2. what is earthquake ?
Earthquakes are natural
disasters that have been
affecting the world for
millions of years. They
are caused by the
movement of tectonic
plates, which make up
the Earth's crust.
3. what is earthquake ?
Earthquakes can range
from being barely
noticeable to extremely
powerful and
destructive. In this
article, we will delve
into the details of
earthquakes, including
what causes them, how
they are measured, and
what can be done to
prepare for and reduce
the impact of
earthquakes.
4. the four main causes of earthquakes
collapse of
rock formation
underground
explosions
slipping of
tectonic
plates
2
1 3 4
volcanic eruptions
5. what causes earthquakes??
Earthquakes occur
when two tectonic
plates grind against
each other, causing a
release of energy in
the form of seismic
waves. This energy
can cause the ground
to shake, which is
what we experience as
an earthquake.
Hot tectonic plates
are huge sections of
the Earth's crust that
move slowly over time,
often colliding with
each other at their
edges. When two
plates collide, the edge
of one plate can get
stuck and build up
pressure until it finally
gives way, releasing
the energy in the form
of an earthquake.
6. what causes earthquakes??
In addition to plate tectonics, earthquakes can
also be caused by human activities such as
underground nuclear testing, the pumping of
water into or out of the ground, and the
extraction of oil or gas from the ground. These
human activities-caused earthquakes, known
as induced earthquakes, can be just as
powerful as earthquakes caused by plate
tectonics.
9. types of earthquakes
There are many different types of earthquakes: tectonic,
volcanic, and explosion. The type of earthquake depends
on the region where it occurs and the geological make-up
of that region.
10. types of earthquakes
These occur when rocks
in the earth's crust break
due to geological forces
created by movement of
tectonic plates.
Tectonic
earthquakes
18. Richter Scale Of Earthquake Energy
1–1.9 2–2.9 3–3.9 4–4.9 5–5.9 6–6.9 7–7.9 8–8.9 9+
Micr
o
Minor
Ligh
t
Strong
Maj
or
Great
19. Richter Scale Of Earthquake Energy
great
8 ≥
major
7-7.9
strong
6-6.9
moderate
5-5.9
light
4-4.9
minor
3-3.9
20. Devastating Effects of Earthquakes
Damage to buildings
Damage to infrastructure
Landslides and Rocks slides
Earthquakes can trigger tsunamis
Leads to liquefaction
Can result in floods
23. Devastating Effects of Earthquakes
Earthquakes can trigger tsunamis
Leads to liquefaction
24. what is faults?
fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move
relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake
26. Types of faults
A Normal Fault
Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being
extended such as a divergent boundary. Earthquakes
associated with normal faults are generally less than
magnitude 7. Maximum magnitudes along many normal
faults are even more limited because many of them are
located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the
thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres .
27. B Reverse Fault
Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is
being shortened such as at a convergent boundary.
Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent
plate boundaries, are associated with the most
powerful earthquakes, megathrust earthquakes,
including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or
more. Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for
about 90% of the total seismic moment released
worldwide.
Types Of Faults
28. Strike-Slip Fault
Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of
the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform
boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Strike-
slip faults, particularly continental transforms, can produce
major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Strike-slip
faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an
approximate width of 10 km within the brittle crust.Thus,
earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not
possible.
Types Of Faults
C
29. some of deadliest earthquakes
Indonesia,
Indian ocean
China
Pakistan
Haiti
33. Safety tips when earthquake occurs
0
2
Cover
If there is no shelter nearby, get down near an
interior wall or next to low-lying furniture that won’t
fall on you, and cover your head and neck with your
arms and hands.
0
1
Drop
DROP down onto your hands and knees before the earthquake
knocks you down. This position protects you from falling but
allows you to still move if necessary.
Hold On
until the shaking stops. Be
prepared to move with your
shelter if the shaking shifts it
around.
0
3
34. Importance of earthquake in civil engineering
Engineering is concerned with the design and analysis of structural
structures, such as buildings and bridges, with earthquakes in mind. The
general goal is to make these structures more earthquake resistant. Where
the civil engineer aims to build structures that are not subject to damage as a
result of simple vibrations, and will avoid serious damage or collapse in the
event of a major earthquake. Accordingly, earthquake engineering is the
scientific field concerned with protecting society, the natural environment,
and the artificial environment from earthquakes by reducing earthquake risks
to socially and economically acceptable levels.
