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Assessment and
evaluation of learning in
a constructivist paradigm
Background
Evaluation
➢ Examination
➢ Rote memorization
➢ Stress
➢ Anxiety
We are concerned about
the ill effects that
examinations have on efforts
to make learning and
teaching meaningful and
joyous for children (NCF 2005)
मूल्यांकन:
➢ इांतिहयन
➢रट कर ्यद करनय
➢िनयव
बच्चों क
े सीखने और ससखयने
को सयर्थक और आनांदम्
बनयने क
े प्र्यसों पर परीक्षयओां
क
े दुष्प्प्रभयव चचांिय कय ववष्
हैं।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
2
What is constructivism?
Constructivism is basically a theory - based on
observation and scientific study - about how
people learn. It says that people construct
their own understanding and knowledge of
the world, through experiencing things and
reflecting on those experiences. When we
encounter something new, we have to
reconcile it with our previous ideas and
experience, maybe changing what we
believe, or maybe discarding the new
information as irrelevant. In any case, we are
active creators of our own knowledge. To do
this, we must ask questions, explore, and assess
what we know.
रचनयवयद मूल रूप से एक ससद्यांि है - अवलोकन और
वैज्ञयतनक अध्््न पर आ्यररि - लोग क
ै से सीखिे हैं।
इसमें कहय ग्य है कक लोग चीजों कय अनुभव करने
और उन अनुभवों को प्रतिबबांबबि करने क
े मयध््म से
दुतन्य की अपनी समझ और ज्ञयन कय तनमयथण करिे हैं।
जब हमें क
ु छ न्य समलिय है, िो हमें इसे अपने वपछले
ववचयरों और अनुभव क
े सयर् समेटनय पड़िय है, हो
सकिय है कक हम जो मयनिे हैं उसे बदल दें, ्य शय्द
नई जयनकयरी को अप्रयसांचगक मयनकर त््यग दें। ककसी
भी मयमले में, हम अपने स्व्ां क
े ज्ञयन क
े सकि्
तनमयथिय हैं। ऐसय करने क
े सलए, हमें प्रश्न पूछनय चयहहए,
अन्वेषण करनय चयहहए और जो हम जयनिे हैं उसकय
आकलन करनय चयहहए।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
3
Basic principles of constructivism for
the learning environment
1. Learning is an active process,
2. The learner has prior knowledge,
and
3. The learner takes responsibility for
their own learning.
-(Yager, 1991; Cobb et al 1992, Magoon, 1977; Hewson &
Hewson, 1988).
4. All knowledge is socially
constructed
1. सीखनय एक सकि् प्रकि्य है,
2. सशक्षयर्ी को पूवथ ज्ञयन है, और
3. सशक्षयर्ी अपने स्व्ां क
े सीखने की
जजम्मेदयरी लेिय है।
4. सवथ ज्ञयन सयमयजजकररत््य ि्यर क
े ले
जयिे
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
4
Constructivist paradigm of
Assessment/ आकलन कय रचनयवयदी
प्रतिमयन
 In the context of constructivist approach ,
assessments need to gauge the progress of
students in achieving the three major
learning outcomes of constructivist
approach: conceptual understanding,
abilities to perform, and understandings
about inquiry.
 All learners come to a learning tasks with
some relevant knowledge, feelings and skills.
Meaningful learning occurs when the
learners seeks to relate new concepts and
propositions to relevant existing concept
and propositions in her/his cognitive
structure (Mintzes, Novak, Wandersee, 2000).
 रचनयवयदी दृजष्प्टकोण क
े सांदभथ में, आकलनों को
रचनयवयदी दृजष्प्टकोण क
े िीन प्रमुख सीखने क
े
पररणयमों को प्रयप्ि करने में छयत्रों की प्रगति को
मयपने की आवश््किय है: वैचयररक समझ, प्रदशथन
करने की क्षमिय और पूछियछ क
े बयरे में समझ।
 सभी सशक्षयर्ी क
ु छ प्रयसांचगक ज्ञयन, भयवनयओां और
कौशल क
े सयर् सीखने क
े कय्थ में आिे हैं। सयर्थक
अच्गम िब होिय है जब सशक्षयर्ी अपनी सांज्ञयनयत्मक
सांरचनय में नई अव्यरणयओां और प्रस्ियवों को
प्रयसांचगक मौजूदय अव्यरणयओां और प्रस्ियवों से जोड़नय
चयहिे हैं (समांटेज़, नोवयक, वयांडरसी, 2000)।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
5
Constructivist paradigm of Assessment/
आकलन कय रचनयवयदी प्रतिमयन
 Assessments are in a meaningful context that is
relevant or has emerging relevance to students
(Brooks & Brooks, 1993).
 The process of learning does not shut down
during assessment (Brooks & Brooks, 1993).
 Assessments are tailored to specific modules
and teaching situations (Zahorik, 1995).
 Assessments include higher-order thinking skills,
i.e., application, evaluation, analysis, synthesis
(Burry-Stock, 1995; Yager, 1991).
 Assessments include the application of
knowledge and comprehension (Zahorik, 1995).
 A range of techniques is used in assessments
(Burry-Stock, 1995; Zahorik, 1995).
 आकलन एक सयर्थक सांदभथ में हैं जो प्रयसांचगक है ्य
छयत्रों क
े सलए उभरिी प्रयसांचगकिय है (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स,
1993)।
 आकलन क
े दौरयन सीखने की प्रकि्य बांद नहीां होिी
(ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993)।
 आकलन ववसशष्प्ट मॉड््ूल और सशक्षण जस्र्ति्ों क
े
अनुरूप होिे हैं (ज़होररक, 1995)।
 आकलन में उच्च-िम सोच कौशल, ्यनी, अनुप्र्ोग,
मूल्यांकन, ववश्लेषण, सांश्लेषण (बरी-स्टॉक, 1995; ्ेजर,
1991) शयसमल हैं।
 आकलन में ज्ञयन और समझ कय अनुप्र्ोग शयसमल है
(ज़यहोररक, 1995)।
 आकलन में कई प्रकयर की िकनीकों कय उप्ोग कक्य
जयिय है (बरी-स्टॉक, 1995; ज़होररक, 1995)।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
6
Constructivist paradigm of Assessment/
आकलन कय रचनयवयदी प्रतिमयन
 आकलन अव्यरणयओां और मुददों और उनक
े सयर् जुड़े िथ््ों और
सबूिों पर बड़े चचत्रों पर ध््यन क
ें हिि करिे हैं (ज़यहोररक, 1995)।
 आकलन में पूछियछ शयसमल है (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993; ्ेजर,
1991)।
 छयत्र बड़े ववचयरों, मुददों और अव्यरणयओां (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स,
1993) कय गहन ववश्लेषण करिे हुए ववस्ियर क
े मयध््म से
प्रयरांसभक सूचनय स्िरों (ज्ञयन और समझ) से परे जयिे हैं।
 छयत्र उन समस््यओां को हल करिे हैं जजनमें वे नए सांदभों में
ज्ञयन कय ववस्ियर और पुन: सांकलपनय (आवयस) करिे हैं (ब्रूक्स एांड
ब्रूक्स, 1993; ओसबोनथ एांड ववटट्रॉक, 1983; ज़होररक, 1995)।
 छयत्र अमूिथ ससद्यांिों और अनुप्र्ोगों (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993;
ओसबोनथ एांड ववटट्रॉक, 1983; ज़होररक, 1995) को समझने क
े
सलए पहले क
े ठोस अनुभवों क
े अनुभवों को सयमयन्् (सांश्लेषण)
करिे हैं।
 छयत्र इसक
े अनुप्र्ोग क
े मयध््म से ज्ञयन कय प्रदशथन करिे हैं
(्ेजर, 1991)।
 छयत्र मल्यांकन क
े दौरयन सहहि सभी पररजस्र्ति्ों में एक दसरे
 Assessments focus on the big pictures on concepts and on issues
and their accompanying facts and evidence (Zahorik, 1995).
 Assessment includes inquiry (Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Yager, 1991).
 Students go beyond initial information levels (knowledge and
comprehension) through elaboration doing an in-depth analysis
of big ideas, issues and concepts (Brooks & Brooks, 1993).
 Students solve problems in which they extend and re-
conceptualize (accommodation) knowledge in new contexts
(Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Osborne & Wittrock, 1983; Zahorik, 1995).
 Students generalize (synthesis) experiences from earlier concrete
experiences to understand abstract theories and applications
(Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Osborne & Wittrock, 1983; Zahorik, 1995).
 Students exhibit knowledge through its application (Yager, 1991).
 Students interact with each other in all circumstances including
during assessments (Zahorik, 1995). 8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
7
Constructivist Assessment/ रचनयवयदी
आकलन
Assessment can be used to build understanding
through reflection and iteration. There is great
promise for deeper understanding and
appreciation of the creative, generative process
we call learning when a student is aware of
scholastic expectations and understands how to
effectively review and critique his or her own work.
This process has three steps:
 The teacher must help students understand from
the outset the criteria by which their work will be
judged.
 Students must document their work process for
the duration of the project or unit.
 Through performance and feedback, students
come to understand the complex nature of
judging and improving upon one´s work.
आकलन कय उप्ोग प्रतिबबांब और पुनरयवृवि क
े मयध््म से
समझ बनयने क
े सलए कक्य जय सकिय है। रचनयत्मक,
सृजनयत्मक प्रकि्य की गहरी समझ और सरयहनय क
े सलए बहुि
अच्छय वयदय है, जजसे हम सीखनय कहिे हैं, जब एक छयत्र शैक्षक्षक
अपेक्षयओां से अवगि होिय है और समझिय है कक क
ै से प्रभयवी
ढांग से अपने कयम की समीक्षय और आलोचनय करनय है। इस
प्रकि्य में िीन चरण होिे हैं:
➢ सशक्षक को छयत्रों को शुरू से ही ्ह समझने में मदद करनी
चयहहए कक उनक
े कयम को ककस मयपदांड से आांकय जयएगय।
➢ छयत्रों को परर्ोजनय ्य इकयई की अवच् क
े सलए अपनी
कय्थ प्रकि्य कय दस्ियवेजीकरण करनय चयहहए।
➢ प्रदशथन और प्रतिकि्य क
े मयध््म से, छयत्र ककसी क
े कयम
पर तनणथ् लेने और उसमें सु्यर करने की जहटल प्रकृ ति को
समझिे हैं। 8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
8
Assessment and Constructivist
Classroom
 In the classroom, the constructivist view of
learning can point towards a number of different
teaching practices. In the most general sense, it
usually means encouraging students to use
active techniques (experiments, real-world
problem solving) to create more knowledge and
then to reflect on and talk about what they are
doing and how their understanding is changing.
Constructivist teachers encourage students to
constantly assess how the activity is helping them
gain understanding. By questioning themselves
and their strategies, students in the constructivist
classroom ideally become "expert learners." This
gives them ever-broadening tools to keep
learning. With a well-planned classroom
environment, the students learn HOW TO LEARN.
 कक्षय में, सीखने कय रचनयवयदी दृजष्प्टकोण कई अलग-
अलग सशक्षण प्रर्यओां की ओर इशयरय कर सकिय है।
सबसे सयमयन्् अर्थ में, इसकय आमिौर पर छयत्रों को
अच्क ज्ञयन बनयने क
े सलए सकि् िकनीकों
(प्र्ोगों, वयस्िववक दुतन्य की समस््य समय्यन) कय
उप्ोग करने क
े सलए प्रोत्सयहहि करनय है और किर
इस पर चचांिन करनय और इस बयरे में बयि करनय है
कक वे क््य कर रहे हैं और उनकी समझ क
ै से बदल
रही है। रचनयवयदी सशक्षक छयत्रों को लगयियर ्ह
आकलन करने क
े सलए प्रोत्सयहहि करिे हैं कक
गतिववच् उन्हें समझने में क
ै से मदद कर रही है।
स्व्ां और उनकी रणनीति्ों पर सवयल उठयकर,
रचनयवयदी कक्षय क
े छयत्र आदशथ रूप से "ववशेषज्ञ
सशक्षयर्ी" बन जयिे हैं। ्ह उन्हें सीखिे रहने क
े सलए
हमेशय ववस्िृि करने वयले टूल देिय है। एक
सुतन्ोजजि कक्षय वयियवरण क
े सयर्, छयत्र सीखिे हैं
कक क
ै से सीखनय है।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
9
Assessment and Constructivist
Classroom
 Constructivism transforms the student
from a passive recipient of
information to an active participant
in the learning process. Guided by
the teacher, students construct their
knowledge actively rather than just
mechanically ingesting knowledge
from the teacher or the textbook.
 रचनयवयद छयत्र को सूचनय क
े तनजष्प्ि्
प्रयप्िकियथ से सीखने की प्रकि्य में एक
सकि् भयगीदयर में बदल देिय है। सशक्षक
दवयरय तनदेसशि, छयत्र सशक्षक ्य
पयठ््पुस्िक से क
े वल ्यांबत्रक रूप से ज्ञयन
अांिर्ग्थहण करने क
े बजय् सकि् रूप से
अपने ज्ञयन कय तनमयथण करिे हैं।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
10
Assessment and Constructivist
Classroom
 In the constructivist classroom, the focus
tends to shift from the teacher to the
students. The classroom is no longer a
place where the teacher ("expert") pours
knowledge into passive students, who wait
like empty vessels to be filled. In the
constructivist model, the students are urged
to be actively involved in their own process
of learning. The teacher functions more as
a facilitator who coaches, mediates,
prompts, and helps students develop and
assess their understanding, and thereby
their learning. One of the teacher's biggest
jobs becomes ASKING GOOD QUESTIONS.
 रचनयवयदी कक्षय में, ध््यन सशक्षक से छयत्रों की ओर
स्र्यनयांिररि हो जयिय है। एक कक्षय अब ऐसी जगह
नहीां है जहयां सशक्षक ("ववशेषज्ञ") तनजष्प्ि् छयत्रों में
ज्ञयन डयलिय है, जो खयली बिथन भरने की प्रिीक्षय
करिे हैं। रचनयवयदी मॉडल में, छयत्रों से सीखने की
अपनी प्रकि्य में सकि् रूप से शयसमल होने कय
आर्ग्ह कक्य जयिय है। सशक्षक एक सूत्र्यर क
े रूप में
अच्क कय्थ करिय है जो छयत्रों को उनकी समझ को
ववकससि करने और मूल्यांकन करने में मदद करिय
है, और इस िरह उनक
े सीखने में मदद करिय है।
अच्छे प्रश्न पूछनय सशक्षक क
े सबसे बड़े कय्ों में से
एक है।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
11
Assessment and Constructivist
Classroom
 Constructivist teachers pose questions
and problems, then guide students to
help them find their own answers. They
use many techniques in the teaching
process. For example, they may:
 prompt students to formulate their own
questions (inquiry),
 allow multiple interpretations and
expressions of learning (multiple
intelligences),
 encourage group work and the use of
peers as resources (collaborative
learning).
 रचनयवयदी सशक्षक प्रश्न और समस््यएँ प्रस्िुि करिे
हैं, किर छयत्रों को उनक
े स्व्ां क
े उिर खोजने में
मदद करने क
े सलए मयगथदशथन करिे हैं। वे सशक्षण
प्रकि्य में कई िकनीकों कय उप्ोग करिे हैं।
उदयहरण क
े सलए, वे कर सकिे हैं:
 छयत्रों को अपने स्व्ां क
े प्रश्न (पूछियछ) िै्यर करने
क
े सलए प्रेररि करें,
 सीखने की कई व््यख््यओां और असभव््जक्ि्ों की
अनुमति दें (एकयच्क बुदच्),
 समूह कय्थ और सयचर््ों क
े सांसय्नों क
े रूप में
उप्ोग (सह्ोगी सशक्षय) को प्रोत्सयहहि करनय।
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
12
Characteristics of Constructivist
Assessment
 Constructivist approach to assessment is a
formative rather than a summative.
 Its purpose is to improve the quality of student
learning, not to provide evidence for evaluating
or grading students.
 Assessment have to respond to the particular
needs and characteristics of the teachers,
students and content.
 Assessment is context-specific: what works well in
one class will not necessarily work in another.
 Assessment is ongoing process. Teachers get
feedback from students of their learning.
Teachers then complete the loop by providing
students with feedback on the results of the
assessment and suggestions for improving
learning.
 मूल्मयपनयचय रचनयवयदी दृष्प्टीकोन सयरयांशयत्मक
ऐवजी रचनयत्मक आहे.
 त््यचय उददेश ववद्यथ््यांच््य सशक्षणयची गुणविय
सु्यरणे हय आहे, ववद्यथ््यांचे मूल्मयपन ककां वय
र्ग्ेडडांगसयठी पुरयवे प्रदयन करणे नयही.
 मूल्यांकनयलय सशक्षक, ववद्यर्ी आणण सयमर्ग्ी ्यांच््य
ववसशष्प्ट गरजय आणण वैसशष्प्ट्यांनय प्रतिसयद द्यवय
लयगिो.
 मूल्मयपन हे सांदभथ-ववसशष्प्ट असिे: जे एकय वगयथि
चयांगले कयम करिे िे दुसऱ््य वगयथि कयम करेलच
असे नयही.
 मूल्यांकन प्रकि्य चयलू आहे. सशक्षकयांनय त््यांच््य
सशकण््यच््य ववद्यथ््यांकडून असभप्रय् समळियि.
सशक्षक त््यनांिर ववद्यथ््यांनय मूल्यांकनयच््य
तनकयलयांवर िीडबॅक देऊन आणण सशक्षण
सु्यरण््यसयठी सूचनय देऊन पळवयट पूणथ करियि.
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
13
Mejor shift from behaviourist to
constructivists
Aspects Behaviourists Cunstructivists
The aim of assessment To evaluate students learning
and make grading
To promotes learning and
development
Process Summative and primarily tests rote
memorization skills
more regular and formative, is
more competency-based,
Out put Judgment/ grading Ooptimize learning and
development for all
students.
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
14
Reference
NCF 2005
http://www.iqst.upol.cz/e-learning/m1/e-learning-m1-u2.php
https://www.simplypsychology.org/constructivism.html
https://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/
8/4/2022
Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY
15

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Constructivist paradigm of assessment and evaluation

  • 1. Assessment and evaluation of learning in a constructivist paradigm
  • 2. Background Evaluation ➢ Examination ➢ Rote memorization ➢ Stress ➢ Anxiety We are concerned about the ill effects that examinations have on efforts to make learning and teaching meaningful and joyous for children (NCF 2005) मूल्यांकन: ➢ इांतिहयन ➢रट कर ्यद करनय ➢िनयव बच्चों क े सीखने और ससखयने को सयर्थक और आनांदम् बनयने क े प्र्यसों पर परीक्षयओां क े दुष्प्प्रभयव चचांिय कय ववष् हैं। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 2
  • 3. What is constructivism? Constructivism is basically a theory - based on observation and scientific study - about how people learn. It says that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. When we encounter something new, we have to reconcile it with our previous ideas and experience, maybe changing what we believe, or maybe discarding the new information as irrelevant. In any case, we are active creators of our own knowledge. To do this, we must ask questions, explore, and assess what we know. रचनयवयद मूल रूप से एक ससद्यांि है - अवलोकन और वैज्ञयतनक अध्््न पर आ्यररि - लोग क ै से सीखिे हैं। इसमें कहय ग्य है कक लोग चीजों कय अनुभव करने और उन अनुभवों को प्रतिबबांबबि करने क े मयध््म से दुतन्य की अपनी समझ और ज्ञयन कय तनमयथण करिे हैं। जब हमें क ु छ न्य समलिय है, िो हमें इसे अपने वपछले ववचयरों और अनुभव क े सयर् समेटनय पड़िय है, हो सकिय है कक हम जो मयनिे हैं उसे बदल दें, ्य शय्द नई जयनकयरी को अप्रयसांचगक मयनकर त््यग दें। ककसी भी मयमले में, हम अपने स्व्ां क े ज्ञयन क े सकि् तनमयथिय हैं। ऐसय करने क े सलए, हमें प्रश्न पूछनय चयहहए, अन्वेषण करनय चयहहए और जो हम जयनिे हैं उसकय आकलन करनय चयहहए। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 3
  • 4. Basic principles of constructivism for the learning environment 1. Learning is an active process, 2. The learner has prior knowledge, and 3. The learner takes responsibility for their own learning. -(Yager, 1991; Cobb et al 1992, Magoon, 1977; Hewson & Hewson, 1988). 4. All knowledge is socially constructed 1. सीखनय एक सकि् प्रकि्य है, 2. सशक्षयर्ी को पूवथ ज्ञयन है, और 3. सशक्षयर्ी अपने स्व्ां क े सीखने की जजम्मेदयरी लेिय है। 4. सवथ ज्ञयन सयमयजजकररत््य ि्यर क े ले जयिे 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 4
  • 5. Constructivist paradigm of Assessment/ आकलन कय रचनयवयदी प्रतिमयन  In the context of constructivist approach , assessments need to gauge the progress of students in achieving the three major learning outcomes of constructivist approach: conceptual understanding, abilities to perform, and understandings about inquiry.  All learners come to a learning tasks with some relevant knowledge, feelings and skills. Meaningful learning occurs when the learners seeks to relate new concepts and propositions to relevant existing concept and propositions in her/his cognitive structure (Mintzes, Novak, Wandersee, 2000).  रचनयवयदी दृजष्प्टकोण क े सांदभथ में, आकलनों को रचनयवयदी दृजष्प्टकोण क े िीन प्रमुख सीखने क े पररणयमों को प्रयप्ि करने में छयत्रों की प्रगति को मयपने की आवश््किय है: वैचयररक समझ, प्रदशथन करने की क्षमिय और पूछियछ क े बयरे में समझ।  सभी सशक्षयर्ी क ु छ प्रयसांचगक ज्ञयन, भयवनयओां और कौशल क े सयर् सीखने क े कय्थ में आिे हैं। सयर्थक अच्गम िब होिय है जब सशक्षयर्ी अपनी सांज्ञयनयत्मक सांरचनय में नई अव्यरणयओां और प्रस्ियवों को प्रयसांचगक मौजूदय अव्यरणयओां और प्रस्ियवों से जोड़नय चयहिे हैं (समांटेज़, नोवयक, वयांडरसी, 2000)। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 5
  • 6. Constructivist paradigm of Assessment/ आकलन कय रचनयवयदी प्रतिमयन  Assessments are in a meaningful context that is relevant or has emerging relevance to students (Brooks & Brooks, 1993).  The process of learning does not shut down during assessment (Brooks & Brooks, 1993).  Assessments are tailored to specific modules and teaching situations (Zahorik, 1995).  Assessments include higher-order thinking skills, i.e., application, evaluation, analysis, synthesis (Burry-Stock, 1995; Yager, 1991).  Assessments include the application of knowledge and comprehension (Zahorik, 1995).  A range of techniques is used in assessments (Burry-Stock, 1995; Zahorik, 1995).  आकलन एक सयर्थक सांदभथ में हैं जो प्रयसांचगक है ्य छयत्रों क े सलए उभरिी प्रयसांचगकिय है (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993)।  आकलन क े दौरयन सीखने की प्रकि्य बांद नहीां होिी (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993)।  आकलन ववसशष्प्ट मॉड््ूल और सशक्षण जस्र्ति्ों क े अनुरूप होिे हैं (ज़होररक, 1995)।  आकलन में उच्च-िम सोच कौशल, ्यनी, अनुप्र्ोग, मूल्यांकन, ववश्लेषण, सांश्लेषण (बरी-स्टॉक, 1995; ्ेजर, 1991) शयसमल हैं।  आकलन में ज्ञयन और समझ कय अनुप्र्ोग शयसमल है (ज़यहोररक, 1995)।  आकलन में कई प्रकयर की िकनीकों कय उप्ोग कक्य जयिय है (बरी-स्टॉक, 1995; ज़होररक, 1995)। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 6
  • 7. Constructivist paradigm of Assessment/ आकलन कय रचनयवयदी प्रतिमयन  आकलन अव्यरणयओां और मुददों और उनक े सयर् जुड़े िथ््ों और सबूिों पर बड़े चचत्रों पर ध््यन क ें हिि करिे हैं (ज़यहोररक, 1995)।  आकलन में पूछियछ शयसमल है (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993; ्ेजर, 1991)।  छयत्र बड़े ववचयरों, मुददों और अव्यरणयओां (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993) कय गहन ववश्लेषण करिे हुए ववस्ियर क े मयध््म से प्रयरांसभक सूचनय स्िरों (ज्ञयन और समझ) से परे जयिे हैं।  छयत्र उन समस््यओां को हल करिे हैं जजनमें वे नए सांदभों में ज्ञयन कय ववस्ियर और पुन: सांकलपनय (आवयस) करिे हैं (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993; ओसबोनथ एांड ववटट्रॉक, 1983; ज़होररक, 1995)।  छयत्र अमूिथ ससद्यांिों और अनुप्र्ोगों (ब्रूक्स एांड ब्रूक्स, 1993; ओसबोनथ एांड ववटट्रॉक, 1983; ज़होररक, 1995) को समझने क े सलए पहले क े ठोस अनुभवों क े अनुभवों को सयमयन्् (सांश्लेषण) करिे हैं।  छयत्र इसक े अनुप्र्ोग क े मयध््म से ज्ञयन कय प्रदशथन करिे हैं (्ेजर, 1991)।  छयत्र मल्यांकन क े दौरयन सहहि सभी पररजस्र्ति्ों में एक दसरे  Assessments focus on the big pictures on concepts and on issues and their accompanying facts and evidence (Zahorik, 1995).  Assessment includes inquiry (Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Yager, 1991).  Students go beyond initial information levels (knowledge and comprehension) through elaboration doing an in-depth analysis of big ideas, issues and concepts (Brooks & Brooks, 1993).  Students solve problems in which they extend and re- conceptualize (accommodation) knowledge in new contexts (Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Osborne & Wittrock, 1983; Zahorik, 1995).  Students generalize (synthesis) experiences from earlier concrete experiences to understand abstract theories and applications (Brooks & Brooks, 1993; Osborne & Wittrock, 1983; Zahorik, 1995).  Students exhibit knowledge through its application (Yager, 1991).  Students interact with each other in all circumstances including during assessments (Zahorik, 1995). 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 7
  • 8. Constructivist Assessment/ रचनयवयदी आकलन Assessment can be used to build understanding through reflection and iteration. There is great promise for deeper understanding and appreciation of the creative, generative process we call learning when a student is aware of scholastic expectations and understands how to effectively review and critique his or her own work. This process has three steps:  The teacher must help students understand from the outset the criteria by which their work will be judged.  Students must document their work process for the duration of the project or unit.  Through performance and feedback, students come to understand the complex nature of judging and improving upon one´s work. आकलन कय उप्ोग प्रतिबबांब और पुनरयवृवि क े मयध््म से समझ बनयने क े सलए कक्य जय सकिय है। रचनयत्मक, सृजनयत्मक प्रकि्य की गहरी समझ और सरयहनय क े सलए बहुि अच्छय वयदय है, जजसे हम सीखनय कहिे हैं, जब एक छयत्र शैक्षक्षक अपेक्षयओां से अवगि होिय है और समझिय है कक क ै से प्रभयवी ढांग से अपने कयम की समीक्षय और आलोचनय करनय है। इस प्रकि्य में िीन चरण होिे हैं: ➢ सशक्षक को छयत्रों को शुरू से ही ्ह समझने में मदद करनी चयहहए कक उनक े कयम को ककस मयपदांड से आांकय जयएगय। ➢ छयत्रों को परर्ोजनय ्य इकयई की अवच् क े सलए अपनी कय्थ प्रकि्य कय दस्ियवेजीकरण करनय चयहहए। ➢ प्रदशथन और प्रतिकि्य क े मयध््म से, छयत्र ककसी क े कयम पर तनणथ् लेने और उसमें सु्यर करने की जहटल प्रकृ ति को समझिे हैं। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 8
  • 9. Assessment and Constructivist Classroom  In the classroom, the constructivist view of learning can point towards a number of different teaching practices. In the most general sense, it usually means encouraging students to use active techniques (experiments, real-world problem solving) to create more knowledge and then to reflect on and talk about what they are doing and how their understanding is changing. Constructivist teachers encourage students to constantly assess how the activity is helping them gain understanding. By questioning themselves and their strategies, students in the constructivist classroom ideally become "expert learners." This gives them ever-broadening tools to keep learning. With a well-planned classroom environment, the students learn HOW TO LEARN.  कक्षय में, सीखने कय रचनयवयदी दृजष्प्टकोण कई अलग- अलग सशक्षण प्रर्यओां की ओर इशयरय कर सकिय है। सबसे सयमयन्् अर्थ में, इसकय आमिौर पर छयत्रों को अच्क ज्ञयन बनयने क े सलए सकि् िकनीकों (प्र्ोगों, वयस्िववक दुतन्य की समस््य समय्यन) कय उप्ोग करने क े सलए प्रोत्सयहहि करनय है और किर इस पर चचांिन करनय और इस बयरे में बयि करनय है कक वे क््य कर रहे हैं और उनकी समझ क ै से बदल रही है। रचनयवयदी सशक्षक छयत्रों को लगयियर ्ह आकलन करने क े सलए प्रोत्सयहहि करिे हैं कक गतिववच् उन्हें समझने में क ै से मदद कर रही है। स्व्ां और उनकी रणनीति्ों पर सवयल उठयकर, रचनयवयदी कक्षय क े छयत्र आदशथ रूप से "ववशेषज्ञ सशक्षयर्ी" बन जयिे हैं। ्ह उन्हें सीखिे रहने क े सलए हमेशय ववस्िृि करने वयले टूल देिय है। एक सुतन्ोजजि कक्षय वयियवरण क े सयर्, छयत्र सीखिे हैं कक क ै से सीखनय है। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 9
  • 10. Assessment and Constructivist Classroom  Constructivism transforms the student from a passive recipient of information to an active participant in the learning process. Guided by the teacher, students construct their knowledge actively rather than just mechanically ingesting knowledge from the teacher or the textbook.  रचनयवयद छयत्र को सूचनय क े तनजष्प्ि् प्रयप्िकियथ से सीखने की प्रकि्य में एक सकि् भयगीदयर में बदल देिय है। सशक्षक दवयरय तनदेसशि, छयत्र सशक्षक ्य पयठ््पुस्िक से क े वल ्यांबत्रक रूप से ज्ञयन अांिर्ग्थहण करने क े बजय् सकि् रूप से अपने ज्ञयन कय तनमयथण करिे हैं। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 10
  • 11. Assessment and Constructivist Classroom  In the constructivist classroom, the focus tends to shift from the teacher to the students. The classroom is no longer a place where the teacher ("expert") pours knowledge into passive students, who wait like empty vessels to be filled. In the constructivist model, the students are urged to be actively involved in their own process of learning. The teacher functions more as a facilitator who coaches, mediates, prompts, and helps students develop and assess their understanding, and thereby their learning. One of the teacher's biggest jobs becomes ASKING GOOD QUESTIONS.  रचनयवयदी कक्षय में, ध््यन सशक्षक से छयत्रों की ओर स्र्यनयांिररि हो जयिय है। एक कक्षय अब ऐसी जगह नहीां है जहयां सशक्षक ("ववशेषज्ञ") तनजष्प्ि् छयत्रों में ज्ञयन डयलिय है, जो खयली बिथन भरने की प्रिीक्षय करिे हैं। रचनयवयदी मॉडल में, छयत्रों से सीखने की अपनी प्रकि्य में सकि् रूप से शयसमल होने कय आर्ग्ह कक्य जयिय है। सशक्षक एक सूत्र्यर क े रूप में अच्क कय्थ करिय है जो छयत्रों को उनकी समझ को ववकससि करने और मूल्यांकन करने में मदद करिय है, और इस िरह उनक े सीखने में मदद करिय है। अच्छे प्रश्न पूछनय सशक्षक क े सबसे बड़े कय्ों में से एक है। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 11
  • 12. Assessment and Constructivist Classroom  Constructivist teachers pose questions and problems, then guide students to help them find their own answers. They use many techniques in the teaching process. For example, they may:  prompt students to formulate their own questions (inquiry),  allow multiple interpretations and expressions of learning (multiple intelligences),  encourage group work and the use of peers as resources (collaborative learning).  रचनयवयदी सशक्षक प्रश्न और समस््यएँ प्रस्िुि करिे हैं, किर छयत्रों को उनक े स्व्ां क े उिर खोजने में मदद करने क े सलए मयगथदशथन करिे हैं। वे सशक्षण प्रकि्य में कई िकनीकों कय उप्ोग करिे हैं। उदयहरण क े सलए, वे कर सकिे हैं:  छयत्रों को अपने स्व्ां क े प्रश्न (पूछियछ) िै्यर करने क े सलए प्रेररि करें,  सीखने की कई व््यख््यओां और असभव््जक्ि्ों की अनुमति दें (एकयच्क बुदच्),  समूह कय्थ और सयचर््ों क े सांसय्नों क े रूप में उप्ोग (सह्ोगी सशक्षय) को प्रोत्सयहहि करनय। 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 12
  • 13. Characteristics of Constructivist Assessment  Constructivist approach to assessment is a formative rather than a summative.  Its purpose is to improve the quality of student learning, not to provide evidence for evaluating or grading students.  Assessment have to respond to the particular needs and characteristics of the teachers, students and content.  Assessment is context-specific: what works well in one class will not necessarily work in another.  Assessment is ongoing process. Teachers get feedback from students of their learning. Teachers then complete the loop by providing students with feedback on the results of the assessment and suggestions for improving learning.  मूल्मयपनयचय रचनयवयदी दृष्प्टीकोन सयरयांशयत्मक ऐवजी रचनयत्मक आहे.  त््यचय उददेश ववद्यथ््यांच््य सशक्षणयची गुणविय सु्यरणे हय आहे, ववद्यथ््यांचे मूल्मयपन ककां वय र्ग्ेडडांगसयठी पुरयवे प्रदयन करणे नयही.  मूल्यांकनयलय सशक्षक, ववद्यर्ी आणण सयमर्ग्ी ्यांच््य ववसशष्प्ट गरजय आणण वैसशष्प्ट्यांनय प्रतिसयद द्यवय लयगिो.  मूल्मयपन हे सांदभथ-ववसशष्प्ट असिे: जे एकय वगयथि चयांगले कयम करिे िे दुसऱ््य वगयथि कयम करेलच असे नयही.  मूल्यांकन प्रकि्य चयलू आहे. सशक्षकयांनय त््यांच््य सशकण््यच््य ववद्यथ््यांकडून असभप्रय् समळियि. सशक्षक त््यनांिर ववद्यथ््यांनय मूल्यांकनयच््य तनकयलयांवर िीडबॅक देऊन आणण सशक्षण सु्यरण््यसयठी सूचनय देऊन पळवयट पूणथ करियि. 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 13
  • 14. Mejor shift from behaviourist to constructivists Aspects Behaviourists Cunstructivists The aim of assessment To evaluate students learning and make grading To promotes learning and development Process Summative and primarily tests rote memorization skills more regular and formative, is more competency-based, Out put Judgment/ grading Ooptimize learning and development for all students. 8/4/2022 Dr. Mahesh Koltame CC-BY 14