MPA 211 MPA Customized Program Management of Rural Urban Development

1. Defining Urban,
Urbanization
and Urbanism

2. Cities are where the
future happen first
they are open,
creative, dynamic,
democratic.
They take up 3 % of
the world’s surface
area (Muggah, 2017)

3. 50%
World
population
live in
cities
75%
Energy consumption
80%
Emit
greenhouse
gases
75%
By 2050
population live
in cities

4. Generally
speaking, sub-
Saharan Africa is
the most fragile
while eastern
Asia and Europe
are the most
stable.

5. The 100RC program supports 100 global cities to respond to the megatrends of globalization, urbanization and climate change by
developing a resilience strategy under the leadership of a chief resilience officer. 100RC addresses a broad range of challenges
including struggling economies, traffic congestion, crime, food and water shortages, natural disasters, disease and terrorism.
An additional 22 cities that have embarked on the process including Sydney, Singapore, Vancouver, Montreal, Paris and Jakarta

7. https://www.google.com/search?q=world+map+of+liveable+cities&rlz=1C1CHWL_enPH741PH741&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=2NxKc_p_HmB3sM%252CCp0
GLoZJQyjI0M%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQumoqHEvsu-
b__gphRmR0vo3AuNA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjX0urt0_juAhWIF6YKHcb8B6gQ9QF6BAgKEAE#imgrc=k81MKBeJm4JS7M

8. 1.Tokyo (Population: 37,435,191)
2.Delhi (Population: 29,399,141)
3.Shanghai (Population: 26,317,104)
4.Sao Paulo (Population: 21,846,507)
5.Mexico City (Population: 21,671,908)
6.Cairo (Population: 20,484,965)
7.Dhaka (Population: 20,283,552)
8.Mumbai (Population: 20,185,064)
9.Beijing (Population: 20,384,000)
10.Osaka (Population: 19,281,000)
Top 10 Most Populous

9. There are 50,000 Cities on
Planet Earth. Half Didn’t Exist 40
Years Ago

10. Urban areas are places of high
populations and high density,
characterized by their built-up
infrastructure. They are expanded by the
act of urbanization.
Rural areas are the complete opposite
of urban areas, having a low population
and density whilst maintaining a lack of
large infrastructure, often agricultural-
based area

11. Most people can
agree that cities are
places where large
numbers of people live
and work; they are
hubs of government,
commerce and
transportation. But how
best to define the
geographical limits of a
city is a matter of some
debate.
So far, no
standardized
international criteria
exist for determining
the boundaries of a
city and often multiple
boundary definitions
are available for any
given city.
2050

12. 149
Cities
33
Highly
Urbanized
Cities
5
Independent
component
cities
111
Component
Cities
There are 149 cities of the Philippines as of July 8, 2023. Thirty-three of these are highly
urbanized cities (HUC), five are Independent Component Cities (ICC), with the rest being
Component Cities (CC) of their respective provinces.
Urban area" can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area includes the city itself, as
well as the surrounding areas. Many urban areas are called metropolitan areas.

13. Ten other metropolitan areas have been recognized by NEDA: Metro Angeles, Metro Bacolod, Metro Baguio,
Metro Batangas, Metro Cagayan de Oro, Metro Dagupan, Metro Iloilo-Guimaras, Metro Naga and Metro
Olongapo. However, these ten were not included as official metropolises in the 2017–2022 Philippine
Development Plan created by NEDA
The Philippines has three metropolitan areas officially recognized by the NEDA due to their prominence,
population, size and economy: Manila, Cebu, Davao.

14. Louis Wirth, an American sociologist and member of the Chicago
School of Sociology, coined the term ‘urbanism’ in 1938 and he has
given four characteristics of urbanism. Wirth has identified three
aspects of city-population size, population density and
heterogeneity which directly determine the degree of urbanism in
an urban society.
Transiency: An urban dweller’s relationship with others is short-
lived and he/she is likely to forget his/her previous acquaintances
and engage with new ones.
Superficiality: An urbanite has very few people with whom he
interacts and his relationship with them is nothing but impersonal
and formal. People meet each other in a very segmental manner
and that too for meeting some needs in their life.
Anonymity: People residing in Urban areas do not know each other deeply. The mutual acquaintance
between the residents which is explicitly observed in a neighbourhood is absent here.
Individualism: Urbanites give more value to their own vested interests only.

15. The concept of urbanization simply signifies the
process of becoming ‘urban’ and an urban area
has several socio-economic and demographic
as well as spatial connotations which rural
areas do not possess. In the context of urban
areas or cities, the concept of urbanism is very
important which implies the way of life of the
city dwellers.
Sociologists define urbanism simply as ‘a way
of life’. It displays an organization of society in
the context of a complex division of labor, high
levels of technology, high mobility, and
interdependence amongst its residents in
achieving better economic functions and
impersonality in social relations.

16. Urbanization
Rural Urban
movement
More people living in
urban areas
Urbanizationis a
process whereby populations
move from rural to urban area,
enabling cities and towns to
grow. It can also be termed as
the progressive increase of the
number of people living in
towns and cities. It is highly
influenced by the notion that
cities and towns have achieved
better economic, political, and
social mileages compared to
the rural areas

17. The Effect of Population
Density:
• High population density reinforces the
effects of large population size.
• It also results in greater stress as well
as tolerance for living closely with
strangers.
• Low-density city growth causes the
development of the fringe and higher
land value in suburbia.
• An increase in population density
leads to competition by
compounding the effects of
population size.
The Effect of Heterogeneity:
•The greater the heterogeneity
more would be the tolerance
among social sects.
•Heterogeneity permits ethnic
and class barriers to be
broken down.
•Individual roles and contacts
become compartmentalized in
accordance with the different
circles of contacts. Anonymity
and depersonalization in
public life escalate.
Urbanism: Concept, Definition & Characteristics -
Academistan
The Effect of Population Size:
The larger the population size, the
greater the possibility of diversification
and individualization in society.
•Similarly, the larger the population, the
greater the chances of specialization
and functional heterogeneity of social
norms.
•Competition as well as traditional
mechanisms of social control replace
primary relations of kinship as a way of
organizing society.
•Impersonality and segregation of social
interactions too escalate with the size of
the city/town

18. Accordingly, urbanization is very common in
developing and developed worlds as more and
more people have the tendency of moving closer to
towns and cities to acquire “privileged” social and
economic services as well as benefits. These
include social and economic advantages such as
better education, health care, sanitation, housing,
business opportunities, and transportation.
Causes of Urbanization
Urbanization occurs naturally from individual
& corporate efforts to reduce time and expense
in commuting in transportation while improving
job opportunities, education, housing, and
transportation
Urbanization permits individuals and families
to take advantage of the opportunities of
proximity, diversity, and market place
competition

19. Reasons for Migration
People were losing their jobs
on the farms during the
industrialization to machines
• Job opportunities
• Improved facilities
• Better education
• Transportation faster
access to medical help
Benefits of Urbanization
 Improvement In Economy
Growth of Commercial
Activities
Social and Cultural Integration
Efficient Services
Resources Utilization

21. Urbanization is accelerating faster than in any time in human
history. Concentrating in cities more than ever before

22. Future of internally integrated by industrial and productively connected

23. Urbanism
• City way of Life
• Socio cultural consequences of living in
urban places the human side of
urbanization
• Social patterns and behavior associated
with living cities
o Emphasis on: Competition, achievement,
specialization, superficiality, anonymity,
independence, are tangential relationships
o Compared with: a simpler and less
competitive idealized rural past

24. New Urbanism
New Urbanism is an Urban
design movement which promotes
environmentally friendly habits by
creating walkable neighbourhoods
containing a wide range of housing
and job types. It arose in the United
States in the early 1980s, and has
gradually influenced many aspects
of real estate development, Urban
Planning, and municipal land Use
strategies.

25. New Urbanism is strongly influenced
by urban design practices that were
prominent until the rise of the automobile
prior to World War II; it encompasses
ten basic principles such as traditional
neighbourhood design (TND)
and transit- oriented Development
(TOD). These ideas can all be circled
back to two concepts: building a sense
of community and the development of
ecological practices.
Sando : Building
Smarter City
https://www.facebook.com/share/r/cfDeYwZr8m
8BoNvZ/?mibextid=roAVj8

26. Singapore
City built in water. A story of
land reclamation
Reclamation Project
New Urbanism is a planning and
development approach based on the
principles of how cities and towns had
been built for the last several centuries:
walkable blocks and streets, housing
and shopping in close proximity, and
accessible public spaces. In other
words: New Urbanism focuses on
human-scaled urban design. They can
be applied to all scales of development
in the full range of places including rural
Main Streets, booming suburban areas,
urban neighborhoods, dense city
centers, and even entire regions.

27. New Urbanists make place making and public space a high priority. New Urbanist
streets are designed for people—rather than just cars—and accommodate multimodal
transportation including walking, bicycling, transit use, and driving. We believe in
providing plazas, squares, sidewalks, cafes, and porches to host daily interaction and
public life.

28. Bicycle use is widespread in the Netherlands. 27% of all journeys are made by bicycle. In some cities, this
figure is much higher. The Netherlands is encouraging its citizens to travel by bicycle. After all, more than
half of all trips by car are less than 7.5 kilometers. Most people would find this an acceptable distance to
cycle. The popular e-bike also makes cycling longer distances an option.

29. Housing and Slums
Population growth
Over crowding
Power shortage
Pollution
Malnutrition
Poverty
Unemployment
flooding, solid waste
management problems, air and
water pollution and climate
change
Environmental Problems
Crime: Crime (petty
theft, robbery, and
assault)
Traffic congestion
Like many developing countries, the
Philippines are experiencing rapid
urbanization. This is accompanied by
several challenges that require
managing its urban environment.
Moreover, this rapid urbanization has
not generated the accompanying
prosperity that characterizes countries
like China, India, Thailand and Vietnam
(Steele, 2014). At the national and local
levels, different efforts have been
attempted to manage these urban
environmental difficulties; yet the urban
challenges remain daunting.
Transportation
sewage and sanitation
water supply
Escalation of land prices
Educational Problems

30. Housing Conditions in Informal
Settlements
As noted, deprivation in Metro Manila is income-
based and infrastructure-based. The region has been
unprepared for the rapid rate and high level of
urbanization that have exerted tremendous pressure
on the megacity’s infrastructure and basic services.
This lack of access to infrastructure and basic
services has led to the growth of unregulated
settlements or slums. The Philippine government has
tolerated the growth of slums since the housing
market has not been able to keep pace with urban
housing demand, especially in Metro Manila (World
Bank, 2011).
Metro Manila, like other megacities in developing countries,
has been experiencing rapid urban growth, high population
densities, increasing poverty and an escalation of land prices.
These forces have led to a critical shortage of affordable land for
housing, leaving the majority of the urban poor to live under a
constant threat of eviction in unauthorized settlements (Porio,
2011). These forces have largely contributed to the proliferation of
urban poor communities in the metropolis. Tenure insecurity
creates cycles of vulnerability, which are magnified in settlements
prone to natural disasters.

31. Over crowding
• Overcrowding
encourages deviant
behavior, spreads
diseases, and creates
conditions to mental
illness, alcohol and
riots
• One effect of dense
urban living is people’s
apathy and indifference
Upgrading housing and slums can be
complex and unclear, because several
interrelated components, including
physical and social environments, must
be addressed that entail significantly
different financial consequences: a)
infrastructure components like
housing, water, sanitation, roads and
footpaths, storm water drainage,
lighting or public phones; b) service
components like waste collection,
schools, medical centers and, c) other
services such as community buildings,
public spaces, and peace building and
poverty reduction programs. Informal
settlements are unplanned, densely
populated, and neglected parts of cities
where living conditions are extremely
poor ( Stiszay, 2015).
Much of the housing stock in these informal
settlements is inadequate and unsafe; therefore,
physical improvements to housing are needed, in
partnership with community building

32. The process of slum upgrading
involves the improvement of
both physical and social
environments. Projects show that
tri-sector partnerships, including
the state, private and nonprofit
sectors, have to cooperate in
order to manage effectively a
slum upgrading program. Even
though the enumerated parties
show commitment, the urgent
needs of individual slum dwellers
and local communities also have
to be considered. In order to
make slum upgrading successful
in the long term, enduring and
strategic planning must be
addressed in all financial,
institutional and regulatory
decisions (Program Vivenda,
2015).
• Acute shortage of
housing in urban areas
and much of the
available
accommodation is
quantitatively of sub
standard variety
• With large scale
migration for urban
areas, many find that the
only option that they
have is substandard
housing, overcrowding,
lack of electrification,
ventilation, roads, and
drinking water facilities
Inadequate Housing and Slum Proliferation

33. Power shortage • Power supply has
remained
insufficient in
majority of Urban
Area.
• The use of
electrical gadgets
has increase in
cities, and
establishments of
new industries and
the expansion of
the old ones has
also increased
dependence of
electricity
The Philippines has a very high cost of
electricity. Currently the rate is around
P12.05 or $0.21 USD per kWh, which is
twice as high as some states in the US.
The rates are so high that some people
either can-not afford electricity or spend
most of their income on it. According to
MERALCO (2015) the high rates are
caused by three issues: lack of
government subsidies, the high cost of
supply (fossil fuels), and geo-graphic
challenges. In the past, MERALCO has
faced issues with providing electricity
access to all people. It had a lifeline
subsidy scheme, which used money from
other customers to provide discounted
rates based on usage (Mouton, 2015).
This lifeline also covered loss from people
pilfering electricity, tampering with meters
and not paying their bills (Ibid.).

34. Pollution
• Towns and cities are major polluters of the environment, Several
cities discharge 40 to 6 percent of their entire sewage and
industrial effluents untreated into the nearby rivers
• Urban industries pollutes the atmospheres with smoke and
toxic causes All these Increases the chances of diseases
among the people living in the urban centers
Many of the waterways in Manila have
been considered biologically dead due
to the amount of trash and pollution in
them (The Philippine Star, 2004), but
cleaning up the waterways would have
many benefits, including helping to
refurbish the water table, increasing
general health, allowing for better flood
drainage during natural disasters, as
well as the economic benefits that could
come with increased tourism when the
environment is more aesthetically
appealing.
Major Sources of Pollution:
Inadequately treated domestic
wastewater or sewage (48%);
Agricultural wastewater (37%); Industrial
wastewater (15%).
Non-point sources such as rain and
groundwater run-offs from solid waste or
garbage deposits which is also known as
leachate
• In Metro Manila, only 11%
of the total population is
directly/indirectly
connected to a sewerage
system, 85% are served
by over 2 million ill-
maintained septic tanks
and 4% of the population
has no toilet.
Slide 1 (wipo.int)

35. • In the Philippines, only 10% of wastewater is
treated while 58% of the groundwater is
contaminated;
• Only 5% of the total population is connected to
a sewer network. The vast majority uses flush
toilets connected to septic tanks;
• Since sludge treatment and disposal facilities
are rare, domestic wastewater is discharged
without treatment;
• although the overwhelming majority of these
buildings have their sewer systems drain right
into the rivers. This is an accepted practice in
the Philippines
Claudio , 2015
• It is estimated that in 2025, water availability will
be marginal in most major cities and in 8 of the
19 major river basins in the country.
• Waterborne diseases remain a severe public
health concern in the country.
• About 4,200 people die each year due to
contaminated drinking water

36. Limited Access to Clean Water
People living in slums have limited access
to potable water for a variety of reasons,
including poor infrastructure and polluted
water sources. In order to meet basic
needs of the slum dwellers and prevent
water-borne illnesses, it is important to
provide a low-cost option to allow them
access to clean water.

37. In creating an environmental plan for an urban
area, especially in a developing country, it is
important to consider all the actors in the city and
how they use their environment. Often, low-
income city dwellers are underrepresented in plans
and city institutions. However, it would be remiss
not to consider this population in Metro Manila as
2.2% of Metro Manila’s population is considered to
be living in poverty (PSA, 2021).
Since the late 1980s, the Philippines have
experienced rapid population growth and slow per
capita economic growth, although the latter has
increased much more rapidly in recent years.
These factors, combined with ineffective trickle-
down economic policies and the lack of robust
social programs to address the poor, have led to
high levels of income inequality (Buentjen, 2011).
This disparity is seen blatantly in Metro Manila.

38. “Skilled workers and firms will flock to
and concentrate in cities with high
quality of life, increasing productivity
and contributing to the financing of
further social amenities and public
goods (UN-Habitat, 2015).” Many of
Metro Manila’s most talented and
educated workers leave the Philippines
to study and work abroad. The pay is
higher, the conditions are better, and
more opportunities are available to
them overseas. Providing a way for
these advanced skills to be obtained
and for workers to stay in the NCR
would the region as a whole.
Education
Currently over 10 percent of Filipinos live abroad in over 160 countries and about 4,600 Filipinos
leave the country every day for overseas work.

39. Rural rebound
• where people are getting sick of cities
and moving back to Rural Areas.
• Make the economy of rural areas fully viable
by undertaking massive rural development
program.
• Surplus rural manpower should be absorbed
in rural areas themselves to reduce rural to
urban migration.
Possible
Interventions

41. As urban environments increasingly become a
central issue in the twenty-first century,
compounded by rapid urbanization and climate
change, the adoption of urban environmental
management initiatives is crucial. That is because
urban environmental management provides a
framework to mainstream a multitude of issues
confronting urban areas through urban planning
and development.
Different instruments related to the process,
planning and management of urban environmental
challenges can help cities to promote urban
environmental management. The success of these
instruments, in addition to other interventions, will
prove whether progress is being made in
preventing, mitigating, and managing urban
environmental challenges (Cities Alliance, 2007).
Urban Environmental Management

42. Urban environmental management provides a
framework to promote sustainable urban
environments. As indicated earlier, urban areas
throughout history have been centers of prosperity
and at the same time of concentrated poverty.
With more than half of the world’s population now
living in urban areas, and with projections of 70%
by 2050 (United Nations Population Fund, 2007),
urban environmental management will remain
relevant and crucial for managing urban
environmental challenges.

44. Urban Planning and Management
City Development Strategy
Systematic development of urban canters and creation of job
opportunities
Regional planning with city planning
Encouraging industries to move to backward area
Municipalities to find own financial resources
Adopting Pragmatic Housing Policy (Disiplina Village in Valenzuela
City)

45. In order to address this disparity, the
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-
2028 will serve as the country's blueprint for its
economic and social transformation for the next
six years and it is a commitment to reinvigorate
job creation and accelerate poverty reduction.
2. Improved Transportation
To reduce transport and logistics cost, P976.5
billion shall be allocated to infrastructure
development through the “Build, Better, More”
Program, with the Department of Public Works
and Highways (DPWH) and Department of
Transportation (DOTr) receiving P894.2 billion
and P82.3 billion, respectively.
3. Affordable and Clean Energy
To reduce energy cost to families, P10.2 billion
shall be invested in renewable energy and
alternative fuels. This will particularly support the
Department of Energy’s (DOE) commitment to
ensure a reliable and secure mix of energy
resources through its various programs such as
the Renewable Energy Development Program,
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Program,
and the Alternative Fuels and Technologies
Program.
Marcos administration
unveils socioeconomic
agenda
1. Food Security
To ensure food security, the agriculture sector
shall be supported with a P174.0 billion
budget allocation. The highest share will be
given to the Department of Agriculture (DA),
which will receive P156.6 billion to support its
banner programs such as the National Rice,
Corn, Livestock and Fisheries Programs.

46. 4. Health
To tackle health, a total of P342.4 billion shall be given to advance medical
facilities and human capital. In particular, the Department of Health (DOH),
including the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC), is provided with
P314.6 billion for the provision of access to healthcare services through the
construction, rehabilitation and upgrading of health facilities, and purchase of
medical equipment, as well as the provision for the National Health Insurance
Program for social health protection.
5. Education
In the education sector, P778.6 billion shall be devoted to ensure the safe
reopening of schools. This covers the provision for the Department of Education
(DepEd) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) with P720.4 billion
and P31.7 billion, respectively. Meanwhile, the Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) is provided with P16.2 billion to support its
technical-vocational education and training program.
6. Social Services
To strengthen social protection, social welfare programs are allocated with
P239.1 billion. This includes the allocation for the Department of Social Welfare
and Development (DSWD) of around P196.7 billion which will be used to
implement its various social assistance programs including the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), Social Pension for Indigent Senior Citizens,
and Protective Services for Individuals and Families in Difficult Circumstances,
among others.

47. 7. Sound Fiscal Management
To ensure the practice of sound fiscal management, a total of
P21.6 billion shall be allocated. Specifically, the country’s
revenue collecting agencies namely, the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR) and the Bureau of Customs (BOC), shall be
given budgetary allocations amounting to P13.1 billion and
P5.2 billion, respectively, to support the improvement of the
country’s revenue collection, through digitalization initiatives.
Meanwhile, the DBM shall be allocated with P1.7 billion to
champion the prudent and accountable use of public funds.
8. Bureaucratic Efficiency
Lastly, to enhance bureaucratic efficiency, P15.6 billion shall
be devoted towards efforts to digitalize government process
and operations. This will facilitate the transformation and
digitalization of the whole-of-government, with the vision of
streamlining the bureaucracy – in line with the Marcos Jr.
Administration’s thrust for a lean, efficient, and responsive
government workforce.

48. References:
Managing the Urban Environment of Manila (scirp.org)
https//prezi.com by Jerdy Mercene, June 25,2017
 www.yahoo.com
www.google.com
Department of Agriculture-Philippine Rural
Development Project
John J. Palen – 1997, Tonnies 1957,Wirth 1938
Being Urban: Urban Dictionary and Meriam Dictionary
www.youtube.com Khai Loon October 16, 2016
www.slideshare.net
Slide 1 (wipo.int)

49. DIRECTION: Below are questions that you are expected to answer comprehensively. Your answers shall be evaluated
based on the following criteria:
Content – answers should be substantive and responsive (50%)
Organization – answers should be logical, brief and concise (30%)
Citation and Illustration – appropriate use of citation of authorities and illustrations (20%)
You may prepare an outline before writing your answers. This may help you organize your thoughts and ideas.
Paginate your answer sheets and write legibly
While global urbanization is inescapable (80% of the world’s GDP is created in cities), so are the blues and
blight associated with it. Already, the world’s cities are scrambling for a better solution to all the urban
woes not experienced by our grandfathers in their time: Metro Manila is an environmentally complex,
sprawling metropolitan region with over 24 million inhabitants. Metro Manila is confronted with more
pressing problems and has fewer resources to deal with them. Discuss at least three urban
issues/problems and recommend solutions to these fundamental problems.