It is about crystalography abot the geology

1. CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

2. Matter
• Any substance which has mass and occupies space
• All physical objects are composed of matter.

3. Solids:
• Objects with definite size and shape are
known as solids.
• Incompressible, Rigid, Mechanically strong,
Atoms are closely packed.
Liquids & Gases:
• Atoms or molecules are not fixed and
cannot form any shape and size. They gain
the shape and size of the container.
• Atoms are loosely packed.

4. i) Crystalline Solids:
The solids in which atoms ormolecules arearrangedin a
regular and orderly manner in three dimension are called
Crystalline Solids.
Ex: i)Metallic: Gold,Silver, Aluminium
ii) Non-Metallic: Diamond,
Silicon, Quartz, Graphiteetc.,
Solidsareclassifiedinto two categories

5. ii) Amorphous Solids
The solids in which atoms or molecules are not arranged in
a regular and orderly manner in three dimension are called
Amorphous Solids
Ex: Glass,Plastic, rubber

7. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

8. Crystal lattice (Space lattice)
It is geometric arrangement of matters (atoms, ions, molecules)
Characters of lattice

10. Unit Cell
• The smallest possible portion or geometrical figure
of crystal lattice and which buildup by repetition in
three dimensions, is called unit cell.
(or)
It is a fundamental elementary pattern.
•
• This unit cell is basic structural unit or building
blocks of the crystal structure

11. UNIT CELL TYPES
Primitive lattice (P)
Centered lattice (I):
• Primitive lattice (P) :
In this lattice the unit cell
consists of eight corner
atoms.

12. Centered lattice (I):
• Body Centered Unit Cells
• Face Centered Unit Cells
• End Centered Unit Cells
Body Centered Unit Cells(B)

13. • Face Centered lattice (F):

14. • Base Centered lattice (C):
• In this lattice along with the corner atoms,
the base and opposite face will have centre
atoms

16. Crystal Element Face
Edge
Solid angle
These 3 crystal elements be an a mathematical relationship is called a Euler’s Formula
Euler’s formula is F + A=E+2

17. The angle found between a pair of adjacent faces of a crystal..
Interfacial angle

18. Symmetry operation
Is an operation that can be performed either physically or
imaginatively on crystal with reference to Plane, Axis, Point
within its mass.
Symmetry operation achieved by
•Rotating the crystal in particular axis
•Select the plane which shows mirrorimage
•Select the point which shows equidistance

21. Thisisa line about which the crystal may be rotated soasto showthe sameview of
the crystal more than onceper rotation.

22. There are four axis of symmetry :-
• Onthe rotation aboutthe axis, if the samefacesorsame view occurs 2times, the axis termed
asDiad axisor two fold axis.
• Onthe rotation aboutthe axis, , if the samefacesorsameview occurs3times, the axistermed as
Triad axisorthree fold axis .
• Onthe rotation aboutthe axis, if the samefacesorsameview occurs4times, the axistermedas
Tetrad axisorfour fold axis.
• Onthe rotation aboutthe axis, , if the samefacesorsameview occurs6times, the axistermed as
Hexad axisorsix fold axis .

23. Centre of Symmetry:-
It is a imaginary point in the crystal that any line drawn
through it intersects the surface of the crystal at equal
distance on either side
Center of symmetry is the point from
which all similar faces are equidistant.

24. Primary Structure in Sedimentary Rock
•Structures developed in sedimentary rock.
•Developed during the time of deposition or recently after
deposition.
•Generally three-dimensional physical features of
sedimentary rocks that can be easily identify in the field.

25. Primary Structure in Sedimentary Rock
1. Bed / Bedding Plane
2. Graded bedding
3. Ripple marks
4. Cross bedding
5. Mud crack
6. Sole mark
7. Tracks and imprints
8. Rain drop impressions

26. Sedimentary Structure
• Bed /Bedding Plane
 Layers of sedimentary rock is called bed
 Top and bottom of the bed is bedding plane
 Thickness varies from mm to km
 It may be vertical, horizontal or inclined
Bed

27. Sedimentary Structure
• Graded bedding
 Bed based on sediment during deposition
 Velocity plays the major role
 Normally & reversely graded bedding

28. Sedimentary Structure
• Ripple marks
 Wavy structure developed on sedimentary rock
 Developed at shallow water environment
 Symmetric or oscillation & asymmetric or current
ripple marks

29. Ripple marks
Symmetrical ripple mark
Also known is oscillation ripple mark.
They are symmetrical in shape.
They have broad trough and sharp
crest.
They are found in static water like
pond.
They shows younging direction.
They helps to determine order of
superposition.
Asymmetrical ripple mark
Also known as current ripple mark.
They are asymmetrical in shape.
They have rounded Crest and trough.
They are formed in moving water like
river.
They do not show younging direction.
That helps to determine the flow
direction.

30. Sedimentary Structure
• Cross bedding
 Formed at inclined surface
 Layers or beds cross cut each other

31. Sedimentary Structure
• Mud cracks
 Structure developed due to water content in
sediment
 Dried and shrinkage of sediments
 Polygonal in shape

32. Sedimentary Structure
• Sole mark
 Grooves or irregularities preserved in beds.
 Typically an infilling (cast) of a depression in
the underlying bed.
 Erosional marks form by scouring.

33. Sedimentary Structure
Tracks and imprints
 Imprint fossils are formed in clay and silt sediment.
 Imprint are also known as impression fossils
 Imprint fossils are formed from an organism moving in
some way, leaving behind a trace or track.

34. Rain drop
impression
When raindrop or hailstone hits soft or fine grained sediment ,
visible pit likely structure is seen in the bed called rain drop
imprints.

35. Significant of Primary Structure
•Determination of young direction (order of superposition)
•Identify the over turned beds
•Depositional basin
•To determine age
•History of deformation
•Paleocurrent direction