Describe The Importance Of Electrolytes

Describe The Importance Of Electrolytes
Electrolytes are very important to have in the human body. It is very unhealthy to have an imbalance of electrolytes. Electrolyte imbalance may lead to
disease or even death. ( Nate Morrow )
Salt is a very important electrolyte. Humans need salt to survive on the planet of Earth. Salt can also be called sodium. Low sodium levels are very
dangerous. People with diseases are at higher risk of a low sodium level.Another important electrolyte is magnesium. Magnesium is important for 300
biochemical reactions! Also an important electrolyte is phosphate. Phosphate strengthens bones and teeth. Bicarbonate is also one of the major
electrolytes. Kidneys release bicarbonate when acids build up through metabolic processes. Also, potassium is a key electrolyte. Potassium is important
for regulating your heartbeat and muscle function. ( U.S National Library of Medicine ) It is also important to keep your electrolytes balanced.
Electrolyte loss is very dangerous. Water does not replenish the electrolytes lost in sweat. Most sports drinks claim to replenish electrolytes lost in
sweat. Although, not all beverages are made to hydrate, so be aware on which sports drink you choose next. Hydration is also crucial to live a healthy
life. Dehydration can cause electrolyte imbalance. Electrolyte imbalance symptoms include twitching, weakness, and seizures. ( Healthline )
It is also important to have a healthy amount of salt in your body. Salt imbalances can lead to heart disease. Eat healthy to
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Synthesis Of Alum From Aluminum Can Pieces
Synthesis of Alum from Aluminum Can Pieces *Marita John, Crystal Chacko, and Natalie Luera CHEM 111–553 Introduction: There is a great
demand in industries to recycle aluminum for a salt such as dyeing of textiles, manufacturing of pickles, baking powder, leather tanning, and as a
flocculant in water purification, etc. The negative ionic charge of alum of potassium and its molecular structure makes this compound unable to be
absorbed by the skin, therefore, it is sometimes used as antiperspirants by deodorant industries. The energy needed to produce new aluminum from the
secondary aluminum product through recycling s is less energy than creating brand new products of aluminum. The main purpose is to synthesize
alum, potassium aluminum... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A filter paper was added to the BГјchner funnel. The faucet, which acted as a vacuum source, was turned on. Before pouring the reaction mixture
into the filter, the filter paper was wetted using distilled water. A pair of tongs were used to transfer the reaction into the filter from the beaker.
After most of the reaction was in the filter, the beaker was rinsed twice with 5mL of distilled water each time. The contents of the rinse in the
beaker were emptied into the filter. After the filtration was complete and the dark residue of the aluminum can pieces was separated from the
clear reaction mixture, the filtrate was transferred into another clean 250mL beaker. Then the filter flask was rinsed with 10mL of distilled water
and added to the filtrate in the new reaction beaker. Then 20mL of 6.0M sulfuric acid was carefully added to the reaction beaker while being
stirred with a stir rod. A stir bar was inserted into the reaction and the beaker was put on top of a hot plate to dissolve the solids that formed. After
the solids were dissolved, the reaction was filtered with a vacuum filter as done previously. The reaction beaker was cooled in an ice bath created by
adding ice chips and water to a larger beaker for the alum crystals to precipitate. The inside of the beaker was scratched with a stirring rod to facilitate
the formation of crystals. The vacuum filter was set up

Story Of Twists And Turns From The Criminal Underworld
This is a story of twists and turns from the criminal underworld. It involves a closely–knit group that sells poison to unsuspecting victims as an
alternative medicine. They have labeled their so–called medicine as "M.M.S", which they state represents either "Miracle Mineral Solution" or
"Miracle Mineral Supplement". It is neither a supplement nor a mineral. It 's chlorine bleach. This disturbing topic has been covered here, at The Health
Wyze Report, on multiple occasions, but now raids have finally begun, and as a result, more information about the operation of these criminals has
become available.
Their spokesman, who is publicly the head of the pyramid, is a man named Jim Humble. This name may, or may not be, an alias. Although, he... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The "M.M.S." product that has been marketed by Humble and his entourage is chlorine dioxide. It was never shipped to customers directly. Instead,
customers had to make their own by mixing the shipped sodium chlorite with citric acid, because chlorine dioxide is so unstable that it is explosive.
We have learned more about how the game is played, due to raids that took place in 2011, and a set of criminal convictions that finally manifested
in 2013. The tale begins and ends with four of Jim Humble 's underlings: Louis (Daniel) Smith, Karis Delong, Tammy Olson, and Chris Olson. They
began their operation by creating a shell company called Project Greenlife, in 2007. It had multiple websites including projectgreenlife.com,
mmsmiracle.com, purestreamhealth.com, and mmsfornewbies.com. All of these sites were meant to create an impression of a legitimate
marketplace with honest competition and independent peer reviews for Project Greenlife 's "medicine". It was a fake network that was used to
buoy an equally bogus medical treatment. From our research over a period of many years, all of the involved people are linked to Jim Humble, whose
job is to bless the M.M.S. that is sold by his own people.
The ring leader of Project Greenlife, Daniel Smith of Spokane, Washington, bought sodium chlorite from a chemical supply company in Utah. Soon
after, the chemical company contacted Smith 's

Hyperkalaemia And Depolariization Of Potassium
Potassium is a necessary intracellular ion, found in each cell membrane, playing a vital role in the normal functioning of nerve and muscle cells. It is
crucial for proper fluid balance in the body by countering the effect of sodium and creates an electrical charge across the cell membrane. This is
important as it allows nerves to conduct electrical impulses to communicate between muscles and cells to contract. A majority is found insidemuscle
tissue, and the balance between sodium and potassium ions is crucial to maintain an electrical gradient which works to transport substances in/out the
cell and transmit nerve signals which consequently trigger muscle contractions.
When this balance is disrupted, the functioning of muscles is drastically affected.
An excess amount of potassium can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, the kidneys can maintain blood potassium within a health range, excreting extra when necessary. But when one cannot efficiently eliminate
excess potassium, hyperkalemia occurs.
Hyperkalaemia can result in depolarization of membrane potentials of nerve and muscle cells, due to the increased equilibrium potential of potassium.
This impairs the normal process of depolarization; the depolarization of the membrane potentials opens several voltage–gated sodium channels;
however it elevates the inactivation process. Depolarization is slowed due to the concentration changes, which means an action potential is not
generated; the process of accommodation occurs instead. This is when nerve cells adjusts slowly to a slowly increasing stimulus so that its threshold of
excitation of greater than it would be were the stimulus

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Essay
After finished completing this assignment, our understanding about the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) instrument have increased. All of us able to
calculate the specific surface area of the powder , knew the right standard operating procedure to run the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) instrument
and more efficient in handling the calculation involving the graph . However , the specific surface area for our sample might low than the expected
due to some possible error that might occur. The first possible error might be due to the wrong de–gassed temperature for the sample. Before the
sample been analysed, it have to go through the out–gassing or de–gassing. The purpose of de–gassing is to remove gases and vapours that may have
become physically adsorbed onto the surface after manufacture and during treatment, handling and storage. However, if de–gassing not achievable, the
specific surface area may be reduced or may be variable because an intermediate area of the surface is covered with molecules of the previously
adsorbed gases or vapours. Thus, the de–gassing is an important technique that need to take account before analysing any sample. In our case, we
accidentally put lower de–gassing temperature (105в„ѓ) that totally alter the precision and accuracy of specific surface area measurements. The next
possible error is the efficient of the instrument. The instrument that we used is the old model (ASAP 2020) that... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Each of the isotherm can be differentiate through the presence of 'knee' or 'elbow'. Each of the isotherm have an adsorption and desorption graph.
Often the adsorption is going up while the desorption is going down. Next , we learned that there are four types of hysteresis whereas the open end
cylindrical shaped , the ink bottle shaped, the slit shaped and the macro and meso–pore shape. Next , we knew how to plot the graph and calculate the
specific surface area from the

Why Do Drugs Increase The Smooth ER In Cells
drugs increase the smooth ER in cells, which increases the detoxification rate, which increases a person's tolerance to a drug. Which means that a
person would have to increase the dosage each time in order to get the same original effect. The increase of the smooth ER as a result of abusing a
drug can lead to increased tolerance of other useful drugs, such as antibiotics. Storing calcium ions is another function of the smooth ER. These calcium
ions can be used to trigger the contraction of muscle cells by being pumped in and out of the ER lumen. The release of calcium ions can also stimulate
other responses in different cell types, like secreting new protein vesicles. A function of the rough ER is to make phospholipids and membranes and for

Personal Narrative Racising
Per our discussion the best course of action that should be taken to remove the lite coating of Lead containing paint would be to remove it with
heat. By using heat it will eliminate the lead and also eliminate the difficulty in capturing all of the debris created if we were to grind it off. Now I
do have some requirements which we did discuss over the phone which I also included below. Respirator must be worn when burning these areas,
also full Tyvek suit, gloves, and goggles also to cover all areas of exposed skin. Now this protective layer will be considered contaminated and has to
be treated as hazardous waste. The respirator doesn't have to be included, but the filter cartridges are holding contaminants and will have to be disposed

Stoichiometry Lab Report
Stoichiometry and Determining the Limiting Reagent
Abstract:
Four chemical reactions will be done using different ratios of mixture between calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. The mixture of these two
substances produces the precipitate calcium carbonate, which will be separated using filtration. After observing the tubes and collecting data, the
limiting reagents were deduced from observing which amount of substance had the least amount of moles. It was found that in trials one through three,
the limiting reagent was calcium chloride and in trial four, the limiting reagent was sodium carbonate. The actual yield in grams were compared to the
theoretical yield in grams of product to provide percent yields of 63.89 %, 88.67 %, 89.6%, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The highest percent yield is seen in trial 3 whereas the lowest percent yield is seen in trial 4.
Sample calculations:–
Trial 1:–
Moles of Na2CO3 = Molarity Г— Volume = (1.00 moles Г—25.10 mLГ—1 liter)/(LitresГ—1000mL) = 0.00251 moles
Moles of CaCl2 = Molarity Г— Volume = (0.0500 moles Г—25.35 mLГ—1 liter)/(LitresГ—1000mL) = 0.00127 moles
Theoretical yield grams = Moles of product Г— molecular weight of CaCO3 = 0.00127 moles Г— 100.089 g/moles = 0.127g
Percent yield = (actual yeild (g))/(theoretical yeild(g))Г—100 = (0.0812g )/0.127Г—100 = 63.9 %

Essay on Young Woman's Death by Ingesting Exstasy
In their case study, "Fatal hyponatremia in a young woman after ecstasy ingestion," Kamyar Kalantar–Sadeh, Minhtri Nguyen, Roger Chang, and Ira
Kurtz present a 20–year old female, Asian–American, college student who took multiple tablets of ecstasy and drank excessive amounts of water at a
party. This student was found the next morning, unresponsive, foaming at the mouth, with rapid and shallow breathing, and a weak pulse. After being
admitted into the emergency room, the patient was determined to be hypothermic, hypoxemic, hypotensive, tachycardic, and in respiratory distress.
Initially, the patient had a sodium content of 117 mmol/l and a serum osmolality of 245 mOsm/kg. In order to treat the patient, throughout a 11 hour
period, a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both pulmonary edema, excessive fluid in the lungs, and cerebral edema, excessive fluid in the brain, were reported for this patient. Because the
blood–brain barrier is freely permeable to water, the patient's neurons most likely swelled, causing a buildup of intracranial pressure, which may
have led to her coma. Further, the fact that the patient was found to be in respiratory distress supports the conclusion that water had built up in her
lungs as well. In the case study, two additional patients with low sodium concentration in their cells were also presented in order to serve as a
comparison to the main case. The history of two Caucasian females, one 38 years of age and the other 24 years old were presented. The 38–year–old
female drank 25,250mL bottles of water (6.25L total) whilst running a 64.4 km marathon. She suffered from confusion, headache, abdominal pain,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shortness of breath, as well as pulmonary venous edema. Initially, the patient had a sodium content of 121 mmol/l and a
serum osmolality of 253 mOsm/kg. In order to treat the patient, a hypertonic saline, normal saline, and 40mg of intravenous furosemide, a diuretic,
were administered after which her sodium content rose to of 125 mmol/l after 2.5 hours and 141 mmol/l after 48 hours with no acute damage to cells.
The 24–year–old female underwent an appendectomy and received 5% dextrose infusion before and after

Sodium Ion Essay
4. As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage–gated sodium ion channels. Describe the structure of a sodium
ion.
A sodium ion is essentially a sodium atom which had been oxidized, losing one electron and gaining a positive charge. Thus, the atomic structure of a
sodium ion is an atom with 11 protons in its nucleus, but only 10 electrons in its orbitals, thus explaining its positive charge.
Atomic Structure. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.gcsescience.com/a4–sodium–ion.htm.
5. What is a voltage–gated sodium ion channel? What is it made of? What is its function?
It's a protein that allows sodium ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. Like other proteins ion channels ... Show
Why do sodium ions need channels in order to move into and out of cells?
The sodium ions need channels in order to move into and out of the cell because if the cell let any type of ion in, the cell would become toxic. This is
why nerve cells regulate the amount of ions that enter and leave the cell. Also creating the negative resting potential of a nerve cell, which can "fire" an
action potential and conduct nerve impulses.
These channels allow for the swift intake of sodium ions and the change in net charge over an extremely short period of time. Sodium ions are also too
big to enter the cell without the help of these channels.
11. What would happen to a neuron if it were exposed to tetrodotoxin? Be specific regarding its effect on the ability of a neuron to communicate.
When a neuron is exposed to tetrodotoxin, its ability to draw sodium into the cell is stopped. There is a guanidino group attached to the tetrodotoxin
that is drawn into the cell. These toxic molecules don't leave the sodium channel and block any sodium from entering the neuron. It takes minutes for
the toxin to leave the channel and they are often drawn right back into the channel once they detach. When an action potential tries to fire in a cell with
blocked sodium channels, nothing happens. The potential can't be completed and the overall charge of the neuron remains negative, leading to

Clo2 Residual Testing Method
CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE
105
7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the analytical methods that are available for detecting, measuring, and/or monitoring chlorine dioxide and
chlorite, its metabolites, and other biomarkers of exposure and effect to chlorine dioxide and chlorite. The intent is not to provide an exhaustive list of
analytical methods. Rather, the intention is to identify well–established methods that are used as the standard methods of analysis. Many of the
analytical methods used for environmental samples are the methods approved by federal agencies and organizations such as EPA and the National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Other methods presented in this chapter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The absorbance is proportional to the concentration of the chlorine dioxide in water. Indicators used for this technique include
N,N–diethyl–p–phenylenediamine, chlorophenol red, and methylene blue (APHA 1998; Fletcher and Hemming 1985; Quentel et al. 1994; Sweetin et
al. 1996). For example, chlorophenol red selectively reacts with chlorine dioxide at pH 7 with a detection limit of 0.12 mg/L. The interferences from
chlorine may be reduced by the addition of oxalic acid, sodium cyclamate, or thioacetamide (Sweetin et al. 1996). APHA Method 4500–CLO2–B,
iodometric titration analysis, measures the concentration of chlorine dioxide in water by titration with iodide, which is reduced to form iodine. Iodine
is then measured colorimetrically when a blue color forms from the production of a starch–iodine complex. The detection limit for this method is 20
Вµg/L (APHA 1998).
CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND CHLORITE 7. ANALYTICAL METHODS
107
Table 7–1. Analytical Methods for Determining Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite in Environmental Samples
Sample matrix Preparation method
Air Workplace air None.
Analytical method

Toxic gas vapor detector tube
Sample Percent detection limit recovery Reference
0.05 ppm No data EPA 1997 BjГ¶rkholm et al. 1990; Hekmat et al. 1994 (OSHA Method 202) Hoehn et al. 2000 (EPA Method 300.0) Pfaff and
Brockhoff 1990 No data APHA 1998 (Method 4500CLO2–D)
Diffusion of air into potasIon chromatosium iodide solution at pH 7. graphy (of chlorite ion

Limiting Reactant Lab Report
The objectives for the Limiting Reactant Lab was to determine out of the equation BaгЂ–ClгЂ—_(2 (aq))+ гЂ–NaгЂ—_2 гЂ–SOгЂ—_(4 (aq))в†’
гЂ–BaSOгЂ—_(4 (s) )+2 гЂ–NaClгЂ—_((aq)) which compound is the limiting reactant from choosing either A or B for the experiment. The purpose
for part one is about гЂ–NaгЂ—_2 гЂ–SOгЂ—_(4 (aq)) and BaгЂ–ClгЂ—_(2 (aq))*2H_2 O, when adding water and resulting in гЂ–BaSOгЂ—_(4
(s) ) is allowed to precipitate. From the two values the percent yield can be calculated. The purpose for part two is the formation of barium sulfate.
The methods used for part one was (I) to pick between part A or part B. (II) weigh out the part that you picked. And lastly (III) let the chemicals
precipitate when adding distilled water. The methods that were used during the second part of the lab was to calculate how much of the compounds
that you need than to add 5ml distilled water to both and combine together. What was found in this lab was which chemical compound from the product
of the equation is the limiting reactant.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What was concluded when doing the lab was to determine which product of the equation was the limiting reactant. When doing all the calculations
were 83.1% of the yield of the compound. It is very close to having almost the perfect percentage of the limiting yield when doing the

How Does Temperature Affect The Rate Of Reaction
In experiment 2, temperature was the factor tested to see how it affected the rate of reactions. Tweaking the method for the first experiment, the sodium
thiosulphate were in three different temperature; one was placed on a hotplate and heated, another in an ice bath and the last was room temperature.
This showed how the temperature of the solution can be an important factor when investigating reaction rates. Concentration of the reactants affects
reaction rate by increasing the rate when the concentration is also increased. According to the collision theory proposed by Max Trautz in 1916 and
William Lewis in 1918, for two molecules to react they must first come into contact with each other, called a collision. The molecules are more likely
to collide if they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, it can be seen using the collision theory that the more concentrated the reactants are, the more likely the molecules will collide and
consequently speed up the reaction rate. This has been justified in the experimental results, when the more concentrated hydrochloric acid was, the
faster the reaction rate. As shown in Experiment 1, where three different concentrations of hydrochloric acid were used. In Beaker 1, 0.5 M of
hydrochloric acid was used, Beaker 2 was 1M, and in Beaker 3, 2M of hydrochloric acid was tested. It was shown in the experiment that the first
beaker of 0.5M HCl took the longest to go cloudy, around 44 seconds. Beaker 2 had 1M of HCl and took 38 seconds, which was approximately 6
seconds faster than Beaker 1. In Beaker 3, 2M of HCl was added and it was the fastest of all three, taking 33 seconds, which was 11 seconds faster
than Beaker 1, and 5 seconds quicker than Beaker 2. These results demonstrate that the concentration of the reactants does affect reaction rate as it was
shown that an increase in the concentration of HCl meant that the reaction rate sped up, and vice

Question 1 . 1.1)What Steps Would You Suggest Should Be
Question 1
1.1)What Steps Would You Suggest Should Be Taken To Minimize The Loss Of Vitamins From Food?
The steps that should be taken to minimize the loss of vitamins from food is as follows
–We should do shopping for foods such as vegetables and fruit from the farm markets or supermarkets that get the fruits and vegetables directly from
the farmers. The longer the food stays on the shelves the more it losses the nutrient content therefore obtaining such foods as soon as possible after
harvesting ensures that you get nutrient rich foods before it loses its nutrient contents. Alternatively one can make a vegetable garden and plant fruit
trees such as peach trees at home, by doing this you can obtain not only nutrient rich foods by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–It is cheaper to buy and is easily produced at low cost.
–It is easy to prepare.
–It provides consumers with a recommended daily intake.
–It is regulated by the food and drug administration council.
1.3)Explain How Cooking And Processing Methods May Increase The Bioavailability Of Beta Carotene?
–Significantly more beta–carotene is absorbed from cooked and processed foods. This is because beta–carotene is set free from the cellular matrices by
the heat from processing and cooking. This allows beta–carotene to be readily available for absorption in our body, rather than in raw vegetables where
it should first be extracted from the cellular matrices
Question 2
2.1)Fortification Programs Of Asian Versus African Countries Asian countriesAfrican countries
Staple food.SaltWheat
Micronutrient likely to be deficient in the diet.IodineIron
Name of the deficiency disease.–Hyperthyroidism
–Endemic Goiter
–Cretinism –Iron deficiency anemia
Symptoms of the deficiency disease.–Enlarged thyroid gland

–Difficulty swallowing
–Hoarse voice
–Coughing –Pale skin
–Fatigue
–Shortness of breath
–Dizziness
2.2)Name And Discuss The Method That Is Recommended By The South African Red Cross Association For The Treatment Of Rehydration Caused
By Diarrhea?
The recommended method by the south African red cross association for rehydration caused by diarrhea is called the Salt, Sugar Solution and is
abbreviated

Chlorine Research Paper
Chlorine
Chlorine has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. It's atomic number is 17 and the atomic mass is 35.45. Its symbol on the periodic table is Cl.
Question #1
It is surprising how many ways humans use chlorine. One way humans use chlorine is to kill bacteria and germs in pools. It cleanses the pool so when
people go swimming, they will not get sick. Chlorine is also used to make paper. Scientists use it to drain all the color to make it white. Chlorine is
also used in the water purification process. It kills bacteria in the water system before it enters a house. Chlorine is also found in many common things
like, bleach. Bleach makes clothes white to take out at the stains. The salt many people have on their table is composed up of one sodium and one
chlorine atom. There are not natural sources of chlorine in its pure element (gas) form. But it is mostly found in the earth's crust along with sodium,
potassium, and manganese chlorides. The impacts chlorine has on the environment depends on how long it is the environment and how much of the
substance is present. Sometimes chlorine combines to form harmful chemicals that gets into water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some physical properties are its greenish–yellow color (only is gas form). Its disagreeable, suffocating smell, solubility in water, and a boiling point of
–34.05В°C. It also has a melting point of –101В°C, a density of 3.214 g/l, and a gravity of –33.6В°C. These properties are physical and not chemical
because when observed, they do not change the chemical makeup of that matter (in this case chlorine). The properties are also easily observed with the
5 senses. But how does chlorine get its physical properties? Chlorine gets its properties from the number of protons in the nucleus. Different elements
have different numbers of protons, which means they have different chemical/physical

Limiting Reactant Lab Experiment Using Baking Soda and...
Baking Soda and Vinegar: Limiting Reactant Lab
Background
The limiting reactant of a chemical reaction is the substance that places an upper bound on the amount of product that the reaction can produce. The
limiting reactant places this upper bound because the reaction must stop once all of the limiting reactant is consumed. If the relative amount of
reactants is altered, then the limiting reactant may change accordingly. For example, a balanced chemical equation of a certain reaction specifies that
an equal number of moles of two substances A and B is required. If there are more moles of B than of A, then A is the limiting reactant because it is
completely consumed when the reaction stops and there is an excess of B left over. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5.Position gas collecting hose so it runs from reaction vessel through gas collecting box to opening of the graduated cylinder. The idea is that any gas
coming through the tube will rise in the graduated cylinder and displace the water in it.
6.Record the amount of air, if any, in the top of the graduated cylinder.
7.Quickly add the vinegar to the reaction vessel and stopper the opening.
8.When the reaction is completed, record the volume of gas in the graduated cylinder. Record observations about which reactant was the limiting
reactant.
9.Repeat the procedure with a new mass of baking soda. Before beginning, rinse the reaction vessel with water. Refill the graduated cylinder with
water. Check water level in collection box so it has room for the water from the graduated cylinder.
10.Clean up: Rinse reaction vessel, empty collection box, dry table as needed, cleanup up any baking soda spills..
Data
Measurements of volume, measurements of mass, and limiting reactant
Volume of vinegar
Mass of baking soda
Initial volume of air space in bottle
Volume of gas collected (total minus any air space)
Which reactant is used up and how do you know?
(Is baking soda visible or will a small amount added at end produce bubbles?)
40 mL
0.5 g

100 mL
75 mL
Baking soda because there is none left at the bottom of the flask.
40 mL
1.0 g
70 mL
230 mL
Baking soda because there

Determination Of Water In A Hydrate Lab Report
This lab was conducted to find the percent water in a hydrate. A hydrate is a compound with water chemically combined to other atoms. The
chemical compound tested in this experiment is Copper II Sulfate Pentahydrate, or CuSO4*5H2O, which will break down and release water when
heated. The reactant of this reaction begins blue and gradually turns white as the products are produced. To ensure that all of the copper sulfate reacts
thoroughly with the heat, it was crushed up to a fine powder. After weighing the initial mass, the crucible was then filled one third of the way with the
powder. Placed on a stand, it was heated by a gas fueled flame until the reaction finished and the powder turned white. The air vents on the burner were
closed as to

The Pros And Cons Of Potassium
Since Dmitri Mendeleev created his periodic table of elements in 1869, scientists have worked to identify the materials that make up the world around
us. While many discoveries were made through fairly benign methods, there have been some horrifying deaths along the way.
Marie and Pierre Curie's work with radioactive material killed the married couple. In fact, their notebooks are still so highly contaminated that
researchers have chosen to lock them away.
There has always been a bit of excitement when a "new" element is discovered. In some cases, merchants and advertisers have unknowingly exposed
thousands of people to dangerous chemicals, such as selling water laced with radium as a cure for ailments of the endocrine system.
Then there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within 30 minutes, Adams was dead and Cornish was in severe pain.
People v. Molineux is considered a landmark case because an appeals court decided that the evidence regarding Barnet's death should not have been
allowed during the trial. The court's reasoning was that Molineux had been denied the presumption of innocence that is guaranteed by US law.
Molineux was acquitted after a retrial.
3 Potassium
Potassium is an essential but volatile element that is needed by the human body to regulate muscular contractions. Although most of us do not get
enough potassium in our diets, it is important to note that potassium in its pure form is extremely reactive. Therefore, this element is usually used in
one of its compound forms such as saltpeter or potash.
Potassium chloride is considered a double–edged sword. Small doses can be used to treat deficiencies, but large doses can stop the heart. For this
reason, it has been used in lethal injections, both legal and illegal.
There are a number of suspected "mercy killings" by doctors or nurses who wished to help their patients escape the pain of possibly terminal diseases.
Unfortunately, there are also people who have randomly killed those in their care simply because they

Why Do Chlorine Remains In A Pool
Introduction:
I chose this project because I am a competitive swimmer and I have been swimming for the past ten and a half years. I wanted to find out how much
chlorine remains in a pool each day after chlorination. I am interested to see how much residual chlorine is left and the range in which there appears
skin irritation and red eyes because I have experienced the red eyes and itchy skin due to over chlorination.
Chlorine is used in pools in either a gaseous or as sodium or calcium hypochlorite. The chlorine is added to water to help prevent people from getting
sick from disease–producing microorganisms. The chlorine that is added and reacts with the organic material and metals in the water is the chlorine
demand for the water as it will not be available for any disinfection that keeps people from getting sick while in the pool. The residual test is ... Show
The free iodine is than titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution.
I2 + 2 S2O32– 2 I– + S4O62–
For every two moles of thiosulphate, one mole of iodine is needed so the amount of iodine mole needed is half the amount of thiosulphate moles that
are needed. Starch is used as the indicator for the end point because the iodine and water is such a faint yellow color that the starch will combine with
any of the iodine that is still present and turn it a blue color and the end point for the titration is than easier to notice.
I found the amount of amount of residual chlorine using the equation:
Residual chlorine = volume of Na2S2O3 x Concentration of Na2S2O3 x mass of 1 mol Cl– x 1000 Volume of sample pool water
Adverse effects can occur if there is too much residual chlorine in water. The use of chlorine can possibly cause carcinogenic compounds such as
chloroform. There is still an ongoing debate if chlorine is the best way to disinfect a

Essay on Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd V Accc (1999)...
GLENDALE CHEMICAL PRODUCTS PTY LTD v ACCC (1999) ATPR 41
–672 Plaintiff: Michael Barnes Defendant/Appellant: Glendale Chemical
Products Pty Ltd –Supplier of Caustic Soda which is called "DRANO" Respondent: Australian Competition & Consumer Commission Prepared
By: GLENDA B. GAERLAN Presented To: PETER MCGUINNES BUSINESS LAW 1st Semester 2010 Background Facts: Michael Barnes bought a
500g of caustic soda called "DRANO" at a local store named Glendale Chemical Products Pty Ltd for him to use to unblock a pipe in the shower
recess. Mr. Barnes, kneeling down, poured hot water to the drain and immediately sprinkled the caustic soda as advised by a friend. The mixture of hot
water... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barnes, separately, had commenced proceedings in the District Court of NSW. Both proceedings were transferred to the Federal Court and heard
with the proceedings issued by the ACCC. The judgment on this case was delivered on February 27, 1998 six years after Australia passed a
statutory code dealing with defective goods in 1992 sixty years after the verdict on the Donoghue v Stevenson's case. The ACCC sought orders
restraining Glendale from engaging in conduct contrary to Section 52 which states that a corporation shall not, in trade or commerce, engage in
conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive. The action brought by the ACCC against Glendale based on Section 52
and 53(c) of the Act was unsuccessful. There was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that Barnes did understand the label to constitute a
representation in the form suggested. It was found that Glendale was negligent and in all circumstances, it was considered there was a duty on
Glendale to include in the packaging a warning as to the consequences of using corrosive product with hot water in a confined space such as a drain.
There was no specific defect with the caustic soda but the issue is whether it was defective within the meaning of Section 75AC. It was found by the
court the label to be defective within the meaning of section 75AC. It was argued on behalf of Glendale that the damages should be reduced based on
the fact that Barnes

Chuck Wagon Cooking : Cooking For A Large Group
Chuck Wagon Cooking: Cooking For a Large Group
Cooking without electricity is the type of cooking that some if not many of you have not experienced other than when camping overnight or when the
electricity is out for a few days. Obviously, when the power goes out and the propane bottles run empty cooking becomes more difficult.
Making Coffee
We need to keep our priorities straight here so coffee first the old–fashioned way.
Coffee is brewed using a handful of grounds to one cup of water. You would grind your own beans using a hand grinder. Whole unroasted (green)
beans would be the best way for Preppers to store large amounts of coffee.
This coffee was often called six–shooter coffee. Put the grounds in the water and boil. You can add eggs shells to help settle the grounds, and in
some cases, a cup of cold water added just before pouring will help settle the grounds as well. A dash of salt will help with bitterness.
Green coffee beans can be roasted in a skillet. You simply roast until brown, but it requires patience and you cannot walk away to gather firewood
while the beans roast.
There are several stages to the roasting process and you can ruin the beans if you let them roast too long. The beans will turn yellow, and then crack to
emit steam in the first stage, and once the beans turn brown you can stop if you want or continue on to create a darker roast. It all depends on your taste.
If you leave the beans roasting, you will hear another crack and the beans may begin

The Problem of Dehydration Essay
In many ways, any living being is the product of water. The figures are relevant for this assumption: the human body contains 60% water. A newborn
has at birth 64% water in his organism while the fetus in the third month of pregnancy has in his tissues, 91% water. As a man ages he starts to dry:
around the age of 70, the body contains 46% water. The body is composed of 25% solids and 75% liquid material in which the solvent is water.
Furthermore, even the brain tissue is composed of 85% water (Wedro, Conrad StГ¶ppler, 2011). The role of water in ensuring the health of the human
body is essential. Without water, humans cannot live. Water metabolism disorders produce signals that indicate a significant de
–harmonization of the
biological... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These ions can serve as a catalyst, accelerating reactions that normally would take much more than a few seconds. (OH). Another important property of
water is represented by its capacity to dissipate heat through evaporation. This characteristic has an important role in the physiology of
thermo–regulation. At high atmospheric temperatures, the body receives much more heat than it needs. If this heat is not dissipated, the body will
suffer. Fortunately, the human body has several mechanisms to remove heat. One of them is based on the presence of water and it involves
changing water from its liquid to gaseous state with a heat loss (sweating). Thus, each gram of water evaporated from the surface of the skin at room
temperature, facilitates the loss of 580 calories. For these reasons, dehydration has become a major problem for many people and it can lead to more
serious diseases and even cause death if not be given the proper consideration. The first signs of dehydration include feeling dizzy, rapid heartbeat, dry
mouth, fatigue, and irritability. Low water intake increases histamine, and when it crosses the nerves, pain occurs. Thus, pain appears, costing one of
the first signs of dehydration (Wedro, Conrad StГ¶ppler, 2011). If no action is taken, in time, various disorders can appear such as constipation, nausea,
menstrual problems, joint problems, high cholesterol, asthma, allergies, or dyspeptic syndromes. Dehydration can take years or

Chemical Reaction Lab
Type of Reactions We did a lab on many reactions to find the products of the reactions. We conducted four group experiments and three class
experiments, following very strict safety procedures given to us by our instructor. We used goggles and aprons which were required at all times. We
could not sniff any gasses or walk into clouds of smoke unless we were instructed to. We had to describe the reactants and products and what is taking
place during the reaction.
Procedures
We had to follow seven separate instructions for each of the separate reactions.
1.We had to obtain a small piece of Magnesium. Holding it with forceps, we placed it in the flame of a lit Bunsen burner until there was no more
reaction in the Mg. We were instructed to not look in the bright light. We observed what was produced.
2. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We had to add a chunk of Sodium to a water bucket outside. We gently dropped it in, got away from it and observed the reaction.
3.We had to add 5 ml of Hydrochloric acid to a small beaker and swirl it. Then we added sodium hydroxide and had to check for heat and color change.
4.We had to add a small strip of copper to a beaker that held 3 ml of silver nitrate. We had to observe the reaction.
5.We had to add pennies to nitric acid in an Erlenmeyer flask under the fume hood. We had to be cautious because the nitric acid was highly corrosive
and there was laughing gas and noxious fumes produced.
6.We heated sodium chlorate strongly. We added gummy bears to the hot liquid and the sucrose in the gummy bears ignited and burned.
7.We added 5 ml of lead(II) nitrate to 5 ml of potassium iodide in a small beaker. We had to observe the precipitate formed.
All of our data is shown in figure 1.

Chemical Properties Of Unknown White Compound
Abstract Unknown white compound (823U) was discovered in the lab. In order to dispose of it correctly, the substance and its physical and chemical
properties had to be identified. The unknown white compound was one of a list of 15 compounds. 5g of the unknown compound were given in order
to correctly identify and discover its physical and chemical properties. In order to do so, a solubility test, a flame test, and ion tests were conducted.
From the results of these initial tests and the given list of compounds, the unknown white compound was thought to be composed of sodium and a
halide (I–, Br–, or Cl–). Of the list, NaCl was the appropriate compound, however NaC2H3O3 was also tested out of skepticism. To verify the identity
of the substance, the solubility and flame tests were performed again along with a pH test. The pH tests of NaCl and NaC2H3O2 did not match that of
the unknown white compound. The list of compounds had been entirely ruled out. The identity of the unknown white compound was revealed to be
calcium chloride. To synthesize at least a gram (calculated to produce 1.2g) of CaCl2, the following reaction was completed.
2 HCl + CaCO3+heat –––> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
To verify that CaCl2 was the compound that had been synthesized, the compound was tested with the flame test, solubility test, halide ion test, and pH
test. CaCl2 was confirmed to be the synthesized compound as the results of these tests matched the results of the unknown white compound.Introduction
When

Experiment : The Copper Cycle
CH 204 – Introduction to Chemical Practice
Experiment 6 – The Copper Cycle
Samuel Stewart*
TA: Brad Hu
October 27, 2017
This laboratory experiment is appropriately entitled "The Copper Cycle" because the sequence of reactions begins and ends with elemental copper
metal. According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, since no copper is added or removed between the initial and final reactions; and assuming the
reactions go to completion, the copper yield should match the amount originally used in the first reaction. The cycle of copper reactions is thus:
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) ––> Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) ––> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
Cu(OH)2(s) ––> CuO(s) + H2O(l)
CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq) ––> CuSO4(aq) + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Precipitation occurs when pairs of oppositely charged ions attract each other so strongly that water molecules cannot separate them, and they form an
insoluble ionic solid.ВІ
When copper hydroxide is heated (in reaction 3), water is released as copper hydroxide decomposes into a second insoluble compound, copper(II) oxide
. Copper(II) oxide, a base, then undergoes an acid–base reaction in reaction 4 with the addition of aqueous sulfuric acid, H2SO4 . The water–soluble
salt, copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 forms.
These five reactions will be performed in the laboratory and will demonstrate the many forms and colors that appear in the copper cycle. The Law of
Conservation of Mass will be demonstrated as elemental copper is returned to elemental copper.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Elemental copper underwent five chemical reactions before cycling back to elemental copper. Reaction 1 was an oxidation–reduction reaction.
Elemental copper was mixed with concentrated nitric acid and the solution went through several color changes as the copper reacted with the nitrate
ions. The nitrate ion oxidized the copper metal to a copper(II) ion and transformed to nitrogen dioxide in the process. This reaction was

The Effect Of Temperature On A Chemical Reaction
Leonardo Cufone
Aim: to determine the effect of temperature on a chemical reaction.
Hypothesis: If the temperature (I.V.) of materials in the reaction are increased, the reaction time (D.V.) will decrease.
Variables: In this experiment, the temperature (in degrees Celsius) of the chemicals is the independent variable. To change thetemperature, the materials
are placed in a bath of water being heated by a hotplate.
The reaction time (in seconds) is the dependent variable of this experiment. This will be changed by the temperature of the chemicals, and as it is
affected by the independent variable it is considered the dependent variable.
The volume of chemicals (in mL) is the controlled variable of the experiment. As it will be the same in each trial and will not be changed, it is
considered the controlled variable. Another controlled variable is the equipment that is used. For each trial the same equipment is always used, and
therefore is also a controlled variable. The type of chemicals themselves are also controlled as for each trial they are the only chemicals used.
Safety: There are two potential hazards in this experiment.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) has risks as it is a corrosive compound. Corrosive compounds, including HCl, can cause injuries such as burning and eating
away skin and eyes. To prevent such injuries, do not come into physical contact with HCl. Wear safety glasses, safety gloves and lab clothing.
Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) is risky as it is a toxic

The Effect Of Temperature And Reactant Concentration On...
This experiment aimed to investigate the relationship between temperature and reactant concentration on the rate of reaction for the hydrolysis of
tert–Butyl Chloride, and to determine the validity of the proposed mechanism for the reaction. It was hypothesised that measuring the kinetics of this
unimolecular substitution reaction would demonstrate the reaction rate for the hydrolysis of tert–Butyl Chloride utilising acetone as the solvent which
should increase with both its increased concentration and temperature, to produce the product tert–Butyl alcohol.
When the solution of tert–butyl chloride in acetone is added to water in the presence of a base and a universal indicator, its reaction to form tert–butyl
alcohol is indicated by dramatic color change. Bromothymol blue is an acid–base indicator which appears blue in an alkaline medium and yellow in an
acidic solution (Artxy, 2011). The solvolysis of tert–butyl chloride is revealed by the indicator change from blue to yellow as hydrogen halide is
produced during the reaction (Mostafa, 2009). The solution is initially blue because of its Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) content (alkaline), and the colour
change results as aqueous chlorine removes a proton from the transition state, while the generated hydrogen ions neutralise the hydroxide ions of the
NaOH, causing the change in the pH of the system (Riley, 1977). This qualitatively determines that the rate of reaction is dependent on the
concentration of tert–butyl chloride.

Effect Of Exercise On Cardiovascular Dynamics
PhysioEx 9.1 Cardiovascular Dynamics Ex. 5 Activities 5 and 6 (3.5 points)
Activity
Question
Answer
#5. Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Pump Activity
Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, resistance, and pump rate.
Increasing the right flow tube radius increased the flow rate, decreased the resistance and increased the pump rate.
Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the human heart
The left beaker corresponded to the blood coming from the lungs, and the right beaker corresponded to blood heading out to the rest of the body, or
systemic circuit.
Briefly describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure.
The human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure by altering heart rate. When the heart rate increases, so does
blood pressure. When the heart rate decreases, so does blood pressure.
#6. Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity
Describe the Frank–Starling law in the heart
The Frank–Starling law states that when all other factors remain the same, that the stroke volume will increase in response to how much the muscle is
stretched in the end diastolic volume.
Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume. Why do you think this occurred? How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
When the stroke volume was increased, the pump rate decreased

Transport Proteins on Strike Essay
Case Study: Newsflash! Transport Proteins on Strike!
1. What is the meaning behind the PHOSPHOLIPIDS' chant?
Phospholipids make up most of the cell membrane, in a phospholipid bilayer. Phospholipid molecules form two layers, with the hydrophilic (water
loving) head facing the extracellular fluid and the cytosol (intracellular) fluid, and the hydrophobic (not water loving) tails facing one another. The cell
membrane is constructed in such a way that it is semipermeable, and allows oxygen, CO2 and lipid soluble molecules through easily, while other
molecules like glucose, amino acids, water, and ions cannot pass through quite as easily. That is the meaning behind the chant "some things can pass,
others cannot!".
2. Why is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4. Could O2 and CO2 make the same claim as GLUCOSE and AMINO ACID? Why or why not?
No. They cross the cell membrane through simple diffusion and don't need proteins.
Mary Amico
Physiology 141 Section 002
Case Study: Newsflash! Transport Proteins on Strike!
5. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the cell is called gas exchange. Which two body organ systems are involved in gas
exchange? Which type of plasma membrane transport is used for gas exchange? Is this method best? Explain your answer.
The two body organ systems involved in gas exchange are the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. O2 and CO2 cross the cell membrane via
simple diffusion. Because cells all throughout the body require oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide, this simple method of diffusion is the best
way to transport such small molecules over a large area as efficiently as possible.
6. PHIL LIPID and PROFESSOR TOSOL discuss the Great Dehydration. Explain what you think occurred during the Great Dehydration. Why are
sports drinks recommended to prevent, or treat, dehydration?
The Great Dehydration was a result of a stomach virus which apparently caused the body to lose water. As the body lost water, water moved out of the
cells in attempt to keep solute concentrations balanced across the cell membrane. Sports drinks contain water as well as "electrolytes" like

The Properties of Chemical Reactions
Properties of Chemical Reactions
Ms. Whitty, Science 10
Fiona Adams, November 1st, 2012
Introduction
Chemical reactions are a part of our daily lives, from rusting metal to making bread to leaves changing colour in the fall. A chemical reaction is the
process that occurs when two or more substances combine to produce a chemical change. When a chemical reaction takes place, the change is
indicated by one or more qualitative properties. The colour or odor could change, gas could be produced, a precipitate – a solid substance in a solution
– could be formed, or energy could be absorbed or released. The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. When
chemical reactions occur, the end result is called a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The acetic acid was clear, colorless and in a liquid state. The sodium bicarbonate, however, was a white powder, in a solid state. The reaction caused
the new substance to bubble and foam, producing a gas.
(Table 4) Quantitative Observations from Part 2 – Mass of Sodium Bicarbonate (g)| 1.01| Mass of Acetic Acid (g)| 14.29| Mass of Products (g)| 14.88|
Analysis
Part 1:
The chemical reaction that took place was evidenced by several qualitative observations. The colour of the two original substances was clear, and when
combined the colour changed to yellow – a change of colour is clear evidence of a chemical reaction. The word equation for this reaction would be –
potassium iodide + lead (II) nitrate Potassium nitrate and lead (II) iodide. In the form of a balanced equation, this reaction would be – 2KI + Pb(NO3)2
2KNO3 + PbI2.
Weighing both the reactants and the product showed that the mass of the reactants, with the apparatus, was 140.26 grams. The mass of the product,
with the apparatus, was also 140.26 grams – the product of this reaction had the same mass as the reactants. These results were expected, based on the
Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The application of the Law of
Conservation of Mass means that the mass of products in a chemical reaction will equal the mass of the

Renal Regulation of Blood Osmolarity
Abstract: The experiment was done to demonstrate the effect of ADH on the volume and concentration of urine in order to demonstrate the control of
ADH over blood plasma osmolarity. Since non–invasive methods were preferred the volume and concentration of urine was used in place of drawing
blood. The results that we our anticipating are that ADH levels in the group of subjects that ingested the 6 gm. Of NaCl would increase over time in
response to the increased osmolarity of the blood from all of the salt. Urine output would decrease and eventually the body would stabilize.
Purpose: In this experiment, renal regulation of osmolarity will be demonstrated through the use of urinalysis.
Materials and Methods: In this experiment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of executing this experiment was to essentially illustrate our body's compensatory mechanisms via hormone regulation to maintain
homeostasis. Osmolarity of bodily fluids need to be in their appropriate "normal ranges" in order for the body as a whole to maintain "normal or
healthy" functions. A disruption of homeostasis will eventually lead to disease whether acute or chronic if the compensatory mechanisms within our
bodies are not working appropriately. Although the kidneys are the focus of the action, renal regulation of osmolarity goes well beyond the kidneys.
The hormones involved in the process are ADH, aldosterone, and the few involved in the renin–angiotensin system. Due to the fact that ADH was the
target of our experiment, we will begin with the anatomy and physiology involved with ADH. The cell bodies of the supra–optic nucleus of the
hypothalamus are the site of synthesis of ADH, and the site of the osmoreceptors that detect changes in blood osmolarity. The posterior pituitary is the
site of release for ADH. When the osmoreceptors detect a change in osmolarity the number and intensity of the action potentials fired will change. An
increase will cause an increase in action potentials fired from the supra–optic nucleus to the posterior pituitary via the infundibulum. Likewise, a
decrease in osmolarity will decrease the action potentials fired. The synaptic vesicles of the posterior pituitary will then secrete the appropriate

Acids And Buffers Lab
Title
Acids, Bases, and Buffers
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to increase our understanding of the existence of acids and bases in our everyday lives.
Prelab:
In this experiment we need to make qualitative observations and comparisons about the nature of solutions.
Safety:
Acetic Acid
This is a weak acid, both in blend and also when present in marinade. As with any acid responsibility should be take when dealing with it and any
blows should be treated with camel and drink. Exuberance can be biased of down the flow with sufficient water to insure concoction.
Hydrochloric Acid this is a strong acid and extremely caustic. Consumption of gases should be avoided. Any blows should be treated with camel and
drink. Exuberance can

Investigation Of Chemistry Involving Quantitative Analysis
AS 91387: Carry out an investigation in chemistry involving quantitative analysis
Aim: To investigate if changing temperature will effect the concentration of NaOCI– in the bleach inside Janola.
Introduction: The active ingredient in most chlorine bleaches is sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. The oxidizing action of hypochlorite ion, OCl–, kills
germs and also decolorizes many stains and dyes. I will determine the concentration of the active ingredient in household bleach; Hypochlorite Ion
(OCI–). I will do this using a titrimetric analysis in which the hypochlorite is treated with Iodide (I–) resulting in the production of (elemental) Iodine
(I2). This is then titrated with Thiosulfate (S2032–) to a starch indicator endpoint. A blue to colourless colour change.
Redox Titrations involve standard solutions of oxidants and reductants, the titrant. A change in oxidation state is effected by the oxidant or reductant.
This change of oxidation state accompanies a change in the indicator, signalling the endpoint of the titration has been reached.
The resulting solution of Ferrous Ions (Fe2+) can be titrated with a standard Permanganate (Mn04–) solution (oxidant) causing the Ferrous Ions to be
oxidised to Ferric Ions (Fe3+).
5Fe2+ + Mn04– + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H20
The endpoint of this redox titration is indicated by a colour change from clear to pink, due to the slight excess of purple Permanganate that exists when
you add one additional drop titrant beyond

Co2 + O2
Assessment Choose the correct answer. Encircle the letter of your final answer. 1. Balance this equation: CO + O2 CO2 a. CO + O2 CO2 b. 2 CO +
O2 2 CO2 c. CO +2 O2 2 CO2 d. 2 CO + O2 CO2 2. C6H6 combusts in air. a. 2 C6H6 + 15 O2 12 CO2 + 6 H2O b. C6H6 + 13 O2 12 CO2 + H2O c. 2
C6H6 + 15 O2 11 CO2 + 7 H2O d. C6H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O 3. From the reaction: B2H6 + O2 HBO2 + H2O. What mass of O2 will be needed to burn
36.1 g of B2H6? a. 125 g O2 b. 100 g O2 c. 76 g O2 d. 84 g O2 4. How many moles of nitrogen gas is needed to react with 44.8 liters of hydrogen gas
to produce ammonia gas? 3H2 + N2 2NH3 a. 0.856 mol N2 b. 0.667 mol N2 c. 0.666 mol N2 d. 0.531 mol N2 5. When 11.2 liters of hydrogen gas is
made by adding zinc to sulfuric acid, what mass of zinc is needed?... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
32.7 g Zn b. 31.7 g Zn c. 40 g Zn d. 32.6 g Zn 6.–9. For the reaction: 6 Li(s) + N2(g) п‚® 2 Li3N(s) Determine: 6. The mass of N2 needed to react with
0.536 moles of Li. a. 2.50 g N2 b. 3.00 g N2 c. 3.50 g N2 d. 2.00 g N2 7. The number of moles of Li required to make 46.4 g of Li3N. a. 3.09 mol Li b.
4.00 mol Li c. 3.50 mol Li d. 2.00 mol Li 8. The mass in grams of Li3N produced from 3.65 g Li. a. 6.05 g Li3N b. 7.10 g Li3N c. 6.10 g Li3N d. 5.10
g Li3N 9. The number of moles of lithium needed to react with 7.00 grams of

Dehydration Effects
Dehydration Effects
Dehydration is the "excessive loss of water resulting in depletion of body fluids" (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, p. 282). When the body goes
through dehydration there can be many symptoms. Some of these symptoms can include: feelings of nausea, light–headedness, and feeling dizzy.
Dehydration can cause symptoms to show more rapidly than any other vitamin deficiency. With other vitamin deficiencies, days or weeks can pass
before symptoms are felt by the body (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Symptoms can be seen when dehydrated after only an hour of activity on a
hot day. Water is essential to health maintenance because the human body is more than half water. The typical adult's body weight is about 60% water.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The minor symptoms of dehydration will go away quickly after replacing the lost water but if left untreated medical attention may be necessary. While
it may be difficult to consume too much water, overhydrating can be as dangerous as dehydrating. Water toxicity can be the result of consuming too
much water. Some of the early symptoms of water toxicity can be similar to dehydration. Nausea, muscle cramps, disorientation, and confusion are just
some of the symptoms of water toxicity. "To help prevent water toxicity it is recommended that beverages containing dilute solutions ofsodium as well
as sugar, such as sports beverages, be used to replace water losses when exercise continues for more than an hour" (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, p.
287). Electrolytes are important because they help maintain acid–base in the body. Electrolytes are "substances that separate in water to form positively
and negatively charged ions that conduct an electrical current" (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006, p. 287). The three key electrolytes in the body are
sodium, potassium, and chloride. It is important to control the amount of sodium excreted from the body because sodium helps to regulate blood
pressure. If the body loses more sodium than it takes in blood pressure can drop. When this happens the body will release proteins and hormones to
help the kidneys retain water and sodium. Renin is an enzyme that

Study Guide Stoichiometry Student Editable
Stoichiometry
Section 11.1 What is stoichiometry?
In your textbook, read about stoichiometry and the balanced equation.
For each statement below, write true or false.
_______true___________ 1.The study of the quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants used and the amounts of products formed by
a chemical reaction is called stoichiometry.
________true__________ 2.Stoichiometry is based on the law of conservation of mass.
_________false_________ 3.In any chemical reaction, the mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants.
________true__________ 4.The coefficients in a chemical equation represent not only the number of individual particles but also the number of moles
of particles. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.15 mol O2 п‚ґ . 2 mol H2O/1 mol O2, 4.30 пЂЅ ________________ mol H2O 5.How many moles of water are needed for 0.100 mol of sodium
peroxide to react completely in this reaction?
0.100 mol Na2O2 п‚ґ 2 mol H2O/2 mol Na2O2, 0.100пЂЅ ________________ mol H2O 6.How many moles of oxygen are produced if the reaction
produces 0.600 mol sodium hydroxide?
0.600 mol NaOH п‚ґ . 1 mol O2/4 mol NaOH, 0.150 пЂЅ ________________ mol O2
Section 11.2 continued
In your textbook, read about mole–to–mass and mass–to–mass conversions.
Solving a mass–to–mass problem requires the four steps listed below. The equations in the boxes show how the four steps are used to solve an
example problem. After you have studied the example, solve the problems below, using the four steps.
Example problem: How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 20.0 g acetylene (C2H2) is burned?
Step 1Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2Determine the number of moles of the known substance, using mass–to–mole conversion.
Step 3Determine the number of moles of the unknown substance, using mole–to–mole conversion.
Step 4Determine the mass of the unknown substance, using mole–to–mass conversion. 7.In some mole–to–mass conversions, the number of moles of
the known substance is given. In those conversions, which step of the above solution is not necessary? __________Step 2__________ 8.In a blast
furnace, iron and carbon monoxide are produced from the reaction of

Apollo 13 Stoichiometry
In the lab sodium hydrogen carbonate will react with hydrochloric acid. Then with the data gained from the lab, the use of stoichiometry is used to
calculate the mass of the product, and compare the theoretical data to the actual data to calculate the percent error. When reacting the two compounds,
it is placed over a heat source. The stoichiometry in the equation is to calculate the theoretical mass, or calculated mass, that is reacted from the
compounds. The actual amount was the mass of the product received in the lab. An example how stoichiometry was used was during the Apollo 13.
The Apollo 13 had two air tanks that had blown up causing the trip to the moon to be terminated, and the new focus to be surviving the trip back to
earth. For... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then with a pipet, place slowly with hydrochloric acid, 10 ml, into the sodium hydrogen carbonate until the bubbles stop. Then with the product,
heat until it seems as if all the water in the dish is evaporated. Originally the product was supposed to be 2.09g of hydrochloric acid, however there
was a miscalculation of the mass of the sodium hydrogen carbonate, and that mass turned out to be 3.07g. The final mass for the product was
supposed to be 2.14g as a mass of the product. After all the procedures were completed, the mass that was received from the lab calculations was
2.45g. This was a 114.55 percent error to the lab. The large error could have lead to many different things. One of the things that the error could have
been caused was miss calculating the mass. While measuring the sodium hydrogen carbonate, the mass of the evaporating dish mass, 46.50g, had
altered when it was zeroed and put the 3.00g of the sodium hydrogen carbonate. Then it was massed again together and it was 49.57g. Another
possible way that the mass was altered the way it was, it that all the water wasn't evaporated. There was also a little splatter outside the dish. That
helped lessening the mass that was already too big. Finally an important error that happened was not letting the evaporating dish cool after it was
heated. Those are some ways that the lab error could

4 Drop Of Mms Research Paper
1. Day 1, take 1/4 drop of MMS in water, every hour, 8 times a day. Read on below for detailed steps.
1.1. To measure 1/4 drop, add 1 drop of Sodium Chlorite and 1 drop of 50% Citric Acid (or 4% Hydrochloric Acid) in a clean and dry glass, and wait
about 30 seconds while you stir the mixture.
1.2. After about 30 seconds, the mixture will turn pale yellow or amber in color at which point add water to it.
1.3. Drain about 3/4 of water from the glass and what remains is 1/4 drop of MMS.
2. Day 2 and 3, take 1/2 drop of MMS in water, following same instructions as above, but dumping 1/2 of the contents of glass in step 1.3 above.
3. Day 4, take 3/4 drop of MMS in water, following same instructions as above, but dumping 1/4 of the contents of glass in step 1.3 above.
Protocol 1000
1. Day 5 onwards, start taking 1 drop of MMS in at least 4 oz water, every hour, 8 times a day.
2. Build it up to 3 drops of MMS, every hour, 8 times a day.
3. If you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The protocols above are given for adults. MMS has been found perfectly safe for all ages, including small children and infants. However, the dosage
varies; please consult Jim Humble's book for more information on this.
2. Sodium Chlorite, Citric Acid, Hydrochlauric Acid and DMSO must be kept out of reach of children.
3. As much as possible, make MMS fresh for each dose for maximum benefits. Store individual ingredients such as Sodium Chlorite, Citric Acid,
Hydrochlauric Acid and DMSO, in a cool and dark place or refrigerate.
4. If spilled on the skin accidently, rinse with plain water. Especially DO NOT RINSE OFF DMSO WITH SOAP, since it can carry soap residues into
your tissues.
5. There are no known contraindications of MMS with pharmaceutical drugs, however, some drugs may impede your immune response slow down your

Polymerization Of Reaction Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment was to observe three different polymerizations. They are condensation, chain addition, and cross–linked polymerization.
Polymerization is a synthetic process where monomers are linked together. The first experiment performed was the chain addition polymerization. A
chain addition polymerization requires an initiator that allows the reaction to react. In this experiment, styrene is being polymerized with the indicator
benzoyl peroxide to make polystyrene. Benzoyl peroxide is a white solid and styrene is a clear liquid. When added together, the .25g of benzoyl
peroxide dissolved and the mixture resulted in a cloudy, white liquid. This solution was separated into three test tubes and then was heated in a hot water
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hex methylene diamine, NaOH, and sebacoyl chloride were added together to form a polymer. The nylon was extracted with a wooden stick and
wrapped around a test tube until there was a fair amount. Even after the nylon was cut, it remained forming in the beaker and gave the resemblance of
a sticky spider web. When checking the solubility of Nylon– 10,6 the three solutes– acetone, toluene, and ethanol–were placed in small Erlenmeyer
flasks and following that, small pieces of the nylon were added. The nylon did not appear to be soluble in any of the three solutes.
The last part of the experiment was the creation of slime. Slime is a cross–linked polymer that is formed from the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA,
with borax (sodium borate decahydrate) under aqueous conditions (1). Slime was made by combining 1 mL of Borax to 10mL of poly(vinyl
alcohol) in a 30 mL beaker. The slime began to form immediately when stirred with a glass stirring rod and was transparent in color and stretchy. It
had a thick density and resembled a clear hair gel. When taken out of the beaker, it formed to the inside of the hand holding it, and did not stick to
skin like its looks

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