Early Signs Of Abscess In The Tooth

Early Signs Of Abscess In The Tooth
An abscess in the tooth refers to an infection that was caused by a pocket of pus existing in the
tissue throughout the tooth. If they aren't treated promptly, abscesses are extremely acute ailments,
and may lead to even more serious conditions. When the pulp of a tooth dies due to decay or
damage, bacteria will start to grow from the dead tissue that is left. These bacteria will eventually
spread into the tissue that's below from the root of the tooth that is dead and make a pocket of pus –
the abscess. Tooth Abscess Causes Gum disease is a cause for a tooth. Gum disorders cause the
gums to pull away and back from teeth, leaving pockets behind. When one of the pockets becomes
obstructed, the bacteria can grow and propagate, or get backed ... Show more content on
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The pressure will be substantially reduced, although the infection will be there when the bone starts
to dissolve. The infection will get worse although you will get relief, and the pain will come back.
Early Signs Of Tooth Abscess The symptoms of an abscessed tooth are not difficult to see, as they
include severe pain in the affected area, red or swollen gums, a poor taste in your mouth, swelling
on the jaw or the region around it, and perhaps a high fever. Pain is excruciating with an abscess,
generally affecting the region in a way that is bad. No matter what you do, the pain seems to
intensify. Abscesses largely occur with back teeth, although they could happen in the front too. Your
dentist won't instantaneously pull it once your tooth is now abscessed. Once the disease continues to
be present, if the abscessed tooth is pulled, it can easily propagate. Last but not least, he may also
drill a hole in the tooth to provide an opportunity to empty and try to eliminate any dead pulp to the
disease. The most typical treatment of an abscess would be to make use of antibiotics to kill the
disease, then get the tooth. You should never allow it to get that bad – as an abscess is something,
which may ruin your
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Brush Your Teeth Research Paper
Whle it mayt be true that your gumss may bleed if you brush your teeth too harshly, if you notice
that your gums bleed, regarledless of how gentle you attempt to brush your teeth, this may be an
indication of an underlying condition. In this article we'll take a look at the top 5 causes of bleeding
gums.
1) New Toothbrush
One of the reasons why your gums may bleed, is if you recetnly switch from a soft–brstled
toothbrush, to a firm bristled tooth much. If you notice that your gums started bleeding, only after
you have utilzied a new type of toothbrush, contemplate the possibility of retrunng to a soft–medium
brstled brush. Addionally, ensure that you talk to your amily dentist north vancouver, about the type
of toothbrush, that is ideal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This build up of plaque may lead to gingivits which is the first stage of gum disease. When your
gums begins to expereince gingivits, your gums may become, swollen and tendeer, whch leaves it
more suscbelti to being brusied as you brush it, which in turn may cause the subcesuent bleeding
that occurs after you bursh your teeth. It is worth noting, that if left unchecked, gingivitis ccan
devlop into periodontst dsease, which in itself can cause a loss of tooth. As such, if you havent
switched to a new toothbrush recently, and have not used any medicantions recently, its highly
recomened that you contact a dental clinic north vancouver, so that a family dentist north vancouver
can evualte your symtomps and provide you with an adeuate

Gingivitis Research Paper
Running Head: What is Gingivitis?
Date
Title
What is Gingivitis?
Gingivitis is a dental disorder characterized by the inflammation of the gums. It occurs after films of
bacteria accumulate around the teeth (plaque induced gingivitis). Gingivitis is one of the non–
destructive types of periodontal diseases. Gingivitis could worsen and progress to periodontitis if
left un–attended. Periodontitis is worse and could lead to the loss of your tooth. Individuals with
gingivitis have puffy and red gums and bleed once they brush their teeth. Gingivitis can be solved
with proper dental hygiene– flossing, as well as more frequent and longer brushing. In mild cases of
the diseases, individuals may not realize that they have it since the symptoms ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
b. Non–plaque induced gingivitis
Gingivitis caused by a particular virus
Gingivitis caused by specific bacteria
Gingivitis created by some genetic factors
Gingivitis caused by a specific fungus
Signs and symptoms of Gingivitis
A symptom is the feeling described by the patient. A symptom could include painful gums. Signs are
what everyone can see including the nurses and the doctors. A sign could include a swelling.
However, at mild cases, there might be no identifiable signs or symptoms. Gingivitis has several
signs and symptoms that include:
Gums are purple or bright red
Gums bleed when flossing or brushing teeth
Bad breath (Halitosis)
Soft gums
Inflammation of the gums
Receding gums
Sometimes gums are painful to touch and are tender
Soft gums
Causes of Gingivitis
Accumulation of plague– Accumulation of plaque between and around the teeth triggers an immune
response that eventually destroys the gingival tissue.

Dental plaque– The plaque accumulates around the teeth naturally. The plaque hardens leading to
periodontal diseases, and tooth decay. The periodontal diseases include periodontitis and

Toothache? It's Not Always A Cavity
Goal: Teach Readers the Various Things that Could Cause Tooth Pain, Other than a Cavity Total
Words in this Document: Title: Toothache? It's Not Always a Cavity Most adults in the United States
have cavities; one study found that 91 percent of adults between the ages of 20 and 64 had dental
caries, the scientific name for cavities and tooth decay. Untreated tooth decay affects 27 percent of
adults. Yes, cavities are highly common causes of toothache. However, they are not the only causes.
Chipped or broken tooth: Whether your tooth has been cracked, chipped, or totally broken, this
common dental problem can cause excruciating pain when it comes to eating certain foods. Broken
teeth can leave nerve endings in the pulp exposed; cracked and chipped teeth can irritate the pulp
and nerves. Infected gums: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, this infection causes a gnawing, throbbing or shooting pain, as well as other infection
symptoms, like a fever or swollen glands. A root canal is the most common treatment. Damaged
fillings: If you've have a cavity in the past, you've most likely had a filling put in to prevent the
spread of the decay. When you've lost or broken your filling, you may feel increased sensitivity, a
rough or jagged area, or may even feel the missing part of the filling. The treatment is usually to
replace the filling, although larger damage may require a crown. An abnormal bite: Malocclusion,
which is a misalignment, can cause under– and over–biting, among other conditions. Due to the
poor alignment, you might find that teeth have diffferent wear patterns that can cause an alteration in
the facial appearance, pain when chewing or biting, and biting the inside of the mouth more often.
There are several different treatment options that are decided upon following an

Colgate Palmolive
COLGATE PALMOLIVE PRECISION TOOTH BRUSH Synopsis :– The analysis of the two
different launch strategies 1. Introduction and Company Background. Colgate Palmolive was the
global leader in household and personal products, with sales of $6.06 billion and gross profit of
$2.76 billion, as in 1991. The company was also the No. 1 in US retail tooth brush market with
23.3% of volume share. The company had 43% of the world's tooth paste market and 16% of the
world tooth brush market. In 1991 there was an increase. There was an increase of 12% in the
worldwide sales of CP's oral care products amounting to $1.3 billion which was 22% of CP's total
sale. The Colgate–Palmolive case involves the Precision toothbrush, which was entered into the ...
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In order to meet consumer demand CP could introduce the toothbrush as a niche, super–premium or
amainstream, professional product. It could also introduce the product using standard naming
conventions or introduce anew labeling system by calling it the "Precision by Colgate." CP could
leverage existing industry relationships and makean effort to form new ones in order to gain a
competitive edge. At launch, CP could plan to offer competitive promotions,a popular offering that
was slowly becoming standard practice in the oral care industry. The company could also increaseits
advertising budget to include educating the public on the dangers of gum disease. Depending on
how it chooses tointroduce the Precision toothbrush to the market, 1992 could serve as an important
year for CP to establish itself as thedefinitive oral health care company. Situation Analysis
Environmental Analysis In 1992, Colgate–Palmolive (CP) was the global leader in household and
personal care products. It was also the leader inretail toothbrush sales in the United States. Prior to
the 1990s, consumers were satisfied with toothbrushes that were aesthetically pleasing. As
therapeutic toothbrush sales rose it became apparent that baby boomers were becoming increasingly
concerned with their oral health, specifically their gums. As a result, the toothbrush industry

The Implementation Of The Management And Treatment Carried...
DEOH 202 Assignment Student ID: 7559879
The objective of the assignment is to discuss the implementation of the management and treatment
carried out on the patient (18999). Patient X is a New Zealand European and age 36 years male. He
was presented for dental hygiene care in May 2014 as part of his 12 months recall. Patient X was
hospitalised at an early age due to glue ear grommet procedure and later on with ankle surgery from
sports injury. As a result, he takes antifungal medications, Voltaren and Lamisil weekly and annually
as he is prone to infection. In addition to that, antihistamine is taken when required to control
hayfever. Patient X lives with his partner and is in full–time employment. He had not been a regular
attendance until two years ago when he visited the urgent care with regards to his restorations. He
was later referred for periodontal maintenance. Patient was under the impression that dental visits
are referenced to restorative care rather than preventive. Furthermore, he preferred seeking dental
care unless it is necessary, such as pain and was not too found on the specialised dental team. The
periodontal health of the patient had been identified as localised plaque induced gingivitis which
generalised light plaque and subgingival calculus was evident. The following discussion will focus
on the planning, implementation and evaluation of the dental hygiene care.
Regular attendance for a routine dental

Danisha Narvaez. Eng101. Professor Biever. Essay 3. Word
Danisha Narvaez ENG101 Professor Biever Essay 3 Word Count: Getting your teeth professionally
cleaned Lots of people know that dental cleanings are crucial for having clean teeth, but what many
don't know or realize it 's that it is also crucial for having a healthy mind as well as a healthy body.
For being such a frequently visited place, there are lots that people do not know about. Here I will
present you with what you should know, the process of, and what to expect on your next dental
cleaning visit. Lots of people see the mouth as something completely separate and different from the
rest of their body. The reality is that everything is connected to each other. Having problems in your
mouth can cause or indicate diseases in other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not the type of physical exam you would usually get where the doctor draws blood in or checks
your abdominal area. This type of physical exam mainly consists of checking your entire mouth.
The hygienist uses a small mirror and a dental probe or explorer to check around your teeth and
gums to make sure there is no sign of decay. They also check for signs of gingivitis (inflammation of
the gums,) periodontal disease (disease of the gums,) and/or oral cancer. Prior to getting this done,
the hygienist goes over your medical history, taking notes about any heart problems, diabetes, past
surgeries, and medications, that may impact your oral health. After the hygienists do all of this,
she/he may proceed to the second step. The second step is removing the plaque,tartar, and stains that
have accumulated on your teeth. The first tool that hygienists usually uses to do this is an ultrasonic
instrument. The ultrasonic instrument is a device that uses vibrations to remove the larger pieces of
tartar. This instrument also sprays mists of water to wash away the leftover debris. Once the
hygienist removes the larger pieces of tartar, they will switch to a hand instrument called scalers or
curettes.Unlike the ultrasonic instruments, scalers are meant to eliminate the leftover smaller pieces
of tartar and plaque.Each tooth is done individually to ensure that all bacteria, plaque, and tartar is
sufficiently removed. Once the hygienist is finished with the past step and made sure the teeth

Chronic Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. It is thought that nearly 85% of adults
have some stage of periodontal disease. With that being said it means periodontal disease is more
common than heart disease and cancer. The good thing about this disease is that if it is caught in an
early stage it can be reversible, but if it is left untreated it can become very dangerous leading to
tooth loss and possibly surgery.
Periodontal disease refers to a group of problems that arise in the crevice between the gum and the
tooth or the gum sulcus. The disease is normally categorized into two groups, it has several different
phases and progresses. The first group is called gingivitis which is an inflammation of the gingiva or
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many categories of periodontal disease. They include chronic periodontitis, aggressive
periodontitis, disease–related periodontitis, and acute necrotizing periodontal disease. Just because
you have gingivitis does not mean you will get periodontitis, in fact some experts believe that they
are two very different diseases. Chronic periodontitis is basically the same thing as gingivitis but it
has a few more symptoms including; halitosis, a persistent metallic taste in the mouth, and gingival
recession. Most patients who have this will not even worry or they might not even know. Most of
the time inflammation and bone destruction is painless, patients just assume that they just need to
floss more or brush more often. This can often be solved by better oral care. Patients who suffer
from aggressive periodontitis are normally younger than patients who have the chronic form. People
who have this are generally healthy other than the presence of periodontal disease. These people will
experience rapid loss of periodontal attachment fibers and bone destruction. They also will have a
depressed neutrophil function, the neutrophils can also be defective, resulting in depressed
chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Patients with this

Against Periodontal Disease
How to Fight Against Gum Disease
Periodontitis is a condition that is usually caused by plaque build–up. It is pretty common in that it
affects most people at some point in their life. Symptoms may include loose teeth, oral sensitivity,
persistent bad breath, and swollen gums. If left untreated, this ailment could advance into a serious
infection that causes the breakdown of connective tissue and bone, which ultimately leads to tooth
loss.
Even more worrying is the possibility of the pathogenic bacteria finding its way into your
bloodstream and infecting other parts of your body. This makes it important to combat periodontal
disease as early as possible.
Upgrade your routine
This condition mainly occurs when you're slacking off on proper ... Show more content on
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You can start with rinsing with a homemade saline solution made of half a teaspoon of salt and a
glass of lukewarm water. A popular Ayurvedic practice also worth trying is swishing coconut or
sesame oil for 15 to 20 minutes. You may make a paste of baking soda with water which you apply
to your gums two to three times a week too. Better yet, just rub aloe vera on the affected areas.
Contact the experts
For more advanced forms of periodontal disease, your dentist may suggest one of several types of
surgical procedures to fully eradicate inflammation and abscesses. Your options include grafts where
lost bone is replaced with man–made materials or where exposed roots get covered; regeneration
where lost tissue is encouraged to regrow using stimulating proteins and other materials; and flap
surgery where gums are lifted away, tartar is removed, and gums are then sutured back.
Prevention and treatment is most effective when you swiftly take action. Thus, if you've noticed any
of the symptoms of periodontitis, you should apply the steps suggested above as soon as possible.
Do not forget to consult with a specialist for more personalised recommendations or

Dental Hygiene Importance
As stated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, "Each year, more than 30,000 new cases
of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx are diagnosed and over 8,000 deaths due to oral cancer
occur." (CDC). Most adults are unaware that they have periodontal disease or gum disease, this
occurs because they do not maintain routine checkups with their dentist. When we insert food and
other bacteria into our mouths, it affects our teeth and gums. We need routine dental checkups and
cleanings throughout our lives. Dental checkups usually involve x–rays, cleanings, and the
examination of the mouth.
Dental health is one of the most important matters in our lives. Without proper dental tonicity,
people can obtain dental problems, which can be as severe as death. In order to maintain proper
dental care go to your dentist every six months. It is also important to change your toothbrush
regularly, floss, use fluoride, and eat healthy foods. Healthy foods may consist of fruits, vegetables,
breads, meats, and drinking water is crucial to your dental health by maintaining a moisturized
mouth. A moisturized mouth protects our hard and soft oral tissues. Children and adults should
know the benefits of maintaining proper oral hygiene while preventing poor oral asepticism.. Not
only does good oral hygiene affects our mouth it also affects our overall health.
According to the World Health Organization, "Worldwide, 60–90% of school children and nearly
100% of adults have dental cavities."

How To Write A Research Paper On Alzheimer's
Does Your Spouse Have Alzheimer's? Don't Postpone Dental Care
If your spouse was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, you have many things to think
about, so it's easy to overlook dental care. Dental problems such as toothaches and gum disease can
become very complicated when your loved one advances into the later stages of the disease.
Therefore, you should get started on a dental care plan while your spouse is still able to cooperate.
Here are some tips for dealing with Alzheimer's disease and dental problems.
Make A Dental Appointment Soon
Your spouse should be seen by a dentist before symptoms of Alzheimer's become advanced. People
progress though the disease at different rates and have different responses. There is no way to know
how soon your loved one will become combative or debilitated. Be ... Show more content on
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A toothache may contribute to aggressive behavior. It can also interfere with eating and cause your
spouse to lose weight. If your loved one is not able to communicate well enough to let you know
what's wrong, he or she will have to suffer needlessly. You'll want to continue regular dental visits as
long as possible and follow the advice of your dentist on how to keep your spouse's mouth healthy.
Supervise Dental Care
Your spouse's teeth may be in good shape now, but they could deteriorate quickly as the disease
advances. That's because your loved one will lose the ability to clean his or her teeth well. Also,
changes in diet may contribute to tooth decay, especially if you have to entice your spouse to eat
with soft, sugary foods.
For that reason, you need to keep dental health in mind and make sure your spouse continues with
good oral hygiene. Initially, you'll want to supervise and encourage your spouse to brush. You may
need to provide step–by–step instructions to help the process along. Eventually, you may need to
take over dental care and brush your spouse's teeth or clean dentures yourself.
Maintain Oral

Periodontal Assessment
Some clinical findings I would expect to see at the re–evaluation appointment include a halt in the
progression of periodontal disease. At the re–evaluation appointment, we would hopefully see
healing and a decrease in probing depth measurements. A new periodontal assessment is needed for
a re–evaluation appointment which is a major component of the re–evaluation appointment because
you need to compare the new data with the baseline data. The periodontal assessment includes
probing depths, bleeding on probing, attachment level, tooth mobility, furcation involvement,
mucogingival involvement, and levels of plaque biofilm and calculus. At the re–evaluation
appointment we should see better probing depths but if we don't, that means the disease ... Show
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The sequence of care for a periodontal maintenance appointment would start with updating the
medical status because we always want to know what medications, allergies, or medical problems
the patient might have to provide the best standard of care. The next step would be the patient
interview which would include any social status issues, review of dental care, and clarification of
the patient's perceptions of their own oral status. Next would be the clinical assessment which would
include comparing new data to baseline data, extraoral and intraoral examination, dental
examination, radiographs, and periodontal examination. For this case study patient, I would
recommend that 4 vertical bitewings are taken at the periodontal maintenance appointment and a full
mouth series be taken every 3–5 years. The next step in the appointment should be an evaluation of
the effectiveness of self–care which would be done by calculating the patient's plaque score. During
this step of the appointment, I would tell the patient where they brush well and where they can
improve brushing. Identification of treatment needs is the next step in the appointment when the
clinician would indicate the needs the patient would have patient such as restorations and
reinstitution of active periodontal therapy. The patient may need professional biofilm removal. For
periodontal instrumentation, I would use the Cavitron to

Diabetes : The Common Oral Health Problem
Diabetes affects nearly 30 million Americans each year. Diabetes is a disease that can cause
problems with the eyes, nerves, kidneys, and heart. Oral health problems associated with diabetes
are lesser known, but equally important. Diabetics who do not have good control over their blood
sugar levels tend to have more oral health problems. The most common oral health problem
associated with diabetics is gingivitis. Gingivitis is an inflammation usually caused by the presence
of bacteria in plaque. This inflammation can cause the destruction of the tissues that support your
teeth, gums, bones, and fibers that surround the teeth. Other oral health problems that can come
about are: tooth decay, periodontal (gum) disease, salivary gland dysfunction, fungal infections,
lichen planus and lichenoid reactions (inflammatory skin disease), infection/delayed healing, and
taste impairment. It is important to keep medical records up to date and inform the dentist if the
disease is under control. They also need to be aware of any changes in the medical history and the
names of all prescriptions and over the counter medications taken. Regular dental check–ups are
advised for every patient, but even more so for diabetics. When diabetes is not controlled properly,
high glucose levels in the saliva can cause bacteria to flourish. To help remove decay causing
plaque, patients should brush twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and clean in between the teeth
with floss or an

The Role Of Periodontitis As A Risk Factor For Systemic...
Introduction
In this research paper, I will be writing about Periodontitis as a risk factor for Systemic Diseases. It
has been known that some systemic diseases alter the presentation and progression of periodontal
disease. Evidence suggests that periodontal disease may play a role as a risk factor in developing
and management of a serious systemic disease. Periodontal infections have been implicated in
cardiovascular disease, preterm and low– birth weight infants, and bacterial pneumonia. In addition,
it appears to be more difficult to control non– insulin dependent diabetes in patients with severe
periodontitis. The exact mechanisms of these interrelationships have not been determined, our
understanding of these increases in risk is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Poor periodontal health is a factor known to precede many heart attacks, and specific pathogens are
associated with coronary heart disease. Oral Manifestations
Mucosal ulceration, dental disease and other tooth abnormalities, oral soft tissue tumors, periodontal
disease, bone pathology, and orofacial pain may be directly related to or confounded by underlying
systemic disease. Numerous orofacial signs and symptoms are associated with systemic disease. The
most serious problems of concern to dental professionals include caries, oral ulcers, mucosal
erythema and sloughing, gingival bleeding and hypertrophy, soft tissue exophytic masses, dry
mouth, facial pain, movement disorders, tooth abnormalities, abnormal dental wear, tooth/mucosal
discoloration, developmental and bone pathology. ( Burgess, 2017) Once diagnosed, most
periodontal diseases can be treated successfully. The therapeutic goals in periodontal disease are:
first, to alter or eliminate the origin of the microbes as well as contributing risk factors, thereby
preventing the progression of the disease and preserving the healthy state of the periodontium.
Second, the recurrence of periodontitis must be prevented. Finally, in severe cases, regeneration of
the periodontal attachments must be attempted. The first

Medical History : Dental Hygienists
As dental hygienists, we will see a variety of patients in our dental office. Each patient will present
with a unique medical history. It is essential to know how to treat our patients to the best of our
ability, so that they are comfortable and cared for throughout the entire treatment process. They
might have a certain disability, disorder, or disease that may alter or affect how we treat them. My
patient is a 58–year–old female, who presents with controlled type II diabetes, hypertension, and
possibly thyroid tumors that have been there for a few years. She is under the care of a physician for
her diabetes and associated controlled hypertension. I recommended several times that she see her
physician after feeling the tumors around her neck and thyroid. Her medical history also indicates
that she had rheumatic fever twelve to thirteen years ago, has arthritis in her knees, and occasional
headaches. She is 5"3 and weighs 216 pounds. Her blood pressure was 126/80, pulse was 88 BPM,
respirations were 20, and her temperature was 98.2 Fahrenheit. She doesn't smoke and I made sure
that she had eaten lunch and wasn't hungry. She is currently on 100 mg Metformin for her diabetes,
120 mg. Lisinopril for hypertension, 40 mg. of Lovastatin to lower cholesterol, 80 mg. of Aspirin to
prevent cardiovascular disease, and daily insulin. Reviewing her medical HX, I was informed that
she usually checks her blood glucose daily, but had recently run out of strips, so it had been a

Essay On Nasal Hair
If you are a male and you are over the age of thirty, listen up, you may have fallen victim to
excessive nasal hair growth! Unruly and un–kept hair protruding from your nose can create a bad
first impression. Since first impressions are extremely important and most people look at your face
when you first meet, keeping your nose hairs trimmed can help you avoid unneeded embarrassment.
If you are aware that your nasal hair is out of control, the nostril hair clipper is a handy device to
help you keep your nose hair trimmed. If you are unsure whether or not you have nose hair
protruding from your nose, take a look in the mirror and inspect your nasal passage or ask help from
someone you know and trust.
Tidy Up
Keeping the nostril hairs trimmed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, too much nasal hair can block your nasal passage and create obstructions within the nasal
cavity. Nasal Cilia or nose hair keeps the foreign objects out of your nose that may try entering your
lungs. Men, you especially have to consider your health and appearance when considering the nose
hair problem you may be currently encountering.
Your Own Personal Nasal Hair Clipper
Finding the right method to tame the wild hairs in your nose is essential to removing them safely
and easily. There are many products available to ensure an efficient trim; however, the electric nasal
hair trimmer is the best product to safely and quickly get the job done. If you are able to purchase a
deluxe nose hair trimmer, choosing a deluxe nostril hair trimmer will ensure the best results
possible. The deluxe model comes equipped with a built in vacuum, mirror, led light, carrying case
and it is easy to clean. It is important that you take the time to research the products available before
you make your final purchase.
Choosing Your Nasal Hair Clipper
When choosing your nostril hair clipper, be sure to check out the variety of features that each
manufacture have to offer for the nose trimmer. Purchasing a nasal hair clipper equipped with safety
feature such as auto shut–off and guards to protect your skin, is a great option.
Article Source:

Relationship Between Orthodontic And Periodontics
The term synergy refers to two or more agents acting together to create an effect greater than that
predicted by knowing only the separate effects of the individual agents. This definition is applicable
to the classic relationship between orthodontic and periodontics specialties in treating patients.1
An Interdisciplinary approach is often necessary to treat complex dental problems in our patients
and the example is ortho–perio inter–relation. A desire to improve dentofacial appearance has been
found to be the primary motivating factor for seeking treatment in adults.
Plaque is a major etiologic factor in the development of periodontal disease.
Results from past animal studies done in dentitions with reduced periodontium showed that in the
absence of plaque, orthodontic forces and tooth movements do not induce gingivitis. The
orthodontic bands, brackets and wires compromises the self–cleansing property of the dentition
which further contribute to the development of gingival inflammation. Gingivitis and gingival over
growth appear to be the main short–term effects of orthodontic ... Show more content on
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In adult patients, the loss of teeth or periodontal support can result in pathological migration of teeth
involving either a single tooth or a group of teeth. This may result in the development of a midline
diastema or spacing between the teeth with or without incisal proclination, rotation or tipping of
bicuspids and molars with the collapse of the posterior occlusion and decreasing vertical dimension.
Orthodontic treatment either helps to correct these problems, or it helps to prevent them from
progressing further. The main reasons cited to justify the provision of orthodontic treatment are
improvement of facial and dental aesthetics with dental health and function. However, association
between malocclusions and periodontal condition is still

Gingivitis Research Paper
Gingivitis
Gingivitis is redness, soreness, and swelling (inflammation) of the gums. It results from poor care
and cleaning of the mouth and teeth (oral hygiene). This condition is usually mild and clears up with
treatment. Without treatment and proper oral hygiene, gingivitis can get worse and lead to other
problems with the teeth and gums.
CAUSES
This condition is usually caused by a buildup of a sticky substance called plaque. Plaque is made up
of mucus, bacteria, and food particles. When plaque builds up, it reacts with the saliva in the mouth
to form a hard deposit called tartar, which becomes trapped around the base of the tooth. Plaque and
tartar irritate the gums, leading to gingivitis.
RISK FACTORS
This condition is more likely ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Practicing good oral hygiene at home. This includes careful brushing and regular flossing. In some
cases, a mouthwash may be prescribed or recommended.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
Follow instructions from your health care provider about how to clean your teeth. Make sure you:
○ Brush your teeth twice a day using a soft–bristled brush.
○ Floss at least once per day. When flossing, it is best to floss first and then brush.
○ Use a mouthwash as told by your health care provider.
Maintain a well–balanced diet. Limit foods with sugar between meals.
See a dentist on a regular basis for cleaning and checkups.
Do not use tobacco products, including cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or e–cigarettes. If you need
help quitting, ask your health care provider.
Keep all follow–up visits as told by your health care provider. This is important.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have a fever.
You have a lot of bleeding from your gums.
You have pain in your gums or teeth.
You have difficulty chewing.

You notice any loose or infected teeth.
You have swollen

What Is Dental Plaque A Form Of Bacteria?
3 Questions About Dental Plaque
Dental plaque is a problem that many people have heard of when it comes to their oral health, but
you might not fully understand what it is. Knowing the dangers of dental plaque is important, which
why you may have the following 3 questions.
Is Dental Plaque A Form of Bacteria?
A misconception of dental plaque is that it's a form of bacteria, which is not quite true. Dental
plaque is a biofilm, which forms a sticky and colorless substance when you don't practice good oral
hygiene. The biofilm will build up on your teeth's surface, and give the area the ideal environment
for bacterial to live. While the biofilm is not a bacteria, it can help bacteria become destructive to
your teeth.
What Problems Will Dental

Gingival Margin Case Study
In Table 4, BDR was compared across different studies. The six studies also reported the bone defect
fill. Reduction in bone defect in experimental group was reported between –2.50±0.78 mm to
2.80±0.89 mm and in control group from –0.09±0.11 mm to1.24±0.69 mm. The overall difference of
mean changes in two groups was significant with standardized mean difference of 1.789 [98% CI:
1.493, 2.084] and the corresponding P–value of 0.0001. The parameter showed significant
heterogeneity across studies with I2 of 98% and P–value < 0.0001. A forest plot representation
showing mean difference of parameter across studies.
GINGIVAL MARGIN LEVEL
The Gingival Margin Level is measured from the CEJ to the Gingival Margin.
9 articles were reviewed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every effort to restore the health, function and esthetics of periodontium is taken.
The purpose of the present systematic review and meta–analysis is to clinically and radiographically
evaluate the effectiveness of autologous PRF in the treatment of IBD in patients with chronic
periodontitis. Although, the efficacy of PRF has been tested elsewhere in the treatment of chronic
periodontitis and systematic reviews and meta– analysis have been published, to our knowledge this
is the most recent update to the pool of literature that included articles till 2016.
The studies included had a moderate risk of bias and no heterogeneity was observed in terms of
quality, design, PRF preparation, surgical procedure, outcome variables and post–operative follow–
ups.
Plaque Index is unique among the most widely used indices for assessment of plaque because it
ignores the coronal extent of plaque on the tooth surface area and assesses only the thickness of
plaque at the gingival area of the tooth and thus demonstrated good validity and reliability. The
gingival index and the modified sulcular bleeding index were designed to determine the severity of
the diseased gingiva and thus establish the activity of the periodontal lesion with the gingival
bleeding. Plaque is considered the most important factor in the initiation, progression and severity of
periodontal infection and also a major contributor to the failure of

Periodontal Disease And Manual Dexterity
Periodontal disease and manual dexterity in an aging population Periodontal disease is the fifth most
common health problem in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2015).
Periodontal disease is associated with large costs to the health system and reduction in the quality of
life, and wealth, of Australians (AHMAC Steering Committee for National Planning for Oral
Health, 2001). The greatest contributor to the development of periodontal disease is the
accumulation of plaque in the oral cavity. The human immune system responds to plaque by
initiating an inflammatory response. This immune response is the beginning of periodontal disease.
Plaque is manageable by completing simple oral health care practices such as ... Show more content
This review concludes with the hypothesis that suggests that age–related declines in manual
dexterity are linked to the increased prevalence of periodontal disease in older adults aged over 65.
Periodontal disease Periodontal disease is characterised by inflammation of tissues surrounding the
teeth, damage to the supporting structures of teeth and the creation of pockets prone to bacterial
infection (AIHW, 2015; Gehrig & Willmann, 2016). Periodontal disease is comprised of two main
diagnostic categories: gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is characterised by inflammation,
redness, oedema, and bleeding upon probing (Australian Research Centre for Population Oral
Health, 2009; Gehrig & Willmann, 2016). Chronic untreated gingivitis can often lead to
periodontitis (Gehrig & Willmann, 2016; Van der Weijden & Slot, 2015), which presents as a loss of
attachment between the supporting structures of the teeth such as bones, gums and ligaments. The
greatest contributing factor to periodontal disease is the chronic build up of plaque – a sticky film
that adheres to the teeth, which is composed of microorganisms, microbial waste products and food
debris (Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, 2009). Regular and effective oral
hygiene practices such as frequent tooth brushing (Zimmermann et al., 2015), using a manual or
power toothbrush (Van der Weijden & Slot, 2015) and interdental cleaning (Crocombe, Brennan,
Slade, &

Why Do Dogs End Up With Periodontal Disease?
Periodontal Disease in Dogs Gum disease in most animals including dogs can sneak up with no
obvious signs. In the early stages of periodontal disease in dogs, there are no noticeable symptoms
and most dog owners will not know it is there unless they know what to look for. The bad news is
that by the time you can actually see that your dog has gum disease; it has reached an advanced
stage that may require medical treatment to prevent problems such as eroded gums, pain, loose or
missing teeth, and loss of bone density.
The good news is that there is no reason why your four legged friend should ever have to suffer
from this painful and debilitating disease. Veterinarians estimate that approximately 95% of all dogs
will suffer from gum disease, but with the right level of preventative care, your dog can live his life
with a healthy set of gums and teeth.
Why Do Dogs End Up with Periodontal Disease
Dogs get gum disease for the same reason that you and I do. Just like you, every time your dog eats
or drinks, the foods in combination with his saliva begin to create a layer of bacteria on his teeth and
gums in the form of plaque. This sticky layer is responsible for a number of issues, but one of the
main things you need to be aware of is that your dog 's immune systems see plaque as foreign
invader.
Your dog's immune system response is to start producing white blood cells. The role of these white
blood cells is to attack and destroy the bacteria caused by the plaque

Essay on Biofilms
A biofilm is a layer consisting of various combinations of many different organisms, autotrophic and
heterotrophic. They are dense, organized communities of cells, encased in a self–produced slime.
The bacteria grow together in water like atmospheres, attaching to a solid surface, forming a small
ecosystem. Biofilms are known as a micro–environment, a micro–habitat, or a slime matrix. They
help decompose dead organisms and recycle carbon and nutrients.
Biofilms are formed on almost any surface that is submerged in non sterile water. Even hot springs,
and glaciers. Examples of common places where biofilms are found are pipes, hulls of ships,
porcelain surface of toilet bowls, wood siding, shower tiles, plastics, wooden cutting boards, ...
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This contains sugars such as glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, rhamnose, N–acetylglucosamine
and others. The fifth step is that the slime layer of EPS and bacteria entraps particulate materials
such as clay, organic materials, dead cells, and precipitated minerals, adding to the diverse biofilm.
The final and continuous step is when other organisms attach to the biofilms.
The formation of biofilms is not random but can be predicted by the process above. The biofilms
become attached to surfaces because of gravity, or bacteria that have a negative charge. The bacteria
senses and goes to the highest concentration of nutrients.
Biofilms are hard to treat for many reasons. The main reason is because they are highly resistant to
antibiotics. This is because the outer cells protect the inner cells from the antibiotic. Therefore, a
long–term treatment of antibiotics is required to help the biofilm related infection. Living in groups,
give bacteria properties they didn't have when living alone. Another reason they're hard to treat is
because they are undefeatable by the body's natural immune defense system. Biofilms avoid
chemical disinfection in two different ways. The first is that a gel–like polysaccharide layer provides
a physical barrier against any outside agent, biological or chemical. The second is that even if a
biocidal agent is introduced in a large enough quantity to eliminate the living bacteria, then

Early Childhood Caries
Marina Youssef
Dr. Markowitz
Analyzing the Evidence In Dentistry
29 June 2016
Epidemiology of Early Childhood Caries Dental caries refer to the indications and manifestations of
local dissolution of enamel caused by metabolic processes in the biofilm, or plaque, covering the
affected part of the tooth. From twelve to thirty months of age, children have a special pattern of
caries formation. This pattern primarily begins by affecting primary maxillary incisors and then first
molars. The primary mandibular incisors are not as susceptible to caries formation due to the close
proximity to the tongue and saliva from the sublingual and submandibular glands (5). Early
childhood caries (ECC) begins with white–spot lesions and can affect the whole ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Berkowitz, R. J., "Causes, treatment and prevention of early childhood caries: a microbiologic
perspective," Journal (Cana– dian Dental Association), vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 304– 307, 2003.
2. Douglass, Joanna M. Fluoride Varnish When Added to Caregiver Counseling Reduces Early
Childhood Caries Incidence, Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, Volume 11, Issue 1, March
2011, Pages 46–48.
3. Jiang, Emily Ming. Edward Chin Man Lo, Chun Hung Chu, May Chun Mei Wong, "Prevention of
early childhood caries (ECC) through parental toothbrushing training and fluoride varnish
application: A 24–month randomized controlled trial", Journal of Dentistry, Volume 42, Issue 12,
December 2014, Pages 1543–1550.
4. Karpinski, Tomasz and Anna Szkaradkiewicz, "Microbiology of Dental Caries" J Biol Earth Sci
2013; 3 (1): M21–M24.
5. Kawashita, Yumiko, et al. "Early Childhood Caries" Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki
University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1–7–1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Pages 852–8588.
6. Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI, Vahid–Golpayegani M, Vehkalahti MM. Feeding habits as determinants
of early childhood caries in a population where prolonged breastfeeding is the norm. Community
Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008; 36:

Toenail Fungus Research Paper
No matter how your nail looks, there is a special home remedy for toenail fungus that can bring it to
order. If you notice one or two of your nails having yellow spots or looking cloudy white, there is a
strong indication you have toenail fungus infection. Nails that are affected with fungus are usually
thicker and sometimes crumbly and flaky. The fungus can grow up and produce waste that collects
under your toenail. This may loosen or cause your nail to eventually fall off. Toenail fungus causes
may be due to moist environments especially in shoes, bathrooms, pools, cuts in toes, and unhealthy
immune response. How to get rid of toenail fungus Listerine: Soak your toe in Listerine 4 times in a
day for treatment. You may also wipe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Goldenseal and myrrh salve: Rub your toenail with some goldenseal and myrrh salve on daily basis
until you begin to see some results. You can get this home remedy for toenail fungus online. Bleach
remedy: Mix 1 cup of bleach with 10 cups of water in a bucket. Dip the fungus toe nail into the
bucket for 5 seconds. Make sure you do not have any cut on the toe. Remove and dry the toe with a
towel. Repeat this treatment every other day for 4 weeks. You may notice dry skin and flakes but
that is normal. Just apply some tea tree oil or calendula oil to it and continue with your treatment.
Make sure you change the water any time to apply the bleach home remedy for toenail fungus
treatment. Thuja essential oil: Apply 2 drops of this strong antifungal oil to your affected toe 2 times
in a day for treatment. Licorice treatment: You can rely on licorice home remedy for toenail fungus
treatment to restrict the fungus from spreading from your feet to the nail bed. The herb contains 25
substances that can attack fungus. Add 6 teaspoons of powdered licorice to 1 cup of water and
simmer for 20 minutes. Strain and clean your toes with the tea 3 times in a day for the desired

Plaque
But should they really spend that much? I guess not as long as they know how to remove plaque
from teeth using home remedies that they can find in their own cupboards as well as remedies that
arise from good oral hygiene practices.
What is plaque?
Before discussing how to remove plaque from teeth at home, it is first important for us to discuss
what it is and what causes it. After all, you can never treat something without fully understanding
what it is, its causes, as well as consequences.
Plaque is known as the soft, colorless, and sticky film of bacteria that forms on your teeth, gums,
and tongue. It can also form in your dental fillings, dentures and crowns. Since it is made up of
invisible harmful germs, many would always take them for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this case, you can do your own teeth staining to show whether there are plaques or not. You can
stain plaque by simply chewing red disclosing tablets which you can purchase from drug stores and
grocery stores. You may also use a cotton swab to smudge green food coloring on your teeth. The
colors red and green left on the teeth will give you an idea about the location of plaques and where
you need to brush your teeth again to remove it.
It is important that you check your teeth regularly for plaque presence so that you can ensure that
you remove all plaques properly and that it will not cause untoward problems such as tooth decay
and gum disease.
How to remove plaque from teeth?
How to remove plaque from teeth is the most important question that we have to answer in this
article. There are different home remedies that we all can do in the comforts of our own homes to
ensure that we get rid of these unwelcomed plaques.
Here are 8 ways on how to remove plaque from teeth at home that you can easily do:
1. Brushing properly. When you brush your teeth properly using all the right techniques after every
meal, you help prevent the formation of plaque and tartar. In this case, you need to use a soft–bristle
toothbrush and brush all angles, surfaces, and other areas in the mouth such as tongue and the
insides of your cheeks

Teething Pain
Teething is the process by which an infant's teeth sequentially appear by breaking through the gums.
Even through teething is a normal part of infant development, surprisingly little is known about the
causes and management of teething signs and symptoms.Teething pain is the commonest symptom
associated with the eruption of the primary dentition.The eruption of primary teeth usually begins
around 4–8 months of age with the eruption of lower incisors and is complete at around 30 –36
months of age when second primary molars erupt.
Teething pain sometimes referred to as " dentitio difficilis" is the commonest symptom associated
with the eruption of primary dentition. Adults assume an infant is experiencing pain because they
appear distressed, or because they believe the incisal edges of teeh cut through the alveolar bone and
gingival during eruption. Pain may result from elevation of inflammatory mediators in the crevicular
fluid and in tissue surrounding the erupting teeth, which stimulate nociceptive receptors.Local pain
may be further exacerbated by rubbing or scratching the gingival tissues, by biting in to hard objects
or by presence of pathology ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Local teething symptoms are : Gingival swelling, irritation, redness of gums,thumb sucking and
gum rubbing. The systemic disturbances that are associated with teething include : Loss of apetite,
crying, increased salivation, drooling, diarrhoea, boils general irritability and fever, runny nose,
conjunctivitis, some day time restlessness.Morever, increased biting, wakefulness, ear rubbing and
facial rashes have also been reported to be associated with teething.Generally the eruption of
primary teeth begins when other changes in the infant's immune system, growth and development
are also occurring, that is around 6 months of age. This predisposes an infant to a variety of
infections like respiratory tract infections,UTI, middle ear infections.

Gingivitis Vs Periodontitis
Background: Periodontal disease is a category of oral inflammatory infections, caused by
pathogenic bacteria within the tooth surface biofilm, which leads to destruction of tooth–supporting
tissues. Over half of the American adult population is affected by one or more forms of periodontal
disease, and at the same time, millions of Americans are electing for teeth whitening procedures
every year – often in the face of inflammation. The current trial evaluates the effect of a gum health
formulation on teeth whitening and periodontal disease parameters in patients with gingivitis or
periodontitis.
Methods: A randomized, parallel–design, single–center 45–day trial of thirty patients with gingivitis
or periodontitis recruited from two clinical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
and Jonathan B. Levine & Associates in New York, NY. Potentially eligible patients were screened
and thirty eligible participants that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Three
participants withdrew during the treatment duration (one from Group 2, two from Group 3), leaving
a sample size of twenty–seven (n=27). The participants were between the ages of 18 and 65, with
good general and systemic health, and abided by the following inclusion and exclusion criteria:
Inclusion criteria:
Willing and able to read, understand and sign an Informed Consent form.
Good general health as evidenced by the medical history.
Between 18 and 65 years of age.
A minimum of 20 teeth, excluding crowns and third molar teeth.
A mean whole mouth GI of ≥2.0 at baseline.
Sites with ≤7 mm pocket depth.
Willing to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for 12–18 hours prior to clinical visits.
Willing to abstain from chewing gums, oral whitening products, mouthwashes and tobacco products
for the study duration.
Ability to understand and follow study

The Periodontal Disease ( Dental Plaque )
The periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect up to 90% of the worldwide population.
Gingivitis ,the mildest form of periodontal disease, is caused by the bacterial biofilm (dental plaque)
that accumulates on teeth adjacent to the gingiva (gums). However, gingivitis does not affect the
underlying supporting structures of the teeth and is reversible. Gingivitis, the mildest form of
periodontal disease ,is highly prevalent and readily reversible by simple, effective oral hygiene.
Gingivitis affects 50–90% of adults worldwide, depending on its precise definition3.
Inflammation that extends deep into the tissues and causes loss of supporting connective tissue and
alveolar bone is known as periodontitis. Periodontitis results in the formation of soft tissue pockets
or deepened crevices between the gingiva and tooth root. Severe periodontitis can result in
loosening of teeth, occasional pain and discomfort, impaired mastication, and eventual tooth loss.
Although prevalence estimates differ on the basis of how the disease is defined, the prevalence,
severity, and rate of disease progression clearly varies worldwide.4,5. Periodontitis is generally
more prevalent in developing countries,6 although disease may not necessarily be extensive or
severe in indigenous populations 7.
Classification of periodontal diseases and conditions :
On October 30–November 2,

Relationship Between Dental Plaque And Cancer
Dental Plaque and Cancer: Is There a Link You Should Be Worried About?
It important to have good dental health, brushing and flossing daily leads to a happy, healthy mouth.
However, many people do not realize unhealthy teeth covered in plaque can possibly contribute to
issues that affect the rest of the body such as cancer. There is a link between the health of a person's
mouth and the condition of their body.
Your Health Suffers When You Have Uncontrolled Plaque
Plaque on the teeth doesn't just create tooth pain. It can also lead to a myriad of health conditions. It
has been linked to diabetes, gum disease, dementia, rheumatoid arthritis, heart problems, premature
birth and much more. Dental plaque is not something to ignore, it can cause

Cinderella Lab Report
The primary goal of this investigation was to determine whether bacteria commonly isolated as a
pair from contact lens cases could coaggregate or cohere. The organisms were used in this study was
isolated from the contact lens cases of asymptomatic daily wearers and stored in culture stock. The
primary outcome of this study demonstrated that coaggregation and cohesion occurred between
Acinetobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp and Micrococcus spp. Two Gram positive bacteria,
Staphylococcus spp and Micrococcus spp also showed coaggregation. But, Acinetobacter spp and
Micrococcus spp showed sporadic coaggregation. However, no coaggregating pairs exhibited the
high scores given by the positive control paring of A. naeslundii and S. sanguinis, which ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus we sought to determine whether those bacteria that produced coaggregation were associated
with cohesion in contact lens case biofilm formation. Cohesion can also occur when a pioneer
species modifies the substratum to encourage adhesion of successor species. As, Staphylococcus spp
are the most commonly isolated from the lens cases, could be considered as pioneer species, but
10% of the lens cases also showed the contamination of Gram negative bacteria. Based on recent in
vivo data we found Staphylococcus spp often isolated with Acinetobacter spp. There is other
literature which also showed the isolation of P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens from lens cases. The
present study showed cohesion between Staphylococcus spp and Acinetobacter spp/ Micrococcus
spp, where Staphylococcus spp can be considered as pioneer species and Acinetobacter and
Micrococcus as successor. Whist this study did not investigate the facilitating factor for the
cohesion, will be worth to consider in future study. The next step will be to see whether the
elimination of Micrococcus and Acinetobacter contamination from lens cases will reduce the
adhesion of Staphylococcus spp which may reduce the overall rate of contact lens case

Chg Oral Hygiene
In a stratified RCT, Tantipong, Morkchareonpong, Jaiyindee, & Thamlikitkul (2008) conducted a
study to compare the use of CHG and normal saline for oral care. Patients in the CHG group
received care using 15 ml of 2% CHG, the use of tooth brushing, and suctioning up to four times per
day (Tantipong et al., 2008). The normal saline group used the same procedure as the CHG group,
but with the difference of using normal saline instead of CHG. The results of this study were that
4.9% or 5 out of 102 patients in the CHG group developed VAP and 11.4% or 12 out of 105 patients
in the normal saline group developed VAP (Tantipong et al., 2008). The study concluded that using
2% CHG solution for oral hygiene was proven to be effective in preventing ... Show more content
Sodium bicarbonate is essentially baking soda, and it has the capability to help remove mucus and
release any kind of debris that aggregates in the oral cavity (Berry, 2013). Sodium bicarbonate also
has the ability to prevent the buildup of bacteria in the oral cavity and it increases the pH or the oral
cavity (Berry, 2013). The Listerine group received 20 ml of the mouthwash two times a day while
using sterile water every two hours for the duration of the time (Berry, 2013). The sterile water
group received oral rinses with 20 ml of sterile water every two hours, and the other group received
sodium bicarbonate oral rinse mixed with sterile water every two hours. In this study, all groups had
tooth brushing performed three times a day (Berry, 2013). The study concluded that out of the 127
participants in the Listerine group, about 4.7% developed VAP, 4.5% in the sodium bicarbonate
group developed VAP, and 4.3% in the sterile water group (Berry, 2013). The study resulted in no
difference between the use of Listerine and sodium bicarbonate related to the development of VAP
(Berry, 2013). Berry (2013) concludes that Sodium bicarbonate and Listerine use is no more
effective in the prevention of VAP than the control group using sterile

Coaggregation Essay
The primary outcome of this study showed coaggregation between A. radioresistens and S.
epidermidis or S. haemolyticus, though the coaggregation was mild and sporadic. Additionally, the
combination of S. epidermidis or S. haemolyticus with M. luteus demonstrated coaggregation.
However, no coaggregating pairs exhibited the high scores as presented by the positive control
paring of A. naeslundii ATCC 12104 and S. sanguinis CR2B, which resemble the findings of the
previous study.41 From the data presented here, it is clear that the microorganism were isolated from
same contact lens cases exhibited coaggregation properties which is identical to the findings of the
coaggregating pair of ocular isolates between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
is still unknown. The present study also has shown the adhesion of Staphylococcus spp. had the
influence in the adhesion of A. radioresistens. The rate of bacterial growth in liquid medium, builds
the argument of cohesion results where M. luteus or A. radioresistens was initiated the growth of S.
epidermidis and S. haemolyticus in BHI. There was a reduction in the growth of M. luteus with
Staphylococcus spp; although the contrary was expressed in cohesion assay.
The current study also has investigated the inhibitory effect of lactose, sucrose and pronase in the
coaggregation. Sato et al (1984) demonstrated that coaggregation between actinomycetes and
streptococci occurred via lectin–like substances (i.e. substances similar or identical to proteins that
bind sugars) on the surface of actinomycetes with carbohydrate(s) on the surface of streptococci.47
Pre–treating Staphylococcus spp. with lactose and sucrose inhibited the coaggregation which
indicates the involvement of Staphylococci lectins in the coaggregation which again resembles the
finding of the previous study. The ocular isolates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis inhibited the
coaggregation with P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens when pre–treated with lactose or sucrose.41
However, the selected inhibitory sugars were unable to stop coaggregation with Micrococcus spp.
and Acinetobacter spp. which need

Persuasive Essay On Dental Care
We all have 32 teeth in our mouth and they are indispensable. The tooth, in itself, consists of two
parts: the root buried in the bone and the crown that is in the oral cavity. In addition, the cost of a
quality brush is now quite low compared to the many benefits.
Dental care can help in many cases: to restore a devitalized tooth, to cover and support a tooth that
has a large filling when there is not much left healthy material, to protect a weakened tooth, to cover
a dental implant it is fixed with cement or is glued, to restore a broken cracked or very worn tooth
and to cover a poorly formed or discolored tooth. Dental care is usually reimbursed by insurance.
The gum is the part of the oral mucosa that covers the maxillary bone and the mandible at the level
of the tooth implantation area. First of all, let's give you a little reminder of what dental care is and
why it is needed. Remember, many dental practices also offer periodontal dentistry, which is gum
care.
Regular brushing of the teeth allows removal of plaque. Today, the brush does almost everything
alone. The purpose of these devices is to eliminate food residues and dental plaque in the most
inaccessible areas of the mouth.
Different instruments allow to get rid of tartar. That's why dentists today almost unanimously
recommend the use of the electric toothbrush. Its micro–pulsations and rotational movements are the
enemy of tartar. The tartar is then taken off. It is therefore an effective preventive weapon

Gum Disease Research Paper
Suffering From Gum Disease? Learn Several Options For Treatment Many times the symptoms of
gum disease are not apparent until the disease has set in. Fortunately, it's not too late to have it
treated. There are several techniques used to treat gum disease, which include both surgical and
non–surgical treatments. By understanding the differences between each treatment, you can decide
on which one will be best for you. Surgical Tissue Graft When your gums are missing tissue due to
how much the gums have receded, tissue from your mouth's roof can be grafted onto your gums. It
can be used to fill in the places where your gums are receding, or reinforce places that have very
thin gum tissue. Bone Graft Synthetic, donated, or natural bone

History Of Gum Disease
Gum disease is an infection of the tissues that surround and support the teeth. It starts with
inflammation of gums (gingivitis) which when left untreated may proceed to cause bone loss
(periodontitis). As the support of the tooth is lost, gum diseases lead to lose teeth.
Cause: The primary cause of gum diseases is plaque, the sticky bio–film of bacteria that is
constantly forming on our teeth. But there are following factors which increase the risk of
developing it:
Poor oral hygiene
Smoking or chewing tobacco
Genetics and family history of gum diseases
Crooked teeth that are hard to keep clean
Pregnancy, hormonal changes
Other diseases like diabetes, cancer, HIV
Medications like steroids, anti–epilepsy drugs, cancer therapy drugs, some ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Other studies showed that women with gum disease were more likely to deliver preterm, low birth
weight babies.
Treatment options: The goal of treatment is to reduce swelling, the depth of pockets and stop disease
progression. Treatment options depend on the stage of disease, past history of gum disease, response
to earlier treatment and overall health.
Gingivitis, an early stage of the gum disease is still reversible as the disease is still only isolated to
gums and hasn't yet spread to the bone. It can be easily treated with simple non invasive
professional cleaning by the dentist, followed by daily brushing, flossing and mouthwash rinses.
Periodontitis, an advanced gum disease has spread to the bone and requires surgical treatment.
Scaling of teeth – The first and foremost treatment is cleaning of the teeth by a dentist to remove the
plaque and tartar/calculus (hardened bacterial film). This removes the bacteria and thus controls

Dental Assessment Paper
When your dental care demands are a total examination and also cleaning, a full–mouth restoration,
or anything in between, dental practitioners assure to supply you with outstanding care as they
enhance the natural beauty of your smile. Listed here are just a few of the many methods and expert
services a dental office often offers to individuals – using a gentle touch, and amazing outcomes.
Your look is the primary priority, and they'll provide you with some thing to smile about.
Cleaning and Protection – Dental care Exam
An extensive oral assessment will be conducted by your dental professional at your initial dental
care visitation. During routine check–up checks, your dental practitioner and hygienist will include
these:
* Examination of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These images call for up to 90% less radiation than with standard film type x–rays. Instead of
making use of the traditional silver–oxide x–ray film that must be formulated and then fixed in
caustic and ecologically harmful solutions, the new system calls for pictures by way of a small
digital sensing unit and it then immediately sends a Image of the tooth on to the video monitor in the
treatment room. Therefore, we can easily see your teeth and surrounding components Instantly. Not
only does the new digital x–ray do away with the typical wait for x–ray film to be prepared, but it
also is highly sensitive, so that patients are exposed to even less radiation than with conventional x–
rays.
Cleaning and Protection – Dental X–Rays
Dental radiographs (x–rays) are vital, preventive, diagnostic methods that offer valuable information
not visible during a typical dental exam. Dental practitioners and dental care hygienists use this
information to safely and accurately discover concealed dentistry irregularities as well as complete
an accurate plan for treatment. With no x–rays, trouble areas may well go undetected.
Teeth x–rays may well expose:
* Abscesses or

Efficacy of Three Mouth Rinses in Reducing Dental Plaque...
A randomized, placebo–controlled, double–blinded, parallel–group study was conducted for six
months among 12 to 15 year olds school children in Nellore, India. The inclusion criteria were : 1)
children with permanent dentition; 2) baseline plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI) scores of
2–3; 3) good general health; and 4) an ability to use a mouth rinse
Ethical Aspects
The study was performed in accordance with the guidelines of Good Clinical Practice and the
Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2000. The institutional review board (IRB) and ethical
committee of the Narayana Dental College and Hospital gave approval for the study
(IEC/NDC/1091/NDC/04.01.2010). The investigator provided detailed information about the study
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Calibration
The investigator was self–trained and calibrated before the study and during the course of study.
Data recording was done by a recorder who had been trained and calibrated prior to the main study.
To evaluate the intra–examiner reliability, duplicate examinations were conducted at baseline, after
three months and at the end of the study. The related kappa values were 0.84, 0.92 and 0.94,
respectively.
Study outcomes
The oral examinations were performed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months. At the baseline
examination, personal information of the subjects was recorded in a specially prepared pro–forma.
The children were examined on a chair by the investigator under natural light using mouth mirror
and explorer/probe. Reducion in PlI score was considered as the primary outcome and difference in
GI scores between four groups was the secondary outcome. At each intraoral examination, presence
of plaque and gingivitis was determined using the criteria suggested by Loe H.17 PlI and GI scores
were recorded on all surfaces (mesial, distal, buccal, palatal/lingual) of all the teeth. The scores from
the four areas of the tooth were added and divided by four to give the PlI/GI for the tooth. PlI and GI
for the individual is obtained by adding the indices for the teeth and dividing by the number of teeth
examined.
Procedure:
The investigator demonstrated to and trained the subjects regarding a proper method of

Strategies to Prevent Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia...
CONTENT
Title ......................................................................................................P.2
Research Question....................................................................................P.2
Aims......................................................................................................P.2
Introduction.............................................................................................P.3
Theoretical perspective..............................................................................P.4
Literature Review.....................................................................................P.5
Methodology..........................................................................................P.11
Methods................................................................................................P.12
Sample and Access to sample/ data............................................................P.13
Data collection........................................................................................P.16
Data analysis.........................................................................................P.19
Ethical issues.........................................................................................P.19
Rigour..................................................................................................P.21
Limitations.............................................................................................P.23 ... Show more content on
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For the effect will be measured in term of rate of VAP via an experimental study, this data collecting
method is called experimental methodology (Guba, 1990). Therefore, a positivism paradigm will be
more appropriate for this proposal.
Literature Review
Literature review is necessary and essential skill for researcher as it explains and justifies why the
topic is chosen and its importance (Abbot, 1993).
In this proposal, literature search was conducted by using the keywords of "nosocomial pneumonia"
or "ventilator–associated pneumonia", and "oral hygiene" or "oral care" through the electronic
databases: ProQuest, CINAL and PubMed in the electronic libraries of Hong Kong Hospital
Authority (HKHA) and Oxford Brookes University. Besides searching by keyword, the publication
year was restricted for ensuring up–dated information. The reference lists of those collected articles
provided additional publication.
VAP is defined as pneumonia that develops in an intubated patient after 48 hours or more of
mechanical ventilation (Fields, 2008). It is the most common nosocomial infection in mechanically
ventilated patients and is a preventable secondary consequence of intubation and mechanical
ventilation (Barclay & Vega, 2005), so its development and prevention is a concern.

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