change from horizontal to vertical • With that write and Read head also changed their orientation • Before 2020 – Classic Magnetic Recording • 2020 - Shingled Magnetic Recording Before 2010 After 2010 • Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) • Not yet commercially available • Laser is used to heat the region
- 29. • Slower • Generates heat • Generates Noise • Inexpensive • Portability • Ease of use ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES External Memory
- 30. THANK YOU In 2016, Dutch scientists invented the world’s smallest hard drive which can store all the books ever written on a hard drive the size of a postage stamp! DO YOU KNOW ..?