Cyber Physical Networked Systems ( Cpns )

Cyber Physical Networked Systems ( Cpns )
Abstract: In Cyber–Physical Networked Systems (CPNS), the antagonist can inject false
measurements into the controller through compromised sensor nodes, which not only threaten the
security of the system, but also consume network resources. To deal with this issue, a number of en–
route filtering schemes have been designed for wireless sensor networks. However, these schemes
either lack resilience to the number of compromised nodes or depend on the statically configured
routes and node localization, which are not suitable for CPNS. In this research, we propose a
system, which can filter false inoculated data effectively and achieve a high resilience to the number
of compromised nodes without relying on static routes and node localization. This adopts
polynomials instead of Message Authentication Codes (MACs) for endorsing measurement reports
to achieve resilience to attacks. Each node stores two types of polynomials: authentication
polynomial and check polynomial, derived from the primitive polynomial, and used for
recommending and verifying the measurement reports. Through extensive theoretical analysis and
experiments, our data shows that our system will achieves better filtering capacity and resilience to
the large number of compromised nodes in appraisal to the existing schemes. The Polynomial based
Compromise Resilient En–route Scheme against False Data Attacks Networked Systems done by
using OM Net Simulator.
Key Words: Cyber–physical networked system, data injection
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Emerging Technologies That Impact The Cybersecurity Field
The advancement in information technology and the dynamic nature of cyberspace has stimulated
the development of technologies that can exploit this domain. This paper researches various
emerging technologies that impact the cybersecurity field. The emerging technologies that are
discussed in this paper are based on advances in information systems, computing, and security. Each
emerging technology that is discussed in this paper is explained thoroughly, including information
on its characteristics and possible usage. Additionally, further information is provided regarding the
role the federal government has regarding its support for the emerging technology. Finally, the
benefits and drawbacks that support from the federal government creates for emerging technology is
described.
Emerging Cybersecurity Technologies
Emerging technology is a term that is utilized to describe technology that is or will be developed
within the next few years. As a result, these technologies are of great interest to many individuals
and organizations. For example, how the technology will be exploited will be dependent on the
characteristics and the usage of the technology.
The increased use of information and information systems has also created an increased dependency
on this technology. The development of the personal computer in the late 1970's – early 1980's in
itself was an emerging technology in its time. It provided the spark that set off a new revolution in
technology and led to the

Cyber War : A New And Growing Realm Of Influence
Globalization spreads across the world connecting the people and states in ways little imagined.
Cyber, a broad term, means various things to many individuals throughout international
communities. Cyber war, unlike the wars of the past, does not fit into current perceptions of war.
Yet, a fifth warfighting domain known as cyberspace is a new and growing realm of influence.
Various states have or are creating cyberspace units, warriors, strategies and conducting operations
(both defensive and offensive). Only hints of what is and will become cyber war crosses the public
domain. Today, the truth about cyber war is that it does exist and occurs more often than the press or
governments proclaim.
What is War, Cyber War, and Cyber Warfare?
From War to Cyber War
Clausewitz states that "War therefore is an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfil
our will." Others may take war to mean it is necessary for physical violence between two people in
order to fall into traditional classification of war. Webster's defines war as "open armed conflict as
between nations; any active hostile activity or struggle; or military operations as a science." Noting
the depths of discussion from Clausewitz to modern theorists, plus the various dictionary terms,
there is clear evidence that cyber war can be very real and very possible activity in this day and age.
Of course where definitions and theorists describe what war is there are those who feel otherwise.
Several IT

Governmental Support For Cyber Physical System Research
Governmental Support for Cyber Physical System Research Cyber Physical Systems research has
garner support from several sectors within the public and private sector. NITRD has supported CPS
SSG ( Senior Steering Groups) that supports Research and development (R&D), budgets , policy
endorsements, Joint planning program, and training CPS works in coordination with academia.
Other activities perform with CP SSG is recommendation for Federal CPS R&D priorities. CPS
coordinate with other NITRD units such as PCAs IWGS and CGs on similar matters. Current goals
for CPS is to develop essential science necessary to engineer complex cyber–physical systems that
users can use and depend upon "National Science Foundation," NSF is working with other agencies
of the federal government such as the Department of Homeland Security(DHS), Security Science
and Technology, "Depart of Transportation", "Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)"," Joint
Program Office"(JPO), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute
of Health(NIH) "National Cancer Institute" (NCI), and "National Center for Advancing
Translational Sciences", (NCATS) Moving Target Defense (MTD) Moving Target Defense (MTD) is
new technology designed to make it difficult for an attacker to exploit a vulnerable system, by
modifying features of the system that attackers anticipates to attack. The changes that the system
would make will make it impossible or

Complications, Complication Rates, And 90 Day Readmission...
Abstract
With the recent focus on dramatic cuts and escalating healthcare costs in the United States, a new
center of attention has been placed upon postoperative readmission and reimbursement. Although
sacral fractures constitute a large component of all pelvic fractures, there is relatively little data
investigating differences in the postoperative length of stay (LOS), the complication rates, and the
90–day readmissions for these patients. The purpose of this paper was to investigate differences in
postoperative length of stay, complication rates, and 90–day readmission rates for patients with
operative isolated sacral fractures. All patients who presented to a large tertiary care center with
isolated sacral fractures in an 11 year ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This significant difference in LOS between ORIF vs. percutaneous fixation of sacral injuries leading
to an average difference of $13,590 in average inpatient cost highlights predicative information to
potentially reduce perioperative costs related to sacral fractures for orthopaedic surgeons.
INTRODUCTION
45% of all pelvic fractures are sacral injuries [1]. They can occur in high energy collisions, with
motor vehicle accidents making up 57% of these crush injuries [2]. Traumatic force can lead to
compression, which then precipitates neurological complications [3]. For this reason, these fractures
are musculoskeletal injuries requiring emergent action at trauma centers to reduce the risk of
complications.
While open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) methods permits direct visualization of the
injured pelvis, there are highly variable wound complication rates ranging from 3.9% to 27% [4].
Critics of ORIF are concerned about the extremely high risk of infection post–operatively, which
can increase from 18% to 27% for fractures treated early and late, respectively [5]. It is reasonable
to consider a more minimally invasive technique such as percutaneous fixation, which uses screws
to mechanically stabilize an unstable sacrum [6]. Percutaneous fixation with iliosacral screws, for
example, have led to decreases in surgical time, exposure related hazards, and soft–tissue disruption
[7].
With the recent focus on dramatic cuts and

Cyber Security : The Security Of The Nation 's Computer...
Cyber Security can be defined as "The security of the nation's computer and telecommunications
infrastructure that include military, all forms of communications networking, electrical grids and
power plants." (Dhillon, 2013)
The attacks can involve both public and private sectors including:
Government Agencies
Banks
Power Companies
Any other companies that utilizes computer and telecommunication systems.
Very little research exists regarding power in information system (IS) security. However, with new
policies promulgated over the past 12 years resistance is bound to occur, which makes a fantastic
breeding ground for research on how effective the IS policy can be.
Threats:
Threats to the security of the country and its citizens can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The application of the theory leads to a complete political appraisal of the organization.
The theory describes power in three different circuits. o Episodic: Describes day–day interaction,
work, and outcomes. o Social Integration: Views how social structures affect power relationships
and focusses on memberships and focusses on memberships and relationships. This has 2 subunits:
 Membership
 Shared Norms o System Integration: Looks at the technological means of control of an
organization over the social and physical environment, this has two sub elements:
 Production
 Discipline
Episodic Circuit of Power:
The episodic circuit of power describes how events can shape policy.
The events of 9/11 demonstrated how the lack of communication left the nation in a vulnerable state.
The creation of department of homeland security illustrates the episodic power of an organization.
Redirecting funds and resources, implementing personal policy oversight and other functions were
placed under the control of a single person.
The Creation of DHS also affected congressional functions.
This resulted in the redirection of funds to certain areas of the country under the pretense of
protection from terrorism.
Terrorism is a grave threat to the nation but attacks are waged against organizations every single day
that are not affiliated with a terrorist organization.

Describe The Differences In Terms Of The'symbol Systems...
a) Describe the similarities and differences in terms of the (1) computational processes and(2)
symbol systems between human perception and machines that use deep learning techniques.
According to the computational process, human brain and a machines that use deep learning
techniques generally have major difference on three levels; (1) at the implementation level, human
brain uses neurons as the basic units to process the signals while the computers use transistors as the
basic logic gates for all operations on the data. (2) at the algorithmic level, brains use connections
such as axons to link the functional components of the brains and activate the corresponding
components for different tasks. However, computers use the symbolic representation of the running
processes and execute them with the step by step symbolic machine computations. (3) at the
computational level, the brains activate all the relevant cells to perform the tasks concurrently with
distributed parallel structures while computers generally use operating systems to compute the tasks
in a serial manner. Regrading the symbol systems, human brain is a complex physical symbol
system with continuous growing abilities. A symbol system consists of patterns called symbols that
occur as components of symbol structures called expressions. A symbol structure pattern is
composed of a number of symbols which are physically related. At any time, the system will contain
a collection of these symbol structures. Besides, the system also contains a collection of processes
that operate on expressions to produce other expression, such as processes of creation, modification,
reproduction and destruction. The most important properties of these expression patterns are that
they can designate objects, processes, or other expression patterns, and when they designate
processes, they can be interpreted. Interpretation in this concept means carrying out the designated
process. A physical symbol system is hence a machine that produces an evolving collection of
symbol structures and designated processes through time. We could claim that the patterns of spikes
in human neural system are symbols represented in the brain. The way a human generates spikes is
closely related to

Cyber Attacks And Physical Damage
Cyber–Attacks and Physical Damage Name Course details Supervisor Institution Date Abstract The
internet is considered to be one of the best things to have been invented in the world. It allows for
the fastest transfer of information from one place to another with the least hassle. Furthermore, it has
made communication and information easier to find due to the vast and c0neected nature of the
world. However, in the recent years, not only have the positive outcomes of the internet become
things that everyone knows but as well as its use in the attacking organizations and countries in the
world. This is what has come to be known as cyber warfare. Cases of cyber–attacks have increased
in Australia, and the state acknowledges the damages caused by the attacks. Some cases are
considered to be personal grudges against a particular group of people. However, some instances are
aimed at the general country. Thus Australia ensures that everyone is aware of the possibilities
opened up by the internet and the same risks that arise. This the country strives to avoid cases of
physical and virtual damage from cyber warfare by upgrading the firewall communication systems.
Introduction The internet is considered to be one of the best things to have been invented in the
world. It allows for the fastest transfer of information from one place to another with the least
hassle. Furthermore, it has made communication and information easier to find due to the vast and
c0neected nature of

Cyber Security Attacks And Intrusion Detection System
Threats to critical information and systems have been evolving as the need to store information in
the database increases. As technology increases in a rapid pace, so does the number of computer
users. With this increase of users, the number of targets that presents itself for exploitation surges.
Although, the types of targets and attacks change, classifications of attacks remain the same;
exploiting user errors, hardware resources malfunction, and software weaknesses/glitches.
Government and corporate agency have developed analysis of a variety of cyber–attacks and how it
affects certain environments or individuals in a real world situation. The main goal is for these
agencies to focus on how network simulation model have been developed for generating
representative cyber–attacks and intrusion detection system. While variety of models is primarily
designed to be used in testing cyber situational awareness and analysis tools, other applications can
be utilized such as training analysts or public presentation could be an effective use of the model.
Cyber security threats in the 21st century are in its early stages, mainly because government or
corporate officials do not have the proper understanding of what is needed to develop a cyber
security program or where to initiate the program for their agency or company. Public views of
misconception will give new understanding on how severe cyber threats can develop within society
and how individuals need to be familiarized in

Cyber Security Is A Growing Concern For Governments Around...
Global Cooperation for Cyber Security Cyber Security is a growing concern for governments
around the world. Cyber–attacks pose a direct threat to the security of the nations' critical
infrastructures and Information Technologies (IT) as a low–cost asymmetric warfare element. Most
of these nations are aware of the vulnerability of the information technologies and the significance
of protecting critical infrastructures. To counteract the threat of potentially disastrous cyber–attacks,
nations' policy makers are increasingly pondering on the use of deterrence strategies to supplement
cyber defense. Nations create their own national policies and strategies which cover cyber security
countermeasures including cyber defense and deterrence against cyber threats. But it is rather hard
to cope with the threat by means of merely 'national' cyber defense policies and strategies, since the
cyberspace spans worldwide and attack's origin can even be overseas. This essay emphasizes
establishing international legal measures and cooperation between nations against cyber–attacks in
order to maintain the international stability and prosperity. Security Threats from Cyber Space If the
whole world is connected via internet, cyber attacks are never just a national threat. Computer
viruses, worms and botnets usually affect computers worldwide. So every government and every
company who is using electronic data processing has to find a way to secure data, to protect private
and confidential data

Core Competencies For Physical And Cyber Security
In the risk–filled world we live in today, managing security for any organization is a difficult task.
Whether an organization is dealing with physical security or cyber security, following and enforcing
core competencies will make the security process more effective. The core competencies are
determined by many factors that include the size of an organization and geographical location to
name a few. (McCrie, 2007) When managing a security operation, the core competencies that are
applicable for a particular organization can be wide ranging. The following information will discuss
the different core competencies for physical and cyber security. Also, perspective and examples off
the competencies that are identified in following information will be provided. In addition to that
operational competencies and driving factors of security operations will be discussed as well.
Core Competencies for Managing Security Operations There are many different security based core
competencies that are applicable to many different organizations. For the purpose of this paper, I
will focus on the core competencies identified by EC–Council. ("Core–competencies," n.d.) These
core competencies are an excellent showcase of how wide the spectrum of cyber and physical
security range.
Cyber:
Access Control
Risk Management
Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity Planning
Firewall, IDS/IPS, and Network Defense Systems
Wireless Security
Virus, Trojans and Malware

Cyber Defense Strategy
Abstract – This paper presents a resilient defense strategy to protect the power system state
estimation against false data injection (FDI) attacks. The proposed strategy is based on calculation
of the risk of the attack and the optimal budget allocation on the measurements. The method has
been formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. Multiple researchers
have addressed the same problem but with the assumption that some meter measurements can be
fully protected or without considering the risk of the attack. The validation of the proposed method
has also been evaluated based on various IEEE standard test systems, including IEEE 5–bus, 9–bus,
14–bus and 39–bus system.
Index Terms–Cyber–attacks, resiliency, state ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Multiple research presented defense strategies against FDIA attacks not only to protect the system
but also increase its cyber resiliency [12], [18], [14]. Resiliency as defined in literature is the
system's ability to plan/prepare, absorb, recover from and adapt to known and unknown threats [18].
For example, a self–healing PMU network to achieve resiliency against cyber–attacks is introduced
in a software–defined networking (SDN) infrastructure in [12]. The configuration of the network
switches will change to isolate the compromised measurements to prevent further propagation of the
attack. This strategy has its own drawbacks such as not being practical because of too much latency
of the data to reach at the operational and decision centers. The delay due to several reconfigurations
will make the power system more vulnerable to unwanted blackouts due to false and late estimated
state measurements. The introduced method also increases maintenance cost and failure rates of the
switches. Another strategy proposed is the optimal protection method presented in [5]. This method
protects the state variables with the minimum number of measurements, as a variant Steiner tree
problem in a graph. This result in an N–P hard problem that needs to be solved each time bad data is
detected, requiring huge processing and computation resources. The authors in [6] proposed

Physical Status Score Improves Predictions Of Survival...
Full title: Self–reported fitness combined with American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical
Status Score improves predictions of survival after endovascular aneurysm repair
Category: Original article
Short title: Combining self–reported fitness and ASA improves survival predictions after EVAR
Authors:
Mary Barnes (BAppSc, GradDipMath)1 , Margaret Boult (BSc (Hons), GDIM)2, Prue Cowled
(BSc(Hons), PhD)2, Robert A Fitridge (MS, FRACS)2
Affiliations:
1CSIRO, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
2Discipline of Surgery, The University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville,
South Australia 5011, Australia
Corresponding author:
Professor Robert Fitridge,
Discipline of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
28 Woodville Road, Woodville South, South Australia, 5011, AUSTRALIA
Telephone number: +61 8 8222 7711, Fax number: +61 8 8222 6028
Email: robert.fitridge@adelaide.edu.au
Source of Funding: This study was funded from a project grant (565335) awarded by the National
Health and Medical Research Council of Australia
Keywords: Endovascular procedures; aortic aneurysm, abdominal; physical fitness, ASA, mortality;
registries; aged.
Abstract
Introduction:
Although the American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status Score was established for
statistical purposes, it is often used prognostically. However, older patients undergoing elective
surgery are most often classified ASA 3, which limits the ability to stratify patients. We look at the

Cyber Attacks : The Threat Of Cyberterrorism
Hacking to Peace:
The Threat of Cyberterrorism
Computer systems have become essential to the way of life that exists in the United States and other
Western nations. However, America's dependency on computers results in the nation being
vulnerable to cyber–attacks. This paper will discuss cyber threats to American security as they
pertain to the nation's government, military, businesses, and infrastructure. Such threats include
possible acts of cyber terrorism, as well as espionage and information theft. It will be seen that
cyber–attacks could result in physical as well as economic damage to the nation. It will be argued
that the threat of cyber–attack is real and that it needs to be taken seriously. Since the techniques of
those involved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such entities can steal critical information, disrupt vital services, and cause economic or even
physical damage.
The risk is related to the fact that American society has become increasingly dependent on computer
networks. According to Cetron, et al., computer networks enrich life and increase efficiency in all
kinds of important operations. However, dependency on networked systems results in America
being vulnerable to cyber–attacks. In the words of Cetron, et al., "disrupt essential information or
communications systems, and a company, government agency, or military unit could be dead in the
water, or at least cut off from oversight and coordination with its partners" (46). Because of
interconnections between systems, a single cyber–attack could cause widespread damage. Cyber–
attacks are appealing to terrorists and other wrongdoers because it is relatively cheap, quick and
easy to launch such an attack in comparison to launching a traditional military assault (Clark &
Levin). Also, cyber–attacks are attractive because they can be carried out anonymously. Because of
this, it is possible for a terrorist group to initiate a devastating attack "without ever being identified
or facing retribution" (Cetron, et al. 47).
Experts are worried about the risk of cyber–attacks against the nation's military and government
systems. In addition, they are worried about possible attacks on the nation's infrastructure. As noted
by

Distributed Cyber-Physical Systems Analysis
Technological and manufacturing progress along with climate change concerns are transforming the
electric power system with the integration of an increasing number of renewable sources that are
difficult to plan and control due to its volatility and lack of active dispatchable control. This is
challenging the reliability, efficiency and security of the grid. However, they offer a potentially
synergistic development as these Distributed Energy Resources (DERS) can provide the requisite
for demand response and reserves for economically sustainable massive renewable energy
integration. In spite of that, today's centralized power markets do not allow for the procurement of
reserve services and the accommodation of demand response. In this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The model proposed uses direct current in the transmission system to capture transmission line flow
capacity congestion and losses and alternating current for the distribution feeders. The reserve object
of study are the ones used in PJM and NYISO market operators.
The objective is to define a scheduling centralized transmission network–connected and
decentralized distribution network–connected resources to provide optimal real and reactive energy
taking into account individual constrains. The problem is formulated as a centralized market
clearing problem that minimizes social costs, schedules the available capacity of resources and
derives marginal–cost–based T&DLMPs for a day–a–head, hour–a–head or real–time market.
The distributed dual decomposition optimization problem describes a framework that over comes
exiting power market computational tractability and information communications limitations. The
use of a PMP algorithm consisting of an iterative interaction of DER, line and bus–specific
problems leads to the same solution as the centralized problem. The algorithm is built on a extensive
Lagrangian relaxation work and can handle convex relaxation ac load flow modeling.
In addition, the proposed architecture is favorable to

Systems Design, Implementation and Operatio
CHAPTER 20 SYSTEMS DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATION In chapter 18 we
focused on the first phase of the Systems Development Life Cycle – Systems Analysis. Chapter 20
deals with the remaining four phases: – conceptual systems design – physical systems design –
systems implementation and conversion – operation and maintenance CONCEPTUAL SYSTEMS
DESIGN In the conceptual systems design phase, the developer creates a general framework for
implementing user requirements and solving problems identified in the analysis phase. As shown in
Figure 20–1 on page 747 HC (page 637 SC), there are three main steps in conceptual design: 1.
evaluating design alternatives, 2. preparing design specifications, and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Typically prepared in response to a management request. Example: analysis of impact of a new
government requirement on profitability 3. Triggered exception reports have a prespecified content
and format but are prepared only in response to abnormal conditions. Example: cost overruns
reports 4. Demand reports have a prespecified content and format but are prepared only on request.
[pic] File and Database Design Various company segments need to store data in compatible formats
so that data can be shared across units. Table 20–3 on page 750 HC (page 640 SC) summarizes some
of the more important file and database design considerations: 1)storage medium 2) processing
mode 3) maintenance 4) size 5) activity level Input Design Systems designers must identify the
different types of data input and optimal input methods. There are two principal types of data input:
Forms Computer screens Considerations for input design are shown in Table 20–4 on page 751 HC
(page 641 SC). |1 |Medium |6 |Personnel | |2 |Source |7 |Frequency | |3 |Format |8 |Cost | |4 |Type |9
|Error detection & correction | |5 |Volume |10 |General1 | Note #1:

Cyber : The New Frontier Of International Law
Cranmer 13
Cyber Space– The new frontier of International Law
The rise and global expansion of the Internet has become a powerful technological advancement.
The number of individuals around the world using the Internet has skyrocketed since its inception.
The world has become more interconnected and mutually dependent than ever. This new
interconnected cyber world has also created a new frontier for States to blaze and occupy.
Specifically, State militaries have come to rely on new technologies, computer systems and
networks that occupy cyberspace, thus opening a new battlefield to wage war and conduct military
operations. However, this new frontier raises questions as to what extent do existing international
laws can be applied to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is no definition of cyberspace, then there can be no such thing as cybercrimes or cyber
warfare.[endnoteRef:1] [1: Todd, Graham H. "Cyber–law Edition: Armed Attack in Cyberspace:
Deterring Asymmetric Warfare with an Asymmetric Definition." Air Force Law Review 64 (2009):
67. ]
What is Cyberspace?
Both the U.S. military and scientists played a significant role in the early development of
cyberspace. Both groups brought their own ideas on it how it should be developed. The U.S.
military wanted the domain to be survivable, flexible, with high performance and importance over
commercial and consumer appeal. Conversely, U.S. scientists wanted to simply create an open
exchange of information with consumer and commercial appeal. The U.S. defined their newly
created cyberspace as ?a global domain within the information environment consisting of
interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the
Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and
controllers.?[endnoteRef:2] [2: Preston, 995. ]
Computers today control much of the military and the civilian cyber infrastructure. The U.S. alone
uses over two million computers and has over ten thousand cyber networks. According to some
reports, over 95% of all the Military?s telecommunications travel through public networks and a
significant amount

Cyber Defense Concerns On Global Security
Cyber Defense Concerns in Global Security
The cyber domain crosses both physical and logical borders across the globe. No longer is every
aspect of a domain clearly part of a single nation. Occurrences within cyberspace has far reaching
effects. 15 million T–Mobile customer's data stolen via Experian server compromise, massive
cyberattacks on Estonia and Georgia networks (2007 and 2008 respectively), and over $1 trillion
reportedly lost due to cybercrime. These are just a few concerns facing global and state level
security demonstrating significant concern and requirement for action. Criminal syndicates as well
as other non–state and state actors use cyberspace to conduct illegal activities. In this, a common
core of countries ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final concern facing global and national security is state sponsored activities. These three
concerns are the leading factors for cyber defense in global security.
Cybercrime is on the rise across the globe as criminal organizations and likeminded actors gain easy
access to skilled professionals and/or affordable commercial/free software. This type of crime is
alluring and extremely lucrative due to low physical risk and very high rewards (Heickero, 2013).
Another aspect of cybercrime is the theft of Intellectual Property (IP) and trade secrets. A great
example of the theft of IP and impact is the study of CISCO versus Huawei routers and the growing
takeover by China due to IP/Trade secret gains (Demchak, 2011). Though, the severity of IP is
difficult to articulate due to the various intangible losses. A McAfee study shows that such crime
plays a significant factor in "trade balances, national income, and jobs" which drastically impacts
economic security (McAfee, 2014).
States must also deal with cyber espionage, which is one of the most aggressive activities in
cyberspace. Cyber espionage relates to both cybercrime and cyber warfare. Similar to the criminal
theft of IP and trade secrets, cyber espionage is illicit access to confidential information held by
government or other organizations. Such gains are used to support political, religious, commercial,
or

Manufacturing Execution Systems Join The Cyber Physical...
Manufacturing becomes more and more complicated when production series are short, products are
diversified and production technology is variable. In the case of short–series production,
Manufacturing Execution Systems join the cyber physical part of production with virtual
manufacturing services and business level operations. Unfortunately, most of the existing
architectures follow the paradigm of hierarchical MES placed between the control systems and
business application level. They have fixed interfaces to production facilities and a predefined set of
services. The main argument in favour of such a solution is the global optimisation of manufacturing
operations but in the case of highly dynamic, short–series production, it is ... Show more content on
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The traditional design of manufacturing control systems does not allow for rapidly expanding
options in materials, processes, interfaces to product models that have a number of variants. Holons
allow the implementation of production variants and the rapid reconfiguration of the machines and
robots. Proposed MES architecture supports the capability of production systems. Demand chain
management will allow for a significant reduction in waste and will increase the profitability of
production systems. Flexible production planning will effect in reducing the setup and changeover
time and costs. The strategic target of proposed MES solution is "one piece flow production" that
means the feasibility of short series production (up to one element) by using the production lines
designed formerly for mass manufacturing.
Like all industrial solutions, the proposed MES also has to fit the existing standards accepted by
industry. The authors define an MES functional model that complies with the third part of the widely
accepted ANSI/ISA–95 (IEC/ISO 62264) standard. Since ISA95 represents a hierarchical vision of
MES, this model has been adapted to the heterarchical agent–based architecture. ISA 95 defines the
workflow and information exchange for Manufacturing Operations Management. This includes the
structure of manufacturing management functions and their interactions with business systems.
ISA95 defines these

Persuasive Essay On Cyber Bullying
Bullying has continued to plague educational environments across the United States. At its core,
bullying encompasses physical and emotional harassment of individuals by others. In light of
technological advancements, bullying has established an online presence, presenting a new set of
methods to harass victims. According to a study conducted in 2013, online harassment in the United
States raised to 11 percent (Khurana et al. p.1039). With no permanent solution in sight, cyber
bullying shows no signs of stopping. However, with help from guardians and leaders who hold
positions of authority, online bullying can be prevented and therefore eliminated. As a unified
society, the United States should push more effective awareness onto parents, school systems, and
legislative branches in order to combat against the growing issue of cyber bullying.
As technology use increases worldwide, parents of adolescents have lost a handle on containing the
issue of cyber bullying. Compared to face–to–face bullying, cyber bullies conceal themselves from
their parents and victims alike, making the parent's task of identifying both initiators and victims
difficult. As stated in a 2012 report on the rising issue of cyber bullying, "This anonymity makes it
easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victim's physical
response... lead[ing] them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditional
face–to–face bullying situation" (Donegan

The Problem Of The Digital Twin
A major problem in the manufacturing world today is product recall. Some examples are food,
automotive industries, and drugs, they risking the lives of many Americans and hurting companies
greatly. Recently Samsung Electronics Co. has made a global recall of 2.5 million of their Galaxy
Note 7 smartphones after many of their phones exploded while charging. This caused the company
close to $1 billion. How do we stop this from happening? The answer is the Digital Twin. The
Digital Twin is defined as a computerized companion of physical assets that can be used for various
purposes. It uses data from the sensors installed on physical objects to show their near real–time
status, working condition or position. With the information given it then can predict future behavior
and performance of the physical product. Every manufacturing company should have this program
to prevent recalls, save money, and speed up their production time. In the early 2000's a man named
Michael Grieves coined the term "Digital Twin". As explained before, it basically creates a digital
form of the actual product and uses multiple sensors to show their near real–time status, working
condition, position, and other key metrics that help understand the health and functioning of these
assets at the granular levels. There are two types of Digital Twins, Digital Twin Prototype (DTP) and
Digital Twin Instance (DTI). The DTP describes the prototype of the physical artifact. It has the
information that describes and

Cyber Terrorism
In 1999, Chinese hackers targeted United States government sites, after an accidental bombing of a
Chinese embassy in Belgrade. During this attack, government sites were hijacked and some sites
suffered a denial of service attack. Most recently, it was suspected that Bank of America was the
victim of a cyber terrorism attack; although no definitive evidence is available to substantiate that
claim. Cyber terror attacks pose a threat against the national security of the United States. In order to
fully comprehend the threat that cyber terrorism poses, it is essential to understand the background,
the effects, the reality of the threat and the future of cyber terrorism. This assessment examines the
reality of the cyber terrorism threat, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, terrorists will strive to improve their cyber terror attack capabilities by keeping pace with
the emerging technologies and overcoming countermeasures.
Many computer security experts question the possibility that the Internet could be used to inflict
death on a large scale. Some precautions have been made. Systems have been established in the last
five years, which aim at preventing a possible cyber terrorism attack. "Air gapping" has been
established on all nuclear weapons, meaning the weapons are not connected to the Internet or any
open computer network and cannot be accessed by intruders or terrorists. Still, other areas of
concern include subways, gas lines, power grids and communication systems; which are owned
primarily by the private sector and are managed by Internet enabled computer systems.
Reality of a Cyber Terror Attack
Malicious cyber activity is occurring more frequently and with unexpected complexity. In mid–
December of 2009, Google experienced a highly sophisticated and targeted attack which originated
in China on its search engine infrastructure and e–mail, as well as on at least 20 other companies.
Attacks are occurring within the United States, as well. Attacks on government networks are
omnipresent. In 2008, NASA and other departments of Defense, Homeland Security and Commerce
suffered major intrusions by "unknown foreign entities" which

Defensive Cyberspace Initiatives Essay
The international political arena of the twenty–first century has largely been demarcated by the
national security strategies of the United States. The keystone of these strategies has been the United
States' Global War on Terror and it has beguiled not only the U.S., but a majority of the Westernized
governments into an over decade long conflict, extending across the globe. This more than decade
long commitment to anti and counterterrorism operations has not only revolutionized contemporary
warfare, but has spurred rapid international growth and integration of information technologies.
Globally, information technology has permeated military weapon capabilities, military and domestic
infrastructure and has increased global economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
would win swiftly and decisively. This thought process was superficially confirmed when the U.S.
intervened militarily after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 and subsequently achieved the expected
swift and decisive victory over the Iraqi army due the overwhelming military capabilities the U.S.
possessed. Arguably, when the U.S. invaded Afghanistan in December 2001 and Iraq in 2003, it
expected similarly decisive results as U.S. military supremacy was still unmatched. However, as
history has demonstrated, over the past decade the U.S. has had to redefine its military strategies to
counter the growing asymmetric tactics utilized against U.S. forces by terror organizations in
Afghanistan and Iraq. Strategists define asymmetric warfare as conflict deviating from the norm, or
an indirect approach to affect a counter–balancing of force (Grange, 2000). The USSR was the first
to coin the term during its unsuccessful attempt to defend its invasion of Afghanistan against the
Afghan Mujahedeen (Rowley & Rathbone, 2002), but the tactical advantages provided by
asymmetric warfare have encouraged its use since the earliest of conflicts. Asymmetric warfare at its
core is a tactic or methodology, demarcated by a weaker opponent's use of limited force to capitalize
on a specific weakness of an unsurmountable military opponent (Snow, 2014). Asymmetric warfare
best describes a condition of a battlefield, in which two opposing entities differ in purpose,

Cyber Security Policies and Defense Contractors Essay
Abstract Cyber security policies in the private sector have been a challenging issue for major
defense contractors, especially after recent attacks. As a result, the U.S. increased its strict
enforcement against these companies by justifying its intervention to improve cyber security. The
government would like to impose standards for companies who lack the proper protocol. Due to the
revised and new procedures, corporations are responding by rejecting any congressional
intervention. This has caused major friction in the relationship between the government and
industry.
The executive, judicial and legislative branch believes its responsibility is to provide cyber security
capabilities to protect all information at contractor facilities. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On May 31, 2011, Lockheed Martin suffered a massive cyber attack. Hackers were able to exploit
systems, hardware and keys to gain vital information associated with the company and programs for
the U.S. government.
Similarly, Booz Allen military emails were hacked by a group called LulzSec, which claimed to be
associated with Anonymous. According to Washington Technology, the group copied thousands of
emails, passwords and distributed them throughout the internet. Although defense contractors
disagree, the government is still trying to justify ways to set up and improve their cyber security.
This document will give an assessment of why the government chooses to justify telling private
industries how to manage or upgrade their cyber security through various reasons, motivations and
arguments. In addition, this evaluation will give methods and real world examples to support their
justification.
Lastly, this review will explain the impacts/effects on the national security due to government
regulation with real–world illustrations to support their position. Body The government is giving
socio–political reasons to justify their involvement to improve industry cyber security. The
government believes if a defense contractor has a federal contract, then they have the justification
needed to be involved in improving their security protocols. These contracts support multiple
national agencies that have critical

National Incident Management System Response Paper
The "Critical infrastructure, or CI, is a subcategory of infrastructure that includes those assets,
systems, and networks, whether physical or virtual, which are so vital that their failure or destruction
would have a debilitating impact on security, governance, public health and safety, public
confidence, commerce, or other societal factors" (Bullock, Haddow, Coppola, 2016). According to
the 2013 US National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) there are 16 of these sectors and
throughout this paper we will discuss a cyber attack on the water supply sector. The best way to
discuss the above will be through the evaluation of the impact that a cyber–attack could have on our
water supply, and the probable third and fourth order effects from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
49). In order for all of the leaders of the different infrastructures to be successful at eliminating or
mitigating such attacks they will need a common form of communication as all of their systems
have been proven to affect each other. One tool to help eliminate such communication barriers is the
National Incident Management System (NIMS). This system "is a standardized management plan
that provides a core set of concepts for incident command and multi–agency coordination during
emergency response" (Kamien, 2012, p. 486). With such systems as NIMS the government realized
that no one system can work without the other and if one fails they all fail causing wide spread panic
and various other hurdles for emergency responders to respond to. It is up to the government to
realize that our world is no longer ran manually, but rather digitally so that we can better prepare for
possible cyber attacks on our key critical infrastructures.
Throughout this research we have shown the affects of a cyber attack on our water supply. We have
also evaluated the impact that a cyber–attack could have on our water supply. Lastly we looked at
the probable third and fourth order effects from the cyber–attack on this critical infrastructure to
include the effects on other critical infrastructures that may be affected by the initial cyber–attack. If
we do not take the actions of those who seek to harm us through either a physical attack or cyber
attack seriously and work as a team we will fail as a

Cyber : The New Frontier Of International Law
Cranmer 12
Cyber Space– The new frontier of International Law
The rise and global expansion of the Internet has become a powerful technological advancement.
The number of individuals around the world using the Internet has skyrocketed since its inception.
The world has become more interconnected and mutually dependent than ever. This new
interconnected cyber world has also created a new frontier for States to blaze and occupy.
Specifically, State militaries have come to rely on new technologies, computer systems and
networks that occupy cyberspace, thus opening a new battlefield to wage war and conduct military
operations. However, this new frontier raises questions as to what extent do existing international
laws can be applied to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is no definition for cyberspace, then there can be no such thing as cybercrimes or cyber
warfare.[endnoteRef:1] [1: Todd, Graham H. "Cyber–law Edition: Armed Attack in Cyberspace:
Deterring Asymmetric Warfare with an Asymmetric Definition." Air Force Law Review 64 (2009):
67. ]
What is Cyberspace?
Both the U.S. military and scientists played a significant role in the early development of
cyberspace. Both groups brought their own ideas on it how it should be developed. The U.S.
military wanted the domain to be survivable, flexible, with high performance and importance over
commercial and consumer appeal. Conversely, U.S. scientists wanted to simply create an open
exchange for information with consumer and commercial appeal. The U.S. defined their newly
created cyberspace as ?a global domain within the information environment consisting of
interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the
Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and
controllers.?[endnoteRef:2] [2: Preston, 995. ]
Computers today control much of the military and civilian cyber infrastructure. The U.S. alone uses
over two million computers and has over ten thousand cyber networks. According to some reports,
over 95% of all the Military?s telecommunications travel through public networks and a significant
amount of

Cyber Crime And Cyber Terrorism
Cyber risks can be divided into the following groups (Marsh, 2013): 1. Physical loss of systems –
Physical information technologies systems, i.e., computers, servers and other electronic equipment
are required for the cyber activity. Consequently, it is very important to consider the risks related to
the damage or loss of the physical electronic equipment. Risks can be for example, internal water
damage in the office building damaging the computers and other equipment or fire in server room as
a result of temperature change and other risks. 2. Cyber–crime and cyber terrorism – Cyber–crime is
illegal actions taken by criminals for financial gain, which is done by the use of the internet and
other electronic systems in order to illegally access or attack information and services used by
business and citizens (CabinetOffice, 2011). Acts that are directed towards the influencing or
defeating the particular government or state are called cyber terrorism. Businesses operating in areas
that are linked to the government, for example communications, transport, health must be most
concerned to cyber terrorism; as they are the biggest target for a cyber–terrorism attacks (Marsh,
2013). Cyber–crime cost of UK business and citizens is valued at £27 billion annually. A
considerable portion of this cost comes from the theft of intellectual property, which is estimated at
£9.2 billion. The main loser as a result of cyber–crime is UK business which cost is estimated at £21
billion. Main

The Nature Of Information That Must Be Displayed By...
Objective This research will determine the nature of information that must be displayed by computer
in order to enhance human insight problem solving in ISR and C2 applications. Insight problem
solving refers to the sudden realization of a successful problem solution, typically involving a non–
routine problem, following an impasse–the time period when no solution seemed obvious. Virtually
all of us have experienced insight at some time in our lives, including world–class problem solving
by famous scientists and mathematicians (Wallas, 1926). Insight can be seen as a form of intellectual
ability. That insight can occur with important real–world problem solving makes its potential
enhancement all the more critical for ISR and C2 applications because non–routine problem solving
is the norm (e.g., A2AD situations). Insight was selected for study because it possesses several key
attributes: (1) insight involves sensemaking (Patterson & Eggleston, under review), a precursor to
successful decision making; (2) insight scales to the real world and is not just a laboratory
phenomenon (Wallas, 1926); and (3) insight in the laboratory can be primed via certain cues–made
faster and more accurate (e.g., Broderbauer, Huemer & Riffert, 2013; Maier, 1931). Despite these
attributes, virtually nothing is known about how insight might be primed in analysts in real–world
ISR and C2 situations. Since insight is a form of intellectual ability, insight priming is intelligence
amplification. I

Cyber Security And The Protection Of The Hardware
Cyber security can be defined as the protection of information on computer/servers and the
protection of the hardware that supports or stores the information on computers/servers. (Cyber
Safety) This level of protection can include controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as
protecting against damage from remote or local network access, malware/virus and due to
unintentional sabotage by system operators, who may have been tricked by outside personnel to
place the system in a compromising situation. The field of cyber security is growing and becoming a
major concern for governments and businesses due to the society's increasing reliance on computers
and networks. (Cyber Safety) Based on this level of threat, network security has ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of these crimes have substantial human and economic consequences which can lead to
disruption of society. (What) Each of these crimes has special task forces that have been dedicated
to find the people responsible and bring them to justice.
Cyberspace is particularly difficult to secure due to a number of factors: the ability of malicious
attackers to operate from anywhere in the world, legally connecting cyberspace and physical
systems, and the difficulty of reducing known vulnerabilities to cyber networks. One of the most
popular growing concerns is the cyber threat to businesses and government critical infrastructure,
which has become one of the primary targets for cyber terrorist. (Cybersecurity) As information on
the web becomes increasingly integrated with everyone's day–to–day operations, there is an
increased risk of wide scale harm or disruption of services upon which our economy and the daily
lives of millions of Americans depend. With this risk and potential consequences of cyber events,
strengthening the security and resilience of cyberspace should be one of the major goals of the
world. (Cybersecurity)
Investing more money in cyber security will be one of the main goals for the future of governments
and businesses to make sure the security of their computer networks are at their best. Cyber–attacks
and

Injury Mortality Theory
Annals of Surgery An Injury Mortality Prediction Based on the Anatomic Injury Scale ––Manuscript
Draft–– Manuscript Number: ANNSURG–D–15–02018 Full Title: An Injury Mortality Prediction
Based on the Anatomic Injury Scale Article Type: Original Study Keywords: Abbreviated Injury
Scale, injury mortality prediction, injury severity score, logarithm injury severity score, new injury
severity score, predictor of mortality, trauma mortality prediction model, trauma scoring.
Manuscript Region of Origin: CHINA Powered by Editorial Manager? and ProduXion Manager?
from Aries Systems Corporation MiniAbstract 2 Mini–Abstract Derive the mortality rate of different
AIS predot codes into the modified coefficient (MC), the IMP, as a new feasible scoring method ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
White H. A heteroskedasticity–consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for
heteroskedasticity. Econometrica. 1980;48:817–830. 13. MacKenzie EJ, Rivara FP, Jurkovich GJ, et
al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma–center care on mortality. N Engl J Med.
2006;354:366–378. 14. Shafi S, Friese R, Gentilello L. Moving beyond personnel and process: a
case for incorporating outcome measures in the trauma center designation process. Arch Surg.
2008;143:115–119. 15. Boyd CR, Tolson MA, Copes WS. Evaluating trauma care: the TRISS
method. J Trauma. 1987;27:370–378. 16. Salottolo K, Settell A, Uribe P, et al. The impact of the
AIS 2005 revision on injury severity scores and clinical outcome measures. Injury. 2009;40:999–
1003. 17. Stewart KE, Cowan LD, Thompson DM. Changing to AIS 2005 and agreement of injury
severity scores in a trauma registry with scores based on manual chart review. Injury. 2011;42: 934–
939. Table 15 TABLE 1. Patient Demographics Patient Characteristics No. of Patients (%) Age 42
(23–62)* Female 407,200 (35.5) Race White, not Hispanic 760,141 (66.2) Black 163,860 (14.3)
Hispanic 128,135 (11.1) Asian 19,129 (1.7) Native American or Alaskan Native 12,663 (1.1) Other
64,431 (5.6) Mechanism of

Nuclear Facilities Are Among The Most Highly Secured...
Nuclear facilities are among the most highly secured infrastructure in the nation. As analog system
and instruments are becoming obsolete, the nuclear industry is starting to implement new digital
systems throughout different facilities. In order to lower the risks of physical and cyber–attacks,
nuclear facilities are adopting strict protection policy and practices. Despite the implementation of
these safety measures, digital instruments and computer–based systems associated with physical
protection system and control system inside the facilities can still be exposed to more cyber
vulnerabilities. The dependency on digital system can endanger cybersecurity and the physical
security of nuclear facilities. Air gapping and standalone systems ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It damaged centrifuges at a uranium enrichment facility in Iran [CITATION]. It commanded PLCs to
speed up and slow down the spinning centrifuges, destroying some of them, while sending false data
to plant operators to make it appear the centrifuges were behaving normally [CITATION]. Stuxnet
has shown its ability to successfully attacked isolated devices and executed massive–scale
subversion. It has demonstrated that a driven adversary with sufficient resources and funding has the
capacity to damage critical infrastructure through a cyber–attack.
Laws and Regulations The NRC has issued numerous Orders to operating power reactor licensees,
requiring them to increase security measures and capabilities in order to protect their systems and
infrastructures from insider terrorist attack, airborne and land–based assaults. In the last decades,
there have been a rise in the number of security breaches as criminal organizations and state–
sponsored hackers continue to use cyberspace to inflict destruction and disorder in nuclear facilities.
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, the nuclear sector began addressing cybersecurity
regulations. The emergence of sophisticated cyber threats was also a catalyst for the improvement of
cybersecurity and the enactment of stringent security regulations. The NRC, Nuclear Regulation
Commission, and the IAEA, International Atomic Energy Agency, have been taking the

HOC Cyber Security Profiles
HOC Cyber Security Profiles
Introduction
Cyber security profiles (System Security Plans or SSP) are an essential component within an
organizational security program. An Organizations Cyber security profile references to information
pertinent to the security of a system such as security issues, security controls, security categories to
which the system belongs, and concern pertaining to the environment in which the system is
installed. Cyber security profiles provides security administrators with essential information
necessary to ensure that the proper countermeasures are in place for each system in order to
maintain confidentiality, integrity and availability requirements of the organization as well as those
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.1.2(SA–1) System and Services Acquisition Policy and Procedures
The system and services acquisition policy and procedures provide essential guidance necessary
when procuring systems for HOC. The policies describe requirements that must be met with each
item acquired (such as security controls that an item must support). Procedures include the process
by which items may be securely acquired, especially if the items/services are of a sensitive nature.
2. Technical Control
2.1 Access Controls and Policy Procedures (AC)
Proper access controls are imperative within all HOC's networks and facilities. HOC is a nonprofit
housing organization that deals with a lot of sensitive information because NASA critical to the
clients security in many cases. This is way access to information must be controlled on a strict need
to know basis in order to protect the client and the organization.
2.1.1(AC–5) Separation of Duties
Separation of duties is essential within HOC to ensure that valuable or highly sensitive information
cannot be stolen through means that rely upon collusion. Separation of duties also ensures that any
single individual cannot in some way sabotage HOC operations.
2.1.2(AC–12) Session Termination
Session termination is extremely important when it comes to information systems, especially on that
allows client based connections. By ensuring that sessions are automatically terminated within the
time specified by this policy, HOC can avoid potential

The Is The Harbinger For The Dawn Of A New Cyber Age
The last half of the 20th Century surged with the excitement of digital innovation and discovery as
the world connected networks of computers and servers together. It was the birth of the information
age, a time when these new ideas and innovations would connect the world and change life forever.
This webbed network of computers and servers became known as the internet and later as
cyberspace. Today, it is estimated that there are over 8.7 billion devices connected and the number
will grow exponentially, 15 billion by 2015, and 40 billion by 2020, and each one is a potential
threat and everyone who connects to the internet is at risk (Day, Page IX). In this paper, I will argue
that the Stuxnet worm is the harbinger for the dawn of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tim Berners–Lee created the World Wide Web in 1989 by writing the first web server, a program for
putting hypertext information online, and by writing the first web browser, a program for accessing
that information by displaying it in manageable chunks called pages (Swaine & Freiberg, Page 332).
Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina took it one step further while at the University of Illinois and
decided to challenge the archaic and arcane software restricting the web and developed Mosaic, the
first web browser. Mosaic was a web browser for the GUI (Graphical User Interface) generation, a
web browser for everyone. It displayed graphics, it let you use a mouse and click on buttons to do
things and go to places (Swaine & Freiberg, Page 336). This movement from one place to another in
some sort of space became what we know of today as cyberspace. During the tech boom of the
1990s, the stock market surged into a bubble that eventually popped, but provided the investment
capital to expand and link the networks and servers of the world together at the same time personal
computers became affordable. It was during this time that the nefarious computer hacker came to
fame. Individuals like Kevin Mitnick took advantages of the openness of the network system design
to exploit it for personal gain and pleasure. These Hackers soon grew in numbers and fame for their
exploits on the web. Moreover, industry, individuals, and the government increasingly found
themselves and

Cyber Warfare And Security Threats
Abstract
The innovations in information technology and increased amount of interconnected electronic
devices today create new economic and social prospects as well as improve the overall quality of
our lives. While these leading edge technologies create opportunities, some have become prey to
attackers and has given birth to a new era of Cyber warfare. Consequently, the Internet, computers
and networks have become targets and vehicles of cyber attacks and generate challenges to our
security privacy. Cyber Warfare presents an ever–increasing amount of security threats, which
continue to escalate with increasing harshness, and is now a critical issue in our technology realm
and a growing threat to the world. Cyber wars are generally ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Singer, P., & Friedman, A. (2014)
Cyberspace is now a military dimension; the word "cyber is a very significant and probably one of
the most common term used in today's international security dialogues. The Internet and e–
commerce are crucial to the economic competitiveness of many nations, businesses and
organizations, however cyber criminal have cost users millions of dollars and valuable assets.
Achieving security on the Internet is a very daunting task; as criminals and hackers have become
plagues to critical IT infrastructures, online communication and e–commerce.
Cyber warfare is a very costly and complex reality; it compromises the privacy of web users and has
shaped great battles between domains. Governments and organizations are faced with significant
threats and challenges daily as advanced software programs are developed and used to exploit and
disrupt their computer networks. These increasing series of cyber conflicts between nations, corrupt
gangs and virtual terrorist groups; all raises critical economic and national security issues in
countries across the globe. In a recent article Clayton (2011) stated that "Tomorrow 's wars will be
fought not just with guns, but with the click of a mouse half a world away that will unleash
weaponized software that could take out everything from the power grid to a chemical plant."
(Clayton 2011). It is very appalling to think that the insertion

Network Theory Information Flow Based Theory And Control...
Cyber–physical systems:–
Abstract: – Security is one of the important aspect in deciding the reliability of any system and
Cyber – Physical systems cannot be ruled out from this important issue. In this paper we investigate
the security issues in CPS, enforcing sensor network theory information flow based theory and
control theory in CPS which are the three primary approaches to system security policies and
mechanisms. In brief we will categorize attacks based on these three primary approaches and also
discuss some of the mitigations to inflate the growth of CPS in terms of security.
What is a Cyber Physical system:–
CPS is a well–integrated computational and physical process, which sense the physical world
interact with the physical world and control the entities pertaining to the physical world. It is the
amalgamation of communication computation and control. CPS perform their activities in such a
way that their behavior is constrained by the laws of physics.
According to David A Mindell, "The era of cyberspace and the internet, with its emphasis on
computer as a communication device and as a vehicle for human interactions connect to a longer
history of control systems that generated computers as networked communication device."
The commerce, entertainment and friendship these three different subjects from history has taught
us three basic lessons
1. Cyber system should be a part of systems design.
2. Cyber System is a support service that should not hinder usability

The Cyber Physical System Of Intelligent Manufacturing
level abstractions' does not include the temporal dynamics, which means the interaction is difficult
to achieve in real time. Therefore, it is arduous that building suitable models of physical factors and
software and networks. Moreover, for the reason that the industry will be developed more
functionally like, intelligent manufacturing, the Cyber–Physical System of intelligent manufacturing
is going to become exceedingly complicated, which means the Cyber–physical system need to
embed with more sensors, actuators, and network platforms. Not only does the complexity cause
that the system tends to be immoderate, but also it leads the security issues of the system [10, 12]. In
general, as one of the essential technologies, the Cyber–Physical System is the front–page research
target for intelligent manufacturing. 2.2 Internet of Things The Internet of Things is defined as the
network of physical things, such as components, devices, machines, vehicles and so on, which
objects can collect and exchange data with automatically communicating without human interaction
[13]. These data are required variously (e.g. heat, sound, light, location, mechanics, and
components) obtained in real time on the wire or wireless communication level by sensors, Auto–ID
integration, and other electronic or mechatronic devices [14; 15]. By using the data, the industrial
production can be improved by decreasing unscheduled machine downtime and energy costs and
other benefits significantly [16]. Basic

Cyber Warfare : A Nation State Or International...
Cyber Warfare
Introduction:
Cyber warfare involves the actions by a nation–state or international organization to attack and
attempt to damage another nation 's computers or information networks through, for example,
computer viruses or denial–of–service attack.
The Internet has experienced a magnificent development over the past two decades, from a petite
network limited chiefly to the scientific society to a universal network that counts more than two
billion users. With development came rising applications for the Internet, which feed extra
expansion and tranquil more applications, to contain the rise of a cyber financial system, widespread
computerized regulation of key manage systems, an explosion in the division and storing of
information the appearance of new forms of electronic communiqué such as email, and communal
networking, among others.
In toting up to these diverse societal advantages, the cyber area, like the physical field of land, sea,
and air, has demonstrated to be no stranger to felony and conflict. The cyber financial system, which
includes manifold financial systems, has offspring cyber crime. Storeroom of sensitive information
on systems has given origin to cyber surveillance against governments and cyber financial warfare
against company. And in periods of calamity and conflict conditions have been subjected to different
forms of cyber molest at both the strategic and equipped levels of war.
Here we will investigate the concept of cyber combat and

The Pros And Cons Of Cyber Terrorism
Cyber operations entail getting behind the most serious aspects of cyber terrorism and leading to the
capture of those perpetrating cyber crimes.
Our society's dependence on the Internet for public and private institutions in the critical sectors of
government, defense, emergency services, public health, even the basics of food and water, put us at
great risk of cyber terrorism. Telecommunications, transportation, banking, and the like are all
conducted via the Internet and this dependence creates a frightening scenario.
Cyberspace is composed of hundreds of computers, servers, routers, switches and fiber–optic cables
that allow the system to work. Any act of cyber terrorism against any of these institutions is a
violation to our national security. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hackers have proven that it is not all that difficult to get into a computer network and manipulate it
at will. Although hackers are not in themselves cyber terrorists, they have proven how simple this
type of mayhem would be to create. Those who would like to inflict cyber terrorism can follow this
example and gain access to critical data from governments, as well as private computer networks.
This type of cyber terrorism could disable financial and military organizations. Our society's
dependence on the Internet, and our focus on having everything accessible via the Web, has created
vulnerabilities in our defense systems. Where once it would have been difficult for a terrorist to
tamper with a water treatment facility, it is quite feasible that a cyber terrorist could manipulate such
a facility with disastrous results. It would be safe to say that the real risk of cyber terrorism is well
founded. However, there is still some exaggeration in the media that is not rational when it comes to
the threat of cyber

Cyber- Terrorism and Information Warfare
The availability of cheap cyber weapons has made cyber–terrorism a growing threat to the stability
of America's critical infrastructures and society in general. Needless to say that cyber terrorism is a
major issue for American policymakers and IT professionals. The growing threat to commercial and
government entities has prompted organizations to develop effective strategies and methods to
protect their resources and assets from the threat of attackers. Such strategies and methods include
but are not limited to continual risk and vulnerability assessment, upgrade of software and use of
tools such as encryption, firewalls and intrusion detection systems and the implementation of
disaster recovery and business continuity plans in the case of a cyber incident. The following paper
will offer a few basic definitions to illustrate the concept of cyber terrorism, discuss the physical and
human aspects of cyber terrorism, offer assessment of the most pressing threats and the most
vulnerable targets, recommend methods to combat national and international cyber terrorism.
Finally, several preventative actions will be recommended for implementation. Finally, a basic
checklist/template is also provided in order to better illustrate and summarize recommendations and
suggestions.
What is Cyber–Terrorism and Information Warfare? In order to provide a better conceptual
understanding of the concept of cyber terrorism, consider the following definition by Czosseck and
Geers (2009) as

Cyber Physical Networked Systems ( Cpns )

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