Curriculum For Four Year Bachelor Level In Journalism And Mass Communications 2019 Dean's Office BAJMC Syllabus 2076, Tribhuvan University Faculty Of Humanities And Social Sciences

Tribhuvan University
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Curriculum for Four-year Bachelor LevJel
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Journalism and Mass Communications ___~
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Curriculum for Four-year Bachelor Level
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Journalism and Mass Communications 'ry
Bachelor level curricula of journalism and mass communications under
Tribhuvan University have undergone significant changes over the years. It has
been modified to address the changing global as well as domestic media
landscape from the beginning to a two-year programme in the 1980s. In the
1990 the course was upgraded to a three-year amual programme. Furthermore,
from 2001 higher level of education on journalism and mass communications
has been extended.
The University, in order to strengthen overall journalism and mass
communication education in the country, has launched the four year bachelor
degree course from the year 2019. The objective of the four years' journalism
and mass communications education is to address the changing media landscape
around the world. The students after completing this course will`i.2'be able to
comprehend and to address specific knowledge, skills of journalism and mass
communications. In the broader spectrum this study also aims to apply the
knowledge and skills of different levels human communication.
Some details of this Bachelor's course are as follows:
Course Features
The main goal of this course is to acquaint students with the basic
concepts and theoretical approaches to role of media and mass commupicaLion
theories.
Specific Objective
To enable students to explain the key concepts of and approaches to the
importance of studying journalism, mass media including social dr`iedia and
mass communication in the historical, as well as its conceptual perspectives.
Course Objectives
The course aims to enable students:
To explain the key concepts and explain the importance of studying
journalism, mass communication and social media in relation to mass media
institution;
app|yjoumalisticprinciplesandhaveaninsichtintomedif:j5:$7ues'?r,:S;]¥;`S.{t`r£:,:{;.,;,:u}?
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To gain an understanding of development of media
historical, legal and ethical perspective;
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Bachelor level curricula of journalism and mass communications under
Tribhuvan University have undergone significant changes over the years. It has
been modified to address the changing global as well as domestic media
landscape from the beginning to a two-year programme in the 1980s. In the
1990 the course was upgraded to a three-year annual programme. Furthermore,
from 2001 higher level of education on journalism and mass communications
has been extended.
The University, in order to strengthen overall journalism and mass
communication education in the country, has launched the four year bachelor
degree course from the year 2019. The objective of the four years' journalism
and mass communications education is to address the changing media landscape
around the world. The students after completing this course will be able to
comprehend and to address specific knowledge, skills of journalism and mass
communications. In the broader spectrum this study also aims to apply the
knowledge and skills of different levels human communication.
Some details ofthis Bachelor's course are as follows:
Course Features
The main goal of this course is to acquaint students with the basic
concepts and theoretical approaches to role of media and mass communication
theories.
Specific Objective
To enable students to explain the key concepts of and approaches to the
importance of studying journalism, mass media including social <'iedia and
mass communication in the historical, as well as its conceptual perspectives.
Course Objectives
The course aims to enable students:
To explain the key concepts and explain the importance of studying
journalism, mass communication and social media in relation to mass media
institution; ""C' /
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Tcteipply journalistic principles and have an insight into media issues arising
of ofthe practical field ofjournalism; *^54
To gain an understanding of development of media institution in
yP historical, legal and ethical perspective;
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To familiarize students with the nature and scope of media organization and
management issues with special reference to social forces surrounding them;
To identify major trends in national and global media landscape with
reference to social media and online journalism.
Elective Papers
Journalism and Mass Communications (JMC 410) for non-major journalism
students to acquaint them with the basic concepts, thcory, principles, practices
and history ofjoumalism and mass communications as well as social media.
Optional subjects have been introduced in the course with specific
objectives as follows:
Broadcast Journalism (JMC 426) aims at imparting the knowledge and
experience based on both principles and practices of radio and television
journalism, programme production and their application througb internship
and practical works on radio and television.
New Media and Online Journalism (JMC 426` aims at imparting the
knowledge and experience based on both principles and practices of new
media including online journalism, social media and their application
through internship and practical works on online media.
Photo Journalism (JMC 426) aims at providing knowled':e and
understanding of photo journalism and demonstrating the applicatioma of
principles of photography, photo journalism, and visual reporting skills. It
gives the students with know-how of capturing the moments through
photography and understanding of visual reporting for print and online
i?umalismthroughintemshipandpracticalworks.
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To familiarize students with the nature and scope of media organization and
management issues with special reference to social forces surrounding them;
To identify major trends in national and global media landscape with
reference to social media and online journalism.
Elective Papers
Journalism and Mass Communications (JMC 410) for non-major journalism
students to acquaint them with the basic concepts, theory, principles, practices
and history ofjournalism and mass communications as well as social media.
*
Optional subjects have been introduced in the course with specific
objectives as follows:
Broadcast Journalism CJMC 426) aims at imparting the knowledge and
experience based on both principles and practices of radio and television
journalism, programme production and their application through internship
and practical works on radio and television.
New Media and Online Journalism CJMC 426) aims at imparting the
knowledge and experience based on both principles and practices of new
media including online journalism, social media and their application
through internship and practical works on online media.
Photo Journalism ("JMC 426) aims at providing knowledge and
understanding of photo journalism and demonstrating the application? of
principles of photography, photo journalism, and visual reporting skills. It
gives the students with know-how of capturing the moments through
photography and understanding of visual reporting for print and online
journalism through internship and practical works.
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2019
Four-year Bachelor Course in Journalism and Mass Communication
Paper Code No. Title Full Marks
Tileory Practical
I JMC-421 ComDulsorv Paper 70 30
Introduction to Mass Media and
Communications
11 JMC-422 ComDulsorv Paper 70 30
Principles and Practices of Joumalism
Ill JMC-423 ComDulsorv PaDer 70 30
Media History, Law and Ethics
IV JMC-424 ComDulsorv Paper 70 30
Basics of Media Research
V JMC-425 ComDulsorv Paper 70 30
Introduction to Public Relations and
Advertising
VI JMC -410 Elective PaDers 70 30.
Journalism and Mass Communications +
VII JMC 426 Ootional Paper 70 30
Br-oadcast Journalism
VIII JMC 426 ODtional PaDer 70/ 30
New Media and Online Journalism
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optional Paoer 70 30
Photo Journalism
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2019
Theory Practical
I JMC-421 Compulsory Paper
Introduction to Mass Media and
Communications
70 30
II JMC-422 Compulsory Paper
Principles and Practices ofJournalism
70 30
III JMC-423 Compulsory Paper
70 30
IV JMC-424 Compulsory Paper
70 30
V JMC-425 Compulsory Paper
Introduction to Public Relations and
Advertising
70 30
VI JMC -410 Elective Papers
70 30 •
VII JMC 426 Optional Paper
Broadcast Journalism
70 30
VIII JMC 426 Optional Paper
70 30
II II
Optional Paper
Photo Journalism
70 30
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Introduction to Mass Media and Communications
Compulsory Paper
Paper:1
JMC-421
Full Marks: 100
Full Marks for Theory: 70
Pass Marks for Theory: 24.5
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Full Marks for Practical: 30
Pass Marks for Practical: 12
Lecture Hours: 150
Objective of the Course
The overall objective of the paper is to impart knowledge on the evolution of
human communication, mass communication and the means of mass
communication and to explain the nature, scope and provide a brief history and
key features of mass media and communications.
Course of study in detail
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Unit Unit title and breakdown I?- Teachinghours
I Introduction to Communication and MediaDefiningcommunication,componentsofhuman communications, 25
mass communication and communications: levels of
communication: intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public
organizational and mass communication; models of
communication, origin and evolution of mass media: print,
broadcast and new media.
11I? New Media and Social MediaEvolvementofnewmedia,distinctions between social media and 20/ ,'1
mass media; salient features of social media; recent trends in socialitT.,,
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media
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•III,i`tr€;``-:»,,rT." MassMedia as sociallnstitutions c£' '® ir``;g
Nature, perception and Functions of mass media institution ; ri"
driving force of fundamental rights; media as a platform for
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enabling pafticipatory democracy; media for diversity; media as a
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Introduction to Mass Media and Communications
Compulsory Paper
Paper: 1
JMC-421
Full Marks: 100
Lecture Hours: 150
The overall objective of the paper is to impart knowledge on the evolution of
human communication, mass communication and the means of mass
communication and to explain the nature, scope and provide a brief history and
key features of mass media and communications.
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Unit Unit title and breakdown
t
Teaching
hours
I Introduction to Communication and Media
Defining communication, components of human communications,
mass communication and communications: levels of
communication: intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, public
organizational and mass communication; models of
communication, origin and evolution of mass media: print,
broadcast and new media.
25
II
7
New Media and Social Media
Evolvement ofnew media, distinctions between social media and
mass media; salient features of social media; recent trends in social
media
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III V Mass Media as Social Institutions
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Nature, percepôn and Functions of mass media institution ;
driving force of fundamental rights; media as a platform for
enabling participatory democracy; media for diversity; media as a
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social mobilizer and industrial enterprise .
IV Mass Media, Culture and Society 20
Understanding relation of mass media, society and culture:
continuum, maintenance and reformation; unity in diversity: role of
media in the development and creation of social harmony.
V Applied Communication 20
Communication for various spheres: public, private and
cooperative: structure of organisational communication; ¢Selected
cases of social service and business communication; applied
knowledge and skills of verbal and non-verbal communication and
networking communication.
VI Media Literacy 15
Concept and elements of media literacy: scope, purpose and
practices.
VII Practical Exercises on Communication Process and Media 30
Issues
Recommended Books
Devkota, G. (2059). Nepalko Chhapakhana Ra Patrapatrikako Itihas.
Kathmandu: Sajha
Dominick R., Joseph (1999). The Dynamics of Mass Communication. New
York: MCGraw-Hill.
Kamath, M.V. (1996). Professional Journalism. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House.
Kharel, `P. (2014). Dimension of communication. Kathmandu: NAME
Publication.
--- (2014). Sounds of Radio Broadcasting. Kathmandu: Nepal Association of
ia Educators OIAME).
ulrfgrnczik, M (2002). Development and Communication Bonn: FES. ,.a
E:farfiT#n, I., Nelson, E. P., Titsworth, S. & Harter, L. (2013). Hui;;#TJ-;T`a+:;`;.`LS:t
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Communication. Newyork, NY: The MCGraw-Hill Companies.
ai, L. D. (2019). Journalism and{ Mass Media. 'Kathmandu: Uma
•twulpe^,,L,/¢ ;i ,,,,7c8,` ]Outtf f r ~
social mobilizer and industrial enterprise .
IV Mass Media, Culture and Society
Understanding relation ofmass media, society and culture:
continuum, maintenance and reformation; unity in diversity: role of
media in the development and creation of social harmony.
20
V Applied Communication
Communication for various spheres: public, private and
cooperative: structure of organisational communication; selected
cases of social service and business communication; applied
knowledge and skills of verbal and non-verbal communication and
networking communication.
20
VI Media Literacy
Concept and elements of media literacy: scope, purpose and
practices.
15
VII Practical Exercises on Communication Process and Media
Issues
30
Recommended Books
Devkota, G. (2059). Nepalko Chhapakhana Ra Patrapatrikako Itihas.
Kathmandu: Sajha
Dominick R., Joseph (1999). The Dynamics of Mass Communication. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Kamath, M.V. (1996). Professional Journalism. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing
House.
Kharel, P. (2014). Dimension of communication. Kathmandu: NAME
Publication.
^ — (2014). Sounds of Radio Broadcasting. Kathmandu: Nepal Association of
Viedia Educators (NAME).
W a •
M (2002). Development and Communication Bonn: FES.
-Pearson, J., Nelson, E. P., Titsworth, S. & Harter, L. (2013). Human,; . -
Communication. Newyork, NY: The MCGraw-Hill Companies. ^
Rai, L. D. (2019). Journalism and Mass Media Kathmandu: Unnatj Booksj
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Principles and practices of Journa|ism Tr
Full Marks: 100
Full Marks forTheory: 70
Lecture Hours: 150
Paper: 11
JMC-422
To enable students to understand the principles and practice of F'rofessional
journalism, particularly, key concepts on the journalistic process, including
gathering, reporting, production, presentation and dissemination of news reports
and comments etc related to news reports.
Unit Unit title and breakdown Teachinghours
I Introduction to Principles of Journalism 30
Journalism defined; origin and evolution of journalism; duties and
accountabilities of a journalist; defining news; determinants of news;
concept of reporting and editing;
5 Ws; lead and body; news writing for print, radio, television and online
media; concept of hard news and soft news; human interest arid features
stories; maintaining accuracy and fairness in journalism; some forms of
reporting: interpretative, depth, and investigative. Global Journalism
practices
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Impact of news in society: some appropriate cases of news and events
from Nepal and abroad, impact of news agencies news and feature
services. Requisites of Advanced journalism practice.
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Sources of news: verification and cross-verification; cultivatic.'.'i -
protecting and promoting-of news sourc.es; ethical considerations while
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Principles and Practices of Journalism
Paper: II
JMC-422
Full Marks: 100
Full Marks forTheory: 70
Lecture Hours: 150
To enable students to understand the principles and practice of professional
journalism, particularly, key concepts on the journalistic process, including
gathering, reporting, production, presentation and dissemination of news reports
and comments etc related to news reports.
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Introduction to Principles of Journalism
Journalism defined; origin and evolution of journalism; duties and
accountabilities of a journalist; defining news; determinants of news;
concept ofreporting and editing;
5 Ws; lead and body; news writing for print, radio, television and online
media; concept of hard news and soft news; human interest add features
stories; maintaining accuracy and fairness in journalism; some forms of
reporting: interpretative, depth, and investigative. Global Journalism
practices
Dynamics of Journalism
Impact of news in society: some appropriate cases of news and events
from Nepal and abroad, impact of news agencies news and feature
services. Requisites of Advanced journalism practice. NT
News Sources and Cultivation
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Sources of news: verification and cross-verification; cultivatic i -
protecting and promoting- of news sources; ethical considerations while
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dealing with sources; press conference and interview as news sources.
IV News Reporting and Writings 20
News reporting: techniques of findings and collecting news; .{++
interviewing: prerequisites of a good interview, different forms of
interview; angling and writing news; news features for print, broadcast
and online media; nose for news: observation, news presentations,
interview and use of documents including online based resources.
V News Editing 20
Editing skills: appropriate order, emphasis on news judgment, fairness,
accuracy, editorial balance, grammar, style, language fluency, legal
concerns and ethics in the newsroom; writing headlines and cutline;
ethical considerations in editing and maintaining deadline.
VI Hditorial and Opinion 10
tl,I,Writinganeditorialforprint:structureandbasicelements;opinion:
opinion-article, column, persuasive communication, letter to the editor,
gossip writing; talk-shows in radio and TV.
VII Graphics, Layout and Design 20
Basics of graphics and design: an overview from print to online media;
photography and fundamental nature and feature of photo-journalism;
concept of visual aspects from print to web-based journalism; cartoon
and illustration as editorial expression.
VIII`,;`g Practical Works: classroom as Newsroom:Reviewingpublishednews:evaluatingnews and recommendation for 30 `(.1 -,
improvement.
Holding seminar on media practices. Laboratory work and field ,
experiences on news reporting and writing. ,', `r`
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Devkota, G. (2059)„ Nepalko Chhapakhana Ra Patrapatrikako Itihas.
Kathmandu: Sajha `'-
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dealing with sources; press conference and interview as news sources.
IV News Reporting and Writings 20
News reporting: techniques of findings and collecting news; *
interviewing: prerequisites of a good interview, different forms of
interview; angling and writing news; news features for print, broadcast
and online media; nose for news: observation, news presentations,
interview and use of documents including online based resources.
V News Editing |20
Editing skills: appropriate order, emphasis on news judgment, fairness,
accuracy, editorial balance, grammar, style, language fluency, legal
concerns and ethics in the newsroom; writing headlines and cutline;
ethical considerations in editing and maintaining deadline.
VI Editorial and Opinion 10
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Writing an editorial for print: structure and basic elements; opinion:
opinion-article, column, persuasive communication, letter to the editor,
gossip writing; talk-shows in radio and TV.
VII Graphics, Layout and Design 20
Basics of graphics and design: an overview from print to online media;
photography and fundamental nature and feature of photo-journalism;
concept of visual aspects from print to web-based journalism; cartoon
and illustration as editorial expression.
VIII Practical Works: Classroom as Newsroom: 30
Reviewing published news: evaluating news and recommer dation for
improvement.

^>7^^Recommended Books
Aryal, K. (2018). Nepalma kartoonkalako itihas. Kathamandu: Nepal
Fine Arts Academy.
Reeomn
Holding seminar on media practices. Laboratory work and fl
experiences on news reporting and writing.
Devkota, G. (2059).A Nepalko Chhapakhana Ra Patrapatrikako Itihas.
Kathmandu: Sajha

Frank Barton.(1991 ) The Newsroom. Germany: IIJ Berlin, FES.
Geoffrey, H. & David, S. (1998). Practical newspaper reporting, 3rd ed.
London: Focal Press.
/.'-
Harris, J. & Stanley J. (1981). The complete Reporter, 2nd ed. New York: The
Macmillan.
Hough, G. A. (1991). News writing (4th ed). Delhi: Goyal Saab.
Kharel, P.(2010). ,4 s/wdy a//.a"J`#cz/z.s". Kathamandu: NAME.
Mencher, M. (2003). Basic News Writing, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Universal Books
Stall.
Paudel, R. (BS 2027). Patrakarita. Kathmandu: Lunkaran Chaudhary and
Vinayakumar Agarwal.
Stephens, M. (2007). A history of news, 3rd Ed. New York: Oxford I+,Tniversity
Press.
Stone, G. (2005). News writing. USA: Haxper Collins Publishers.
Strentz, H. (1992). News reporters and news sources: Accomplices in shaping
and misshaping the news, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India.
Westley, Bruce H (1980). News Editing. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing.
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Frank Barton.(1991) The Newsroom. Germany: IIJ Berlin, FES.
Geoffrey, H. & David, S. (1998). Practical newspaper reporting, 3rd ed.
London: Focal Press.
■Jv
Harris, J. & Stanley J. (1981). The complete Reporter, 2nd ed. New York: The
Macmillan.
Hough, G. A. (1991). News writing (4th ed). Delhi: Goyal Saab.
Kharel, P.(2010). A study ofjournalism. Kathamandu: NAME,
Mencher, M. (2003). Basic News Writing, 3rd ed. New Delhi: Universal Books
Stall.
Paudel, R. (BS 2027). Patrakarita. Kathmandu: Lunkaran Chaudhary and
Vinayakumar Agarwal.
Stephens, M. (2007). A history of news, 3rd Ed. New York: OxfordT
diversity
press.
Stone, G. (2005). News writing. USA: Harper Collins Publishers.
Strentz, H. (1992). News reporters and news sources: Accomplices in shaping
and misshaping the news, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India.
Westley, Bruce H (1980). News Editing. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Publishing.
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Compulsory Paper
Paper: III Full Marks: 100
JMC: 423 Full Marks for Theory: 70
Pass Marks for Theory:24.5
Lecture Hours: 150
Course Objectives
a) To acquaint students with history, policy, law, ethics, organizalion and management of
journalism and mass media.
b) To enhance theoretical knowledge and understanding of students regarding laws, ethics
and functioning of media.
c) To equip students with critical knowledge on prospects and challenges of democratizing
media, and making them responsible for broader social welfare.
d) To develop practical skills in identiffing the issues of media laws and ethics.
Course Content:
F
E
Unit Unit title & breakdown
Teachin
g hours
History and Development of Journalism and Mass Communication
Growth of mass media and journalism in the-global context: UK, USA,
Sweden, Japan, China and South Asian countries.
25
II Nepali Media and Historical Development
Stages on development of print, radio, television, online journalismand news
agency in Nepal with reference to_political and social circumstances;
Contemporary communication scenario with the functions of traditional gassX
media and new media.
V }rM
20
rjy
m Organizational Structure and Management of Mass Media
Organizational structure and management in print, broadcast, news agency
and-online media with refe5ence'fo Nepal; Role of Ministry of
Communication and Information Tecl,iurology and subordinate bodies in media
management of NeF,$;
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IV Introduction to MedFh
kA:.,, 4d$
Historical developnrert ;f #b'ffifu#1n UK,
and S outh As ian-countrier$witlr,teferences to
France,
Nepal.
Sweden, USAl9hinq.
,.
Bo"'di"o
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Compulsory Paper
Paper: III
JMC: 423
Full Marks; 100
Lecture Hours: 150
Course Objectives
a) To acquaint students with histoiy, policy, law* ethics, organization and management of
journalism and mass media.
b) To enhance theoretical knowledge and understanding of students regarding laws, ethics
and functioning of media.
c) To equip students with critical knowledge on prospects and challenges of democratizing
media, and making them responsible for broader social welfare.
d) To develop practical skills in identifying the issues of media laws and ethics.
Course Content:
Unit Unit title & breakdown
Teachin
g hours
History and Development of Journalism and Mass Communication
Growth of mass media and journalism in the global context: UK, USA.
Sweden, Japan, China and South Asian countries.
25
II Nepali Media and Historical Development
Stages on development of print, radio, television, online journalismand news
agency in Nepal with reference tojrolitical and social circumstances;
Contemporary communication scenario with the functions of traditional mass,
media and new media. ,
20
IA
III Organizational Structure and Management of Mass Media
Organizational structure and management in print, broadcast, news agency
and_online media with reference-fo Nepal; Role of Ministry of
Communication and Information Tecljnology and subordinate bodies in media
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*>
management of Nep%l.
vr)
4
IV Introduction to Met Laws
Historical development of the^^il^y
in UK, France, Sweden, USA, China
and South Asian countrielVitlRreferences to Nepal.
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Contemporary Media Laws in Nepal:Media policies in Nepal;
Constitutional and legal provisions on freedom of expression, Press freedom
and media operation; Right to information; Privacy and secrecy; Defamation
and Contempt of Court; Copyright; Provincial provisions relating to the role
and responsibilities of media.
V Media Ethics
Media Ethics: Evolution and concept of media and journalism ethics; Sources
of ethics: Eastern and Western values; Differences between ethics and law.
Practices: Challenges towards implementation of media and journalismethics
in contemporary media scenario; Role and responsibilities of Press Council
Nepal.
25
VI Practical Assignments
Each student will develop a seminar paper on any of the assigned topics
related to this course and present it in the class.
Students shall produce a Journal that includes news and news related
contents in a group of three to five as instructed by the teacher.
30
References and Suggested Readings
Basu, D. D. (2010). (5th edition).Law of the press. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India
Private limited.
Chakravarfy, S. (1997).Press & media. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.
Dahal,K.R. (2004).Aam Sanchar Ra Kanoon.(Mass Communication and Law).Kalhmandu:
Nepal Press Institute.
Devkota, G. B.(2059). NepalkoChhapakhanaraPatrakaritakoltihas.(History of Nepali
Printing System and Print). Kathmandu: Sajha Publication.
English, E. &Hach C. (1978).(6th edition).Scholastic j
University Press.
Fletcher, C. (2001). Nepal Media Guidelines. UK: Caledonia Media.
Guha, T.P. (2009). Media Ethics. New Delhi: Oxford publications. :-{ ;*A
Gunaratne, S. A. (Editor).I1a ndbook of the media in Asia.(2000). New Delhi' Su& ,&m# -g
Publications. % W*"*-.,+t
6* t?74re-'r l't-
Jessor$K. (1997). Afree and responsible Press.USA: Tbfniversity Chicago. I$fuig-",,,.*o
Khanal, S. R. (2008).Media NitishastraraKaanun. Kathmandu: VidyarthiPustakBhandar.
ournalism. USA: Iowa
Contemporary Media Laws in NepahMedia policies in Nepal;
Constitutional and legal provisions on freedom of expression, Press freedom
and media operation; Right to information; Privacy and secrecy; Defamation
and Contempt of Court; Copyright; Provincial provisions relating to the role
and responsibilities of media.
V Media Ethics
Media Ethics: Evolution and concept of media and journalism ethics; Sources
of ethics: Eastern and Western values; Differences between ethics and law.
Practices: Challenges towards implementation of media and journalism ethics
in contemporary media scenario; Role and responsibilities of Press Council
Nepal.
25
VI Practical Assignments
Each student will develop a seminar paper on any of the assigned topics
related to this course and present it in the class.
Students shall produce a Journal that includes news and news related
contents in a group ofthree to five as instructed by the teacher.
30
References and Suggested Readings
Basu, D. D. (2010). (5th edition).Lmv of the press. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India
Private limited.
Chakravarty, S. (l991).Press & media. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers.
DahafK.R. {299A).Aam Sanchar Ra KanoonfMass Communication and LavD.Kathmandu:
Devkota, G. B.(2059). NepalkoChhapakhanaraPatrakaritakoItihas.(History of Nepali
Printing System and Print). Kathmandu; Sajha Publication.
English, E. &Hach C. (1978).(h1
'1
Qdition).Scholastic journalism. USA: Iowa S^ate
University Press. f
Fletcher, C. (2007). Nepal Media Guidelines. UK: Caledonia Media.
Guha, T.P. (2009). Media Ethics. New Delhi: Oxford publications.
Gunaratne, S. A. (Edtox).Handbook ofthe media in Asia. (2000). New Delhi: Sa|
Publications.
w*
Jessonf^K- (1997). A free and responsible PressMSN: ThUUnivcrsity Chicago,
v '' ' fk
Khanal, S. R. (2008).Media NitishastraraKaanun. Kathmandu: VidyarthiPustakBhandar.
/ ■ ' >,
'fean.dwaf D.xShukla, Mishra, S.(2012). Principles and practices ofbroadcfistifigMfQSN
dh^Wisdoft^ublications.
.v VV
py
N

Kharel, P, (2013). Select media topics. Kathmandu: Central Department of Journalism and
Mass Communication, Tribhuvan University.
Lesikar, R. V. & Pettit, J. (2006).Business communication.news reporting & writing. USA:
Pearson Education.
Mainali, R. (2012BS).Radio Paddhati.(Radio Norms). Kathmandu: Vrikuti Publication.
Nepal, K. (2055). Nepali PatrakaritakoBikashkram(The development of Nepali
journalism). Kathmandu: Press Council Nepal.
Press Council Nepal. (2076). Media & Ethics. Kathmandu: Press Council Ngpal.
Rai, L.D.,Kharel, P., Khanal, C., Pokhrel, P. R.,Poudel, B. (2054). Bahulbadi Nepali
SamajmaAamsanchar(Mass media in pluralistic society). Kathmandu: Department of
Journalism and Mass Communication, TU&Freidrich Eberl Stiftung.
Rai, L.D& et al. (1998).Nepali Patrakarita:ByabastharaByabhahar(Nepali journalism
&practices). Kathmandu: Central Department Journalism and Mass Communication, TU/
Freidrich Ebert Stiftung.
Ray,T. (2006). Online Journalism. New Delhi: Foundation.
Regmi, S. and Kharel, P. (2002),NepalmaAmsancharkoBikas (The Development of Nepali
Mas s C ommunic ation); Kathmandu: Nepal Association of Media Educators.
Sanjeev B. (Editor). (October l99l-March 1998).Vol 2.No.4 & 5.Communication
t o day. J atpur: Popular printers.
Timalsena, R. K. (2003). Right to information.philosophy, law and practice. Kathmandu:
Express Colour.
Winston, B. (1998). Media technolog,, and socieQ.London and New York.
Acharya, B. B. (207 5 BS).AamShanchar Ra PatrakaritaAdhyayan. Kalhmandu:
NeemaPustakPrakashan.
u"r" VKY
. rS,
t,*'$@1
ffir;.J
"{
&., ''fiiis"*
;*e'[MY
Iq *li*t
/ryp " Tr
Kharel, P. (2013). Select media topics. Kathmandu: Central Department of Journalism and
Mass Communication, Tribhuvan University.
Lesikar, R. V. & Pettit, J. (2006).Business communication.news reporting & writing. USA;
Pearson Education.
Mainali, R. (2072 RS).Radio Paddhati. (Radio Norms). Kathmandu: Vrikuti Publication.
Nepal, K. (2055). Nepali PatrakaritakoBikashkram(The development of Nepali
journalism). Kathmandu: Press Council Nepal.
Press Council Nepal. (2076). Media & Ethics. Kathmandu: Press Council Nepal.
Rai, L.D.,Kharel, P., Khanal, C., Pokhrel, P. R.,Poudel, B. (2054). Bahulhadi Nepali
SamajmaAamSanchar(Mass media in pluralistic society). Kathmandu: Department of
Journalism and Mass Communication, TU&Freidrich Ebert Stiftung.
Rai, L.D& et al. (99S).Nepali Patrakarita:ByabastharaByabhahar(Nepali journalism
&practices). Kathmandu: Central Department Journalism and Mass Communication, TU/
Freidrich Ebert Stiftung.
Ray,T. (2006). Online Journalism. New Delhi; Foundation.
Regmi, S. and Kharel, P. (2002).NepalmaAmsancharkoBikas (The Development ofNepali
Mass Communication)-, Kathmandu: Nepal Association of Media Educators.
Sanjeev B. (Editor). (October 1997-March 1998).Vol 2.No.4 & 5.Communication
/oJay. Jaipur: Popular printers.
Timalsena, R. K. (2003). Right to information.philosophy, law and practice. Kathmandu:
Express Colour.
Winston, B. (1998). Media technology and society.London and New York
Acharya, B. B. (2075 BS).AamShanchar Ra PatrakaritaAdhyayan. Kathmandu:
NeemaPustakPrakashan.
y
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v

Compulsory Paper
Paper: IV
Jl{C.424
Full Marks: 100
Full Marks for Theory:70
Pass Marks for Theory:24.5
objectives
t"tl:t" Hours: l5o
1. To impart knowledge of media research and equip students with practical skills of
conducting research on journalism and media discipline
2. To help understand the research process, application of joumalism and mass
communication research
3. To extend cognitive knowledge and develop the strategy for research on journalism and
mass communication and current trends in media research.
4. To explain and enhance ethical values of media research
Unit Unit title and breakdown Teaching hours
Fundamentalof Research
social Scientific Research: concept, definition, features, functions
ofresearch in general;
Basics of Media Research: Definition, nature and scope; Research
approaches: Qualitative and quantitative.
Evolution of Media Research: Contributing factors on the
development of media research in the world and brief history of
media research in Nepal.
30
II
ry
Stages of Research Process
Planning: Literature review, identifying research problem, setting
hypothesis, developing research questions and research ob.jectives,
determining research methods, developing research proposal,and
developing the tools and formats for data collection such as survey
questionnaire, data recording schedules and interview questions.
Types and scope of data collection. Analysis and interpretation of
data.
30
M*k
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Research Methodology and Method
Intropsction to methodology and method: concept of research
*th$t'otonu,
t1
Key research qr-ethods: Content analysis, observation, document
study, case study and survey;
Sampling: Confepr.,.nature and types.
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Compulsory Paper
Paper: IV
JMC-424
Full Marks: 100
Lecture Hours: 150
Objectives
1. To impart knowledge of media research and equip students with practical skills of
conducting research on journalism and media discipline
2. To help understand the research process, application of journalism and mass
communication research
3. To extend cognitive knowledge and develop the strategy for research on journalism and
mass communication and current trends in media research.
4. To explain and enhance ethical values of media research
W

III
Tq
/SSmt
Stages of Research Process
Planning: Literature review, identifying research problem, setting
hypothesis, developing research questions and research objectives,
determining research methods, developing research proposal,and
developing the tools and formats for data collection such as survey
questionnaire, data recording schedules and interview questions.
Types and scope of data collection. Analysis and interpretation of
data.
Teaching hours
Fundamentalof Research
Social Scientific Research: Concept, definition, features, functions
of research in general;
Basics of Media Research: Definition, nature and scope; Research
approaches: Qualitative and quantitative.
Evolution of Media Research: Contributing factors on the
development of media research in the world and brief history of
media research in Nepal.
30
30
Research Methodology and Method
Introduction to methodology and method: Concept of research
n^Gthbclology;
Key research methods:- Content analysis, observation, document
study, case study and survey;
Sampling: Concepf, nature and types.
i^l
Wi
Ca
rfyj
^braft
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IV Areas of Media Research
Print: Readership, readability, circulation, management, page make-
up and use of online version of print media;
Electronic: Rating and non-rating research in radio and television;
Concept and practice of TRP (Television rating point);
Research in Media Effects: Short term and long term social effects
of media contents; Uses and gratifications; Agenda setting;
Cultivation and perceptions of social reality; Social impact of the
Internet.
Research in Online Media: Analyzing online media contents.
25
V Research Ethics
Ethical Principles: Ethics in data collection; Data analysis and
presentation process.
l0
VI Practical Exercise
Every student shall_conduct research in one area of study; Content
analysis of selected media, status, reach, and the effects of media in a
ceftain area. They are required to write separate proposals for the
research and receive approval from the concerned Department for
executing the actual study.
30
References and Suggested Reading
Wimmer, R. D.& Dominick,J. R. (2012).Mass media re.search; An introciuction. l',[ew
Delhi:Cengage learning publication India private Ltd...
Kothari, R. C. (2004). Research methodology; methods and techniqae, New Delhi: Sage
international publication.
Priest S. H. (1996).Doing media research: An introduction.New Delhi: Sage publication.
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. &. Tight, M. (1998). How to research. Buckingham: Open University
press.
Anderson, J.A.(l987).Communication research: Issues and methods. New York:McGraw-
Hiil. I
Kerlinger,F.N. (2000). Foundations of behavioral researclz.New Delhi: Surjeet pJ/f(
Goode,W.J.&Hatt,P.K.(2006).Method in social research,New Delhi: Surjeet Publicationn" '.:.
Kumar, R.(2014), Research Methodology; A step-by-step guide .fbr beginnersrNefi,, D-plh4 .. ,ll
Sage puUications. -.h j .
"r-g/'-
-
i
uts>-* tq-,,.
Wffiiams, F.(1938).R esearch methods and the new meclia.New York: Free press.
*t#'jua'i*-
qfto^61 tlir''-o;:'i
..& Rerger. A.(2019). Media ancl communication research methods; An introductfun&o'l'""
P;q u an t i t a t ive dn d qna I i t at ive appr oaches. U SA : Sage publ ications.
';&4",-ffi
u##torrnar Anusandhan;PadhatiraAbhyas.Kanthmandu: Sajhaprakashan.
ri-
Z
IV Areas of Media Research
Print: Readership, readability, circulation, management, page make-
up and use of online version of print media;
Electronic: Rating and non-rating research in radio and television;
Concept and practice of TRP (Television rating point);
Research in Media Effects: Short term and long term social effects
of media contents; Uses and gratifications; Agenda setting;
Cultivation and perceptions of social reality; Social impact of the
Internet.
Research in Online Media: Analyzing online media contents.
25
V Research Ethics
Ethical Principles: Ethics in data collection; Data analysis and
presentation process.
10
VI Practical Exercise
Every student shall conduct research in one area of study; Content
analysis of selected media, status,jeach, and the effects of media in a
certain area. They are required to write separate proposals for the
research and receive approval from the concerned Department for
executing the actual study.
30
References and Suggested Reading
Wimmer, R. D.& DominickJ. R {2Q2).Mass media research: An introduction, Wew
.De//n.-Cengage learning publication India private Ltd...
Kothari, R. C. (2004). Research methodology: methods and technique. New Delhr Sage
international publication.
Priest S. H. (1996).Doing media research: An introduction.NQSN Delhi: Sage publication.
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (1998).//ow to research. Buckingham: Open University
press.
Anderson, }.A.(9%1).Communication research: Issues and methods. New York:McGraw-
Hill. a j f/A'
Kerlinger,F.N. (2960).Foundations ofbehavioral researchlNe-w Ddhv. Surjeet Pi
Goode,W.J.&Hatt,P.K.(2006).Me/7ior/ in social researchJAew Delhi: Surjeet Publication ,
Kumar, R.(2014). Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners-AACC 1
Sage publications.
/illiams, V.(9%%).Research methods and the new mer/z'a.New York: Free Press.
Berger, A.(2019). Media and communication research methods: An introductfm'&t.o
quantitative-and qffjlitative approaches.USA: Sage publications.
f^ftOi^fifSanchar Anusandhan.-PadhatiraAbhyas. Kanthmandu: SajhaPrakashan.
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Theory Practica
I JMC-421 Compulsory Pao )r
lass Media and Journalism
70 30
Introduction to I
II JMC-422 Compulsory Pap >r
lctices ofJournalism
70 30
Principles and P
ilI JMC-423 Compulsory Pap )r
,aw, and Ethics
70 30
Media History.
IV JMC-424 Compulsorv Pap )t
lesearch
70 30
Basics o1'Media
V/
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,tMC-425 Compulsory Pap I
$lic Relations and Advertisins
70 30
Introduction to P
il
JMC-4IO Elective Paper
Introduction to N ass Communication
50 50
VI JMC-427 Optional Paper
New Media and )nline Joumalism
70 30
il il
Optional Paper
Photoiournalism
70 30
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Optional Paper
Broadcast Journr lism
70 30
VII JMC-426 Media Writine 60 40
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imanities and Social Sciences
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Theory Practicai
I JMC-421 Compulsory Pan
Introduction to N
;r
lass Media and Joumcilism
70 30
II JMC-422 Comnulsorv Pap
Principles and Pr
;r
actices of Journalism
70 30
III JMC-423 Comnulsorv Pan
Media History,
jr
^aw, and Ethics
70 30
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JMC-424 Comnulsorv Pan
Basics of Media
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Research
70 30
/■JMC-425 Comnulsorv Pan
Introduction to P
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ublic Relations and Advertising
70 30
M
JMC-410 Elective Paper
Introduction to NJass Communication
50 50
VI JMC-427 Ontional Paner
New Media and Dnline Journalism
70 30
M II Ontional Paper
Photojournalism
70 30
II 11
Ontional Paper
Broadcast Jouma lism
70 30
VII JMC-426 Media Writing 60 40
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Introduction to P
Compulsory Paper
Paper: V
JMC-425
Course Description
This course is designed to a(
maintaining of public relations
incorporates contextual relevant
professional types, planning, usal
from perspectives of journalisn
with usages, techniques, challen
research methods and method<
professional settings and interper
Objectives of the Course
To equip students with know
acquaint them with contempor
To identifr multifaceted roles of
and advertising tasks through nat
Course of Study in Detail
blic Relations and Advertising
Full Marks: I
Full Marks for Theory:
Pass Marks for Theory:
Full Marks for Practical assignments:
Lecture Hours: I
quaint students with skills ,and strategies of
and advertisement in professional settings. It
topics from historical development, background,
les and utilities of public relations and advertising
and mass communication. It provides students
3es, theories, management, education, ethics and
logy in public relations and advertisement in
sonal communication processes.
;e and skills of public relations, advertising and
trends in national and global contexts.
ia to an effective operation of public relations
I and international perspectives.
Unit Unit Title and Breakdor rn
Teacl
hou
ng
ll
rs
I
Y[:
x
fl
Introduction to Public I
Introduction to public r
es, process, func
lations; public r
: production of I
zlng pres!
io-visual
ri$cent trt
elations
:lations communication: definition, role,
ions, scope; public opinion; planning in
:lations research; tools of public relations
rouse journal; preparing and issuing press
conference and facility visits; production
materials for electronic and new media in
nds in public relations. .,
a
J
. "l
, rl-
,/
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te
.e
[ .E
ll.*{F 1
{raK %
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IW:
Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising
Compulsory Paper
Paper: V
JMC-425
Course Description
This course is designed to a
maintaining of public relations
incorporates contextual relevant
professional types, planning, usat
from perspectives of journalism
with usages, techniques, challen
research methods and methoddl
professional settings and interpe
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks for Theory: 28
Full Marks for Practical assignments: 30
Lecture Hours; 150
cfquaint students with skills $and strategies of
and advertisement in professional settings. It
topics from historical development, background,
es and utilities of public relations and advertising
and mass communication. It provides students
ges, theories, management, education, ethics and
ogy in public relations and advertisement in
ijsonal communication processes.
To equip students with knowledge and skills of public relations, advertising and
acquaint them with contemporar)
To identify multifaceted roles of
and advertising tasks through na
r
trends in national and global contexts.
media to an effective operation of public relations
itlonal and international perspectives.
Unit Unit Title and Breakdown
Teaching
hours
R
%:
Introduction to Public
Introduction to public
strategies, process, functi
ublicTelations; public n
practices: production of
releases; o%anizing press.
-
of ^ ,._udio-visual
"^hbyf^lallpl^; recent tr
elations
lations communication: definition, role,
ons, scope; public opinion; planning in
Rations research; tools of public relations
house journal; preparing and issuing press
conference and facility visits; production
materials for electronic and new media in
dnds in public relations.
35
X/
/

II Introduction to Advertir
Definition, history, proc(
economic influences o
business/agency set-up;
laws on advertisement;
electronic and new me
forms of advertising pr
advertising.
ing
ss, role and responsibilities of advertising;
' advertising on the media; advertising
ldvertising research and market research;
production of advertisement for print,
lia; changing world of advertising, new
rctices, digital marketing, new trends in
J.
m Introduction to Media S
Nature, scope, origin anr
agencies, syndicate servi
and other research organi
national and internationa
lobbying; and media edu,
relations and advertising.
upport Services
I status of media support services; news
)es, programme production houses, ratings
zations; government information system;
press associations; advocacy and
:ation; uses of social media for public
3(
ry Ethics in Public Relatior
Ethical principles: ethicr
advertising practices; mq
ethical standards on publi
rs and Advertisement
I considerations on public relations and
or concerns and measures in maintaining
: relations and advertising in Nepal.
2t
V Practical Exercises and
Prepare a press release fo
Create an advertisement c
Student will be assigned
production or service-ba
advertising practices.
The report presented b1
external and internal exar
Evaluation
' a public organization.
opy for a product or service.
for six to eight weeks practical work in a
;ed organization for public relations aq"d.

the students will be evaluated by^ th".
riners. 'q".
a
-)
r
,l
#*
Recommended Books:
Ahuja, B. N. & Chhabra, S. S. (2015).
Brierley, S. (1995). The advertising hc
Chunawalla, S. A. & Sethia, K. C.
Publishing House.
:H,]fr'ffi#;;
Nnemrs"
.rl..
i..
{i"Z
4dvertising and public relations. Surjeet Publications.
tdbook. Routledge.
(2017). Foundation of advertising (8th ed.). Himalaya.
.
,".t.
'garson'
' :
ttt'''t'
-**ry
W M d"*
II Introduction to Advertising
Definition, history, process, role and responsibilities of advertising;
economic influences of advertising on the media; advertising
business/agency set-up; advertising research and market research;
laws on advertisement; production of advertisement for print,
electronic and new media; changing world of advertising, new
forms of advertising practices, digital marketing, new trends in
advertising.
35
III Introduction to Media
Nature, scope, origin an<^
agencies, syndicate servij:
and other research organ
national and intemationa
lobbying; and media eduf
relations and advertising
Support Services
status of media support services; news
es, programme production houses, ratings
jzations; government information system;
press associations; advocacy and
nation; uses of social media for public
30
IV Ethics in Public Relations and Advertisement
Ethical principles: ethical considerations on public relations and
advertising practices; ma
ethical standards on publi
or concerns and measures in maintaining
: relations and advertising in Nepal.
20
V Practical Exercises and
Prepare a press release for
Create an advertisement d
Student will be assigned
production or service-ba:
advertising practices.
The report presented b)
external and internal exam
Evaluation
a public organization,
opy for a product or service,
for six to eight weeks practical work in a
5ed organization for public relations anc
the students will be evaluated
iners.
the
'%■
30
'l-
V1
J r
7 J
Recommended Books:
Ahuja, B. N. & Chhabra, S. S. (2015).
Brierley, S. (1995). The advertising hdfi.
Chunawalla, S. A. & Sethia, K. C
Publishing House
Guth, D. relations
Kharel, P. (Edi ( tpIjM-I t 'ir t issues i
Advertising andpublic relations. Surjeet Publications.
dbook. Routledge.
(2017). Foundation of advertising (8th ed.). Himalaya
v ■
Pearson.
s:
A
. ' V-i Wf
V
i Nepal. Nepal Association of Media Educators.
i
V
#
v/
;V-

Kharel, P. (Ed). (2002). Media in soc
Lee, M. & Johnson, C. (2003). Princii
Moore, F. & Kalupa, F. B. (1987).
Moriarty, S., Michell, N.& Wells, W.
Rai, L. D. & Bhattarai, B. (2002). A
Educators.
Sandagem, C. H. & Fryburger, V. ,
Publishers and Distributors.
Seitel, F. P. (2017). Practice ofpublic
Wilmshurst,J. & Mackay, A. (2002).
w
ffi
Nepal Press
of odvertising: A
2016). Advertising
ising and public
fundamentals of
+
relations. Surjeet
). Advertising
Pearson.
IMC (l}th ed.). Pearson.
ing. Routledge.
c
perspec tive. Y iva Book.
. Nepal Association of Media
and practice. A. I. T. B. S.
a;':: 'iirl)tiltil'
ss
}7
Kharel, P. (Ed). (2002). Media in society. Nepal Press Institute.
Lee, M. & Johnson, C. (2003). Principles ofadvertising: A globalperspective. Viva Book.
Moore, F. & Kalupa, F. B. (1987). Public relations. Surjeet Publications.
(2016). Advertising & IMC (10th ed.). Pearson.
ertising andpublic relations. Nepal Association of Media
Moriarty, S., Michell, N. & Wells, W.
Rai, L. D. & Bhattarai, B. (2002). Ad^t
Educators.
Sandagem, C. H. & Fryburger, V. ({2000). Advertising theory and practice. A. I. T. B. S.
Publishers and Distributors.
Seitel, F. P. (2017). Practice ofpublic relations. Pearson.
Wilmshurst, J. & Mackay, A. (2002). 'r
hefundamentals ofadvertising. Routledge.
©
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4

Introductio
Elective Paper
Paper IV
JMC:410
Course Description
The course is designed to i
communication to non-major jo
The course deals with theor
communication and journalism.
media, including issues of
communication. Besides, the cot
as news reporting and editing, rn,
To offer students of other (
knowledge and skills of mass cr
contemporary society.
To equip students with knowled;
and editing.
to Mass Communication
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks for Theory:20
Full Marks for Practical: S0
Lecture Hour: 150
rtroduce the subject of journalism and mass
rnalism and mass communication students only.
:tical concepts and practical world of mass
t incorporates various issues and aspects of mass
Jisaster communication and labor-associated
rse explores other dimensions ofjournalism, such
dia production and management.
isciplines with theoretical concepts, practical
mmunication, and practices of journalism in the
e and skills of news production, such as writing
Unit Unit Title and Breakdou n
Teacl
Hour
ing
h
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d,,
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racteristics of Jou rnr
*Cohcept, definition, types
IJir'i'r -
W-t -*t of mass corl'l
: ournfl isp',qtution of nr
rlism and Mass Communication
processes and barriers of communication;
munication; definition and process of'
ws media and support servi/s focusing,in
t 4,/
15
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t
Introduction to Mass Communication
Elective Paper
Paper IV
JMC: 410
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks for Theory: 20
Lecture Hour: 150
Course Description
The course is designed to introduce the subject of journalism and mass
communication to non-major joijimalism and mass communication students only.
The course deals with theoretical concepts and practical world of mass
communication and journalism. It incorporates various issues and aspects of mass
media, including issues of disaster communication and labor-associated
communication. Besides, the course explores other dimensions ofjournalism, such
as news reporting and editing, mddia production and management.
di
To offer students of other
knowledge and skills of mass cc
contemporary society.
isciplines with theoretical concepts, practical
mmunication, and practices of journalism in the
To equip students with knowledge and skills of news production, such as writing
and editing.
Teaching
Hour
vrm -
re
Varacteristics of Journalism and Mass Communication
. .. /y
Cohcept, definition, types, processes and barriers of communication;
%r:-.
fjinctidns of mass communication; definition and process of
joumlfisn|> eVplution of news media and support servi^s focusing in
15
.——;
%
u
^ntr?
. TV I
;
——. -■ - -

Nepal.
II Principles and Practices
News: meaning, definit
values; understanding (
dateline, lead, use of phc
making, proof reading;
reporter and editor; prin
balance and credibility.
of Journalism
otr, elements, types, sources and news
f basic concept of headline, deadline,
tos, illustrations, cartoons, graphics, page-
news structure: qualities and roles of
;iples of reporting and editing: accuracy,
III Reporting and Writing r
Reporting on social issu
children and minorities,
disaster, post disaster
management in Nepali co
Reporting on the issues o
management in Nepal.
,n Special lssues
ls: environment, climate change, women,
levelopment, disaster- pre-disaster, during
itatus; key issues for disaster, disaster
rtext.
'
migration, labor-communication and crisis
ry Legal and Ethical Consi
Introduction to media la
joumalists in Nepal; role
ofjournalist code of ethic
lerations for Media
v; journalism ethics; code of conduct for
rf Press Council Nepal for implementation
/
i.
15
,',I(l
s.9' [/A$
ffi 6
1
!
Nepal.
II Principles and Practices
News: meaning, definit
values; understanding c
dateline, lead, use of phc
making, proof reading;
reporter and editor; prin
balance and credibilit}/.
of Journalism
ion, elements, types, sources and news
f basic concept of headline, deadline,
tos, illustrations, cartoons, graphics, page-
news structure: qualities and roles of
^iples of reporting and editing; accuracy,
25
III Reporting and Writing <
Reporting on social issu
children and minorities,
disaster, post disaster
management in Nepali co
Reporting on the issues oi
management in Nepal.
Jm Special Issues
ss: environment, climate change, women,
development, disaster- pre-disaster, during
status; key issues for disaster, disaster
itext.
^ migration, labor-communication and crisis
20
IV Legal and Ethical Consi
Introduction to media la1
journalists in Nepal; role
ofjournalist code of ethic
ierations for Media
v; journalism ethics; code of conduct for
of Press Council Nepal for implementation
v'
V - 1.
15
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ical work in a news media under the
t a report on news and editing tasks during
by a group of five to seven students
dents will be made in the presence of
Practical Work and Eva
Four to six week prac'
supervision of class teac
Each student has to subm
the practical work.
Publishing a model ne
under the supervision of
Final evapuation of the
extemal and internal ex
Recommended Books:
Basnet, S. R. (2068 BS). Patrakari aay am (D i m e n s i o n ofj o ur n a I i s m). P air abi Publ ication.
Bista, M. (2017). Nepalma press swat 'rata (Press freedom in Nepal). Sangrila Books.
Central Department of Journalism and Mass Communication (CDJMC). (2021). C ommunicating
disaster. Abriti Chhapakhana
Chalise, B. (2057 BS} Samachar
reporting and editing - Part A
'an totha sampadan- "Khanda ko ra kha" (News
B). Sristi Prakashan.
Devkota, G. (2059 BS). Nepalko ra patrapatriksko itihas. Sajha Prakasan.
Hohenberg, J. (1999). Professional jour A guide to the practices and principles of the news
media. Holt Rinehart and Wi
Khanal, S. R. (2021). Prayogatmak ita. Yidyarthi Pustak Bhandar.
Luitel, G. & Acharya, M. (2061 BS). ka samudayik radio itibritanta (Community rodio in
Nepal). Nepal Forum of Envi
Regmee, R. K. & Khanal, C. (1999).
(NAME).
Joumalists (NEFEJ).
rni. Nepal Association of Media Educators
Wasti, S. C. (2006). Haamro bhasa (t language). Himal Kitab.
7
V Practical Work and Eva
Four to six week praci
supervision of class teach
Each student has to subm
the practical work.
Publishing a model news
under the supervision of c
Final evaluation of the
external and internal exan
luation
;ical work in a news media under the
iv.
it a report on news and editing tasks during
paper by a group of five to seven students
lass teacher.
students will be made in the presence of
liners.
75
Recommended Books:
Basnet, S. R. (2068 BS). Patrakaritakc
Bista, M. (2017). Nepalma press swatc
Central Department of Journalism and
disaster. Abriti Chhapakhana ]
Chalise, B. (2057 BS). Samachar
reporting and editing - Part A
Devkota, G. (2059 BS). Nepalko chhaj
riohenberg, J. (1999). Professionaljourt
media. Holt Rinehart and Wins
Khanal, S. R. (2021). Prayogatmakpa
Luitel, G. & Acharya, M. (2061 BS).
Nepal). Nepal Forum of Enviro
Regmee, R. K. & Khanal, C. (1999). S
(NAME).
Wasti, S. C. (2006). Haamro bhasa (O
%
i aayam (Dimension ofjournalism). Pairabi Publication.
ntrata (Pressfreedom in Nepal). Sangrila Books.
Mass Communication (CDJMC). (2021). Communicating
Ad.
ankalan tatha sampadan- "Khanda ka ra kha" (News
indB). Sristi Prakashan.
mkhana ra patrapatrikako itihas. Sajha Prakasan.
mlists: A guide to the practices andprinciples ofthe news
ton.
Pakarita. Vidyarthi Pustak Bhandar.
Wepalka samudayik radio itibritanta (Community radio in
nmental Journalists (NEFEJ).
imacharkarmi. Nepal Association of Media Educators
A ^ &.>i
ur language). Himal Kitab.
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Journalism and iVlfss
Comniunication
Bachelor-lcycl curricula of journalism ami mass coninuinication at Tribhuvan University has
undergone significant changes over the years, h 'ins
kcc
n Kiodificd to address the changing
global, as well as domestic media landscape from heginning to a two-year programme in the
1980s. In 1990 the course was upgraded to a iliro»-yCflr
annual programme. Furthermore, since
2001 higher level of education in journal ism niui mass communication has been extensively
extended.
. Tribhuvan University, in order to strengthen overall journalism and mass communication
education in the country, has launched four-year bachelor s degree course from the year 2019,
The objective of the four-year journalism and mass communication education is to address the
.changing media landscape around the world. The students after completing this course will be
able to comprehend and address specific knowledge, and skills of journalism and mass
communication. In the broader spectrum, this course also aims to advance the knowledge and
skills at different levels ofhuman communication.
Course Features
This course carries fundamental values ofjournalism and mass communication theories and
practices, and intends to acquaint the students with ever-changing communication phenomena.
Course Objectives
The course aims to enable students to enhance their knowledge and practical skills ofjournalistic
writing, broadcastjournalism, online journalism, and photojournalism in the context ofgrowing
new media practices. The following are the specific objectives:
• To equip students with the knowledge of fundamental concepts, and practices ofvarious
types ofmass media and emerging trends ofjournalism;
• To enable students to apply journalistic principles, and have an insight into media issues
arising out ofthe practical field ofjournalism;
• To support students gain an understanding on the development of media institution in their
historical, legal and ethical perspectives;
• To familiarize students with the nature and scope of media organization and management
issues with special reference to social forces surrounding them;
• To help the students identify major trends in the national and global media landscape with
reference to traditional, as well as social media and online journalism. ^ ;
f .
.'i " "• ?!
Optional subjects have been introduced in the course with specific objectives as follows:^ V
-£oadcast Journalism (JMC 426) aims at imparting knowledge and experience based on
Principles and practices of radio or television journalism, programme production, and theif^
a
Pplication through internship and practical works on radio or television.
^LMedia and Online Journalism (JMC 426) aims at irnparting knowledge and, experience
ased on both principles and practices of new media including online journalism, social nifedi
d their
application through intemslyRand practical works on online media ''
J .*
'<3

Photoioiirnalisin (JMC 426) aims at providing knowledge and understanding of
photojournalism and demonstrating applications on principles of photography, photojournalism,
and visual reporting skills. It imparts the students with required know-how of capturing moments
through photography, and an understanding of visual reporting for print and online journalism
through internship and practical works.
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2(119
Trlbhuvan University
Paper Coilc No. Title Full Marks
Theory Practical |
I JMC-421 Comoulsorv Paper
Introduction to Mass Media and Journalism
70 30
II JMC-422 Comoulsorv Paper
Principles and Practices ofJouma
''snl
70 30
III JMC-423 Compulsory Paper
Media History, Law, and Ethics
70 30
rv JMC-424 Comoulsorv Paoer
70 30
V JMC-425 Comoulsorv Paoer
Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising
70 30
VI JMC-410 Elective Paoer
50 50
vn JMC-426 Optional Paoer
i._
70 30
ii tl Optional Paoer —^ ^
Photojournalism v; / /a g
70 30
ii ll
,
Optional Paper •
Broadcast Journalism
70 30
v
III
JMC-427 Journalistic Writing
60 40
vj J
4
v'VK
f

r
New Mcdiii and Online .(oiiniiilism
Full Murks: 100
Full Marks for Then17: 70
Pass Marks for Theory; 28
Full Marks for Practical; 30
Pass Marks for Practical; 12
Lecture Hours: 150
Objective of the Course ., , , , ,
The overall objective of this paper is to prepare stud611
*8 VV1
^ ^ie
knowledge and skills on the
newly developed digital and converged mode of niass communication and journalism, its
evolution, and ongoing trends in the world, particularly in Nepal.
The course of study in detail
Unit Unit Title and Breakdown Teaching
hours
I Introduction to New Media
Understanding new media: Defining new media, online journalism, web pages,
social media. Traditional vs. digital media.
15
II Evolution of New Media and Online Journalism
Development of digital media: The era of a computer network, from ARPA to
www, era ofPC, laptops, smart phones/tablets/phablets/iPad. The growth of social
media, shift from the bulletin board to new social media platforms.
Evolution and development of online journalism in the world, web 2.0 and
beyond.
20
III Scope of Online Journalism
Importance of online journalism: Convergence nature, blurring traditional
demarcation, new trends in traditional media and online journalism. Production
and distribution of content: Opportunities and challenges of citizen involvement in
producing content for online journalism, and changing trends in news
dissemination.
20
IV New Media and Online Journalism in Nepal
Emergence of new media and online journalism in Nepal: Digitalization and
growth of web pages, online journalism, and social media. Current status of online
journalism, and social media in Nepal. Legal and ethical considerations: regulatory
provisions, legal and ethical issues. Fake news. Hate speech. Disinformation. Viral
contents. Trending and cyber bullying. Cybercrime and cyber security. New media
literacy.
25
V 1
*
V

Practices of Online Journalism '' f'rv
T-rT
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Online newsroom operation: Editorial meetings, assignments, news r^rorlihg,
news writing and production 6f^ltimeciia
content prhtinn Lrfan nMaindnlinp
^ I/a At*?/
Optional Paper
paper: VU
jMC-426 A
/kVi:
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s-'-'O-v
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Online pnyc dc.si(iniii|; mul Inyom; lliimiimn luiilicncc-pcncralcil conlenl,
crowdsoutcintf, liypcilcxl, CA!^ luonkinivncw^ and ||vc Mie/unlnjj-
VI rrlnclplcs ami I'l adlcc* of New Medln 15
Fundmncntftl piinclplcs of online jomnnlisin. Op|Hu(iinilics nnd clmllcn^cs of new
media in (be Nepali context. Contemporary issues of social media. Freedom of
speech vs. privacy nnd dcfmnnlion. Contempt of Court. Intellectual property,
plagiarism nnd copyright.
VII Pracdcnl Work 30
a. Students shall produce a series of news, editorial, analysis, feature story
and multimedia content for an online news portal and post it in groups
under the supervision of a subject teacher,
b. Every student will develop a seminar paper on
^ issue of new media and
online journalism in Nepal, and present it in class seminar. External
cvaluator will be appointed by Examination Controller Office, TU.
Recommended Books:
Balbi, G. & Magaudda, P. (2018). A history ofdigitalmedia an intermedia andglobalperspective.
Routledge.
Barclay, D. A. (2018J. Fake news, propaganda, andplain old lies: How tofind trustworthy information in the
digital age. Rowman & Littlefleld.
Bull, A. (2010). Multimediajournalism: A practicalguide. Routledge
Dewdney, A. & Ride, P. (2006). The new media handbook. Rutledge.
Dhungel, B. (Ed.). (2021). Onlinejournalism handbook Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Law, Office ofthe
Communication Registrar, Bagmati Province, Nepal.
Green, L. (2010). The internet an introduction to new media. Oxford Press.
Pen America. (2017). Faking news: Fraudulent news andthefightfor truth.
Quinn, S. & Filak, V. F. (Eds). (2005). Convergentjournalism: An introduction. Focal Press
Siapera, E. & Veglis, A. (Eds). (2010). The handbook ofglobal onlinejournalism. Wiley Blackwell.
—Taprial, V. & Kanwar, P. (2012). Understanding social media. Bookbooti corti
y
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.1MC-426 G
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Full IVlMiiu: 100
Full Mnrhs for Theory: 70
Pass Mnrlts for Theory: 28
Full Marks for Praclieal: 30
Pass Marks for Praclleal: 12
Lecture Hours: 150
i
Objectives cut- i*
To enable the students to gain knowledge and understai1
^11
^ ^ 0 0
Journa 1Sm
•
To equip the students with an application on principles of photography and photojournalism, visual
reporting and editing, and advanced techniques ofnews reposing an e i ing.
To familiarize the students with advanced professional skills for preparation ofnews stories and news
photo for publication in newspapers, magazines andjournals on general and specialized interest.
Unit
II
HI
IV
V
Unit title and breakdown
History and Development of Photojournalism
Development ofphoto technology. A briefhistory ofphotojournalism. Analogue
and digital photography. Processing ofB/W film and photo. Digital photo
processing technology.
Teaching
hours
Photography and its Role in Photojournalism:
Photography as an art of communication and its importance in journalism.
Principles and theories ofphotojournalism. Types ofphotographs for publication
in newspapers, magazines, journals and online portals. News photo, photo stories,
photo feature/essay. Global opportunity for market and access in
photojournalism. Freelance vs. In-house photojournalism. Legal and ethical
consideration ofphotojournalism. Social responsibility ofphotojoumalists.
Camera and Photo Reporting (Storytelling)
Functions ofa camera. Major parts and accessories. Light and exposure. Camera
landling technique. Privileges and rights. Public and private issues. Imagination,
creativity and photo presentation. Expressive photograph vs. filler photo.
Importance of a photojoumalist in news media. Basic photo knowledge for a
oumalist in digital age. Taking and editing a photograph through smartphone/
iPad/ phablets/ tablets.
Visual Literacy
Concept, elements and scope of visual literacy. Pictorial culture. Archiving of
analogue and digital photography. Knowledge ofphoto resolution and technical
[uality of a photograph. Line illustrations, cartoons and manipMated images.- »
Photo Editing
Selection ofph^tn Basic knowledge anj_skill ofcompile
7
20
30
25
20
25
(#0 editing
15* fy .
-'M

t
i *
VI
software. Minor rclbriniition of a phoio1
pholocioppli^. nminlcnnncc of light,
nnd colour for clarity nncl slmrpncsa of a photo. Hdlting vs. nuuilpulalion.
Limitations of editing, legal and cthicnl cnijcM£rnllon In photo editing.
Practical Exercises
a. Field exercise for photography.
b. Editing nnd minor reformation ofphotography using editing software.
Six to eight-week fieldwork that includes photo assignments or
internships in a news media organisation. External evaluator will be
appointed by Examination Controller Office, TU.
c.
■ %
30
*"
/
Recommended Booles:
Caple, H. (2013). Photojournalism: A social semioticapproach.. Palgrave and Macmillan.
Clark, T. (2011). Digitalphotography compositionfor dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Gervais, T. & Morel, G. (2017). The making ofvisualnews:
^ history ofphotography in thepress.
Bloomsbury.
Good, J, &. Lowe, P. (2017). Understandingphotojournalism. Routledge.
Lister, M. (2013). The photographic image in digitalculture (2nd ed.). Routledge,
Rai S. (2005). Photography digdarshan (Overview ofphotography). Photo Concern.
Roscnblum, N. (2006). A world history ofphotography e
^-)- Abbevilfe^ess.
Warren, L. (Ed.). (2006). Encyclopedia oftwenty-centuryphotogfpph$kQ'I-III). Routledge.
- C V

B,
*«aclejist Journalism
Optional Paper
paper: VI!
JMC-426 c
■ • ''j-i
Full Marks:100
Full Marks for Practical; 30
Lecture Hours: 150
Objectives
To enable the. students to gain specific knowledge on the principles and practices of broadcast
journalism.
To familiarise students with professional skills and standards for preparation of news/current affairs and
other programme contents in broadcast media.
This course of study is divided into two streams of broadcast media: "Radio Journalism" and "Television
Journalism" options. Students shall choose one stream (Radio journalism or Television journalism) out
of these two which are separated by "Or".
RADIO JOURNALISM (Optional)
Introduction to Radio Journalism
Introduction to the radio. Evolution of radio broadcasting, radio equipment in field
and studio. Role and relevance of radio in comparison with print, television and
online media. Differences between print, television and radio journalism.
Effectiveness ofradio media in developing countries like Nepal.
Basic Elements and Formats of Radio Programme Production
Types and formats of radio programmes. Popular radio programme formats in Nepal,
formal/public events, disasters and emergency situations. Streaming from social
media and various digital apps. Special programmes on children, women, senior
citizens, minorities, and differently-abled people. Commercials and Public Service
Announcements.
Teaching
hours
40
40
III News Reporting, Editing and Presentation
News operation in radio. News/editorial meeting. Assignment. Sources of broadcast,
and balance in the news story. Ethical considerations on news process. Sustainable
development perspectives of radio news and cunent affairs programme.
30
IV
Ethics and Law in Radio Journalisni.
Constitutional and legal provisions regarding radio broadcasting in Nepal. Rightrio*
information, privacy, defamation and^ontempt of Court. Ethical consideralibhsji^
10
radio journalism.
.a
v-

Practical Exercises
a. Classroom ussigtimcnls to cover cuticul events nitd issues, conduct
interviews, research assignments nnd wrilcing script.
b. The students will produce radio foaiures, radio vox-pop, radio magazines and
radio news bulletins under the supervision of subject teacher.
c. The students will work as an intern In a broadcast station, and develop a
progress report for tlnnl evaluation. Hnc'1
student will present the products
they made during the internship. Their evaluation will be made by internal
and external evaluators. External evaluator will be appointed by Examination
Controller Office, TU.
Recommended Books:
Fleming, C, (2010). Hie radio handbook. (3rd ed.), Routledge-
Kharel P. (2005), Sounds ofradio broadcasting. Nepal Association of Media Educators.
Kharel, P. & Deuja. D. K. (2003). Radiokami: Awadharana ra abhyas (Radioperson: Concept and practice). '
Luitel, G. R. (2009). Radio utpadan (Radio production: Radio is magic). Nepal Forum of Environmental
Journalists/Radio Sagarmatha.
Mainali, R. et al. (2002). Samudayik radio: Prasharan nirdeshika (Community radio; Broadcasting
guidelines). Community Radio Support Center/Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists.
Paudyal B. (2059 RS).-Radio karyakram (Radio Programme). Community Radio Support Centre/Nepal Forum
ofEnvironmental Journalists.
Want P. et al. (Eds,). (2004). Radio Nepaiko samajik itihas (Social history ofRadio Nepal). Martin Chautari.
Bhandari, T. (2017). Radiopatrakarita (RadiojoumalisrpJ;,Heritage Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd.
Wi • - - • - - -- - ---
10
i

Or
TELEVISION JOURNALISM (Oplionul)
Unit Unit Title ami llrenlalown Tcacliinj
liours
Introduction to Television Journalism
Introduction to broadcast journalism. Medium of sound and visual in historical, as
well as technological perspectives. Pnniiliarisalion with television equipments, Hole
and relevance of broadcast media in coinP'ir
's011 w
'''' 0
''lcr
media. Dif/crcnccs
between print and broadcast journalism. Television journalism as a career. Relevance
and effectiveness of television journalism i" ''ie wor
'c
' w
'''1 s
Pcc
ia
l references to
Nepal
40
Basic Elements of Television Programme Pr0l
'lic
''0
.n
Types and formats of television programmes. Techniques of writing and preparing
news, report and current affairs programmes. Scnptwriting for television in
connection with visual footage. Interviews, s
'1
°ws
panel^ discussions on
current affairs issues. Production of documentary and newsreels. Live coverage on
from social media and various digital apps, Vox-pops and interviews on the spot
Special programmes on children, women, senior citizens, minorities and
differently-abled people. Commercials and PublicService Announcement
40
III
IV
News Reporting, Editing and Presentation
Sources of television news. News collection techniques. Role of camera and shots in
television reporting. Television news writing and editing. Television news
presentation. Authenticity, diversity, balance and completeness in a news story.
Ethical considerations on television journalism. Social, cultural and developmental
perspective oftelevision news reporting.
30
Broadcasting Ethics and Law
Ethical considerations on television journalism. Ethical values for television media
and journalists. Constitutional and legal provisions for television broadcasting in
Nepal.
10
Practical Exercises
a. Classroom assignments to cover current events and issues, conduct interviews,
research and writing script.
b. The students shall produce documentaries, vox-pops, talk shows and television
news bulletins under the supervision ofsubject teacher,
c. The students shall work as an intern at a television station and develop a
progress report for the final evaluation. Each student will present his/her
performance report in class and internal,examinations where external
evaluators will evaluate it. External evaluator will be appointed by
Examination Controller Office, TU.
30
h
C?OT
^commended Books:
Lonald, R. (2004). Fundamental oftelevision procfegjjgk Surjeet
Gormly, E. K. (2005). Writing andproducing^
IPIf" S
|rj
"eet
c.
Ui

^Ilerson, G. & Owens, J. (2009). Tek.lsimprodl,ai„ (,4(1, ed.), l ocal Press.
jesentha1
, A & Eckhardl, N. (2016). Wriltag, dimmg. a«dP'odmins doewnmaryfdm md Jigiul video:
(5th ed.). Southern Illinois University Press.
Shook, F. (2006). Televisionfieldproduction and reporting. Pearson Education.
Shook, F., Larson, J. & DeTarsio, J. (2018), Televisionfieldproduction andreporting (7lh ed,), Routledge.
White, T. & Bamas, F. (2010). Broadcast news: Writing, reporting, andproducing (5lh ed,). Focal Press.
Wolff, M. (2015). Television is the new television: The unexpected triumph ofold media in the digital age.
Portfolio/Penguin
ZettI, H. (2006). Televisionproduction handbook (9th ed.|;; Thomson/Wadsworth.
y.
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Journalistic Writing
Compulsory Paper
I paper: VIII
JMC-427
Objectives
Full Marks:!00
Full Maries for Practical; 40
Pass Marks for Practical; 16
Lecture Hours; 150
To enhance understanding and practical skills ofwriting for media.
To equip the students with innovative methods and techniques ofmedia writing and presentation.
To prepare students for specific skills of summarizing, paraphrasing, and reviewing various
types ofmedia content.
Unit
II
Unit Title and Breakdown Teaching
hours
Introduction to Writing for Journalism
Preparing for writing. Understanding persuasion strategies, identifying facts and
claims, generating angles, and developing a critical approach to writing.
Writing approaches for key journalistic areas. News, feature, commentaries,
columns, editorial, and opinion. Profile writing of prominent media persons and
media educators covering their life, struggle, and contribution to journalism
sector.
Language ingredients for journalistic writing: Stmcture, coherence, transition,
and parallelism.
40
Writing for Distinct Media Genres
Writing for different media: Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and online
media.
Writing ingredients for specific content types: Preparing notes and formats for
interviews, panel discussions, and talk programs, and writing styles for
specialized stories.
Content visualization: Using infographics in the form ofcharts, diagrams,
cartoons, statistics, images, and animations.
Preparing Draft
Stages in planning: Organizing information under certain themes and finding
proper angle.
over
drafline
; W
?,in8 k,dl%,d
pmeraphs. Following the
principles of sourcing. Avoiding misrepresentation anH u- j
facts with quotes and transitions < f biases
' ^ supporting
K J/ / -jr.
40
r.
20
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Reviewing the Draft
Considering possible effects: Assessing the prospective meaning and effect of the
story. Scanning ethical and, legal considerations.
Revising the draft stories. Improving (lie story by avoiding possible harmful
effects, biases, under and over-representation of the story components such as
facts, sources, and supporting details,
A. Practical Exercises
a. Writing and producing various forms of diverse media content
(newspaper, magazine, radio, television and online).
b. Writing profiles of prominent media persons and media educators
covering their life, struggle, and contribution made to journalism sector.
3. Evaluation
a) Each student will make a presentation in the class about the
assignment.
b) Every student will work under the supervision of the class teacher.
c) The final evaluation will be made in presence of external and internal
examiners. An external evaluator will be appointed by Examination
Controller Office, TU.
10
40
Recommended Books:
Alfano, C., & Alyssa, O. (2017). Envision in depth: Reading, writing, and researching arguments. Pearson.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(7th ed.).
Belcher, W. L. (2009). Writingyourjournal article. Sage. :4
Brooks, B. S. Kennedy, G., Moen, D. R. & Ranly, D. (2014). News reporting and writing (11th ed.)>^ V
Bedford/St. Martin's.
Greene, S., & Lidinsky, A. (2016). From inquiry to academic writing (3rd ed.), Bedford/St Martin's.
Billiard, R. L. (2015). Writingfor television, radio, and new media. Cengage Learning.
•fta, S. C. (2016). Chandralal Jha: Kalamko swabhiman sipahi (Chandralal Jha: Dignified fighter ofpen). Sunil
Chandra Jha.
Lu
nsford, A. A., Ruszkiewez, J. H., & Walters, K. (2019). Everything's argument with readings (8th ed.).
Bedford/St. Martin's.
bencher, M. (2011). Melvin Mencher's news reporting and writing (12th ed.). McGraw HHL
^e
gmee, R. & Khanal, C. (20002). Samacharkarmi. Nepal Press Institute. NAME. '-44.. '3
•Shanna, B., Mainali, R., Luitel, G. R. & Khanal, J. (Eds.). (2017). Patrakaritakq saiifaP(A pioneer of
journalism). Brajesh Raj Shanma.
^ J. (2016). Style: Lessons in clarity and grace. (12th ed.). Pearson
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Curriculum For Four Year Bachelor Level In Journalism And Mass Communications 2019 Dean's Office BAJMC Syllabus 2076, Tribhuvan University Faculty Of Humanities And Social Sciences

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