In this presentation i described citrus fruits and a minor fruit crop hazelnut.

1. PRESENTION ON Citrus fruits &
Hazelnut
MAHATMA GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE & FORESTRY SANKARA PATAN DURG C.G. 491111
Pt. K.L.S. COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE & RESEARCH STATION RAJNANDGAON (C.G.)
COURSE NO. : FSC 501 COURSE TITLE :
SUBTROPICAL AND TEMPERATE FRUIT PRODUCTION
CREDIT : 3(2+1)
SUBMITED TO :
Dr. Abhay Bisen
Department of Fruit Science
Pt.kls chrs
SUBMITED BY :
Pranjal Pandey
M.Sc (Hort.) Fruit
Science
Previous Year

2. Citrus fruits

3. Introduction
 Botanical name :- Citrus spp.
 Family:- Rutaceace
 Chromosome no. :- 18
 Origin of citrus fruits is South East Asia, including South China, North East India
and Burma.
 Citrus means fruit of godly tree.
 Study of cultivation of citrus :- citriculture
 Citrus fruits are non climatric in nature

4. Important species of citrus fruits:-
Common name Botanical name Features
Acid lime / kagzi lime Citrus aurantifolia Tenderest among citrus species
Rangpur lime Citrus limettoids Rootstock and ornamental
species
Lemon C. limon Flower colour purple
Rough Lemon C. Jambhiri Tolerant to tristeza and exocortis
Citron C. medica Commonly used for pickling
Sweet orange / tight skin orange C.sinensis
Mandarin/ Tangerine/ Loose skin
/ jacket orange
C.reticulata No. Of segments:10-14
Pummelo/ shaddock C.grandis Monoembryonic species
Grapefruit/pommelo/
Forbidden fruit
C.paradisi Contains naringin (bitter
glucosides) Anti malarial activity

5. Area and production:-
 India is 4th largest producer of citrus fruits in the world.
 Leading producing countries :– Brazil>USA>China
 Leading citrus producing states:- AP>MH> MP
 Leading sweet orange producers:- Telangana>AP> MH
 Leading lime/lemon producers:- AP>Gj>Telangana
 Leading mandarins producers:- Punjab>MP>MH
 In the world citrus is dominated by sweet orange 64% contribution followed by
mandarins with 20%.

6. Climate
 Tropical to subtropical climate with moderate rainfall i.e., 750 mm and
absence of strong winds are ideally suited to kagzi lime and Sweet orange.
They can be grown successfully even up to an elevation of 900m above mean
sea level.
Soil
A well-drained loamy soil of uniform texture upto depth of 2-3 m having good
fertility is considered ideal for its cultivation. The plant is highly sensitive to
water-logged situation. Heavy soils, if well drained, yield good crops but the
cultivation becomes difficult pH 6.5 to 7.5 ideal.The water table should not rise
within one metre from ground level. A high water table for permanent or
fluctuating nature and low lying locations are unsuitable

7. Propagation
 Generally acid lime is propagation by seed and sweet oranges by budding. For
raising seedlings, freshly extracted seeds should be sown, 2.5cm X 7.5 cm
apart on raised seed beds prepared from well pulverized and heavily manured
soil with decayed leaf mold or well-rotted cow dung. The seeds are sown in
May-June or September-October and the seedlings will be ready for
transplanting after 6 to 8 months of sowing. In case of acid lime, when they
attain pencil thickness. Bud material should be procured from the virus free
parent trees.
 The seedbeds are taken care of to be free from damping-off by drenching the
soil with 1% Bordeaux mixture/metalaxyl 3g/lit of water. In the case of acid
lime and lemon lime root stocks can be used.
 Sweet lime- by layering and hardwood cutting
 Rangpur lime - seeds

8. Pruning and Training
The plants should be trained to grow straight and to build a strong frame work.
Root-stock sprouts, water suckers and dead wood should be removed periodically
and the cut ends are smeared with Bordeaux paste.
Varieties :
Acid lime:
1.Pramalini: Tolerant to canker
2.Chakradhar: Seedless variety
3.Vikram : offseason
4. Sai sarbati: Tolerant to tristeza
Lemon : Lisbon, Villafranca, Lucknow seedless , kagzi kalan, Pant lemon 1 (self
incompatible)
Sweet orange :
1. Hamlin:Early variety
2. Blood red Malta: mid season variety
3. Mosambi
4. Valancia

9. Mandarin:
1. Japanese satsuma
2. King Mandarin।
3. Willow leaf
4. Kinnow Mandarin – King × willow leaf (C.nobilis×C.deliciousa)
Kinnow Mandarin developed by H.B Frost in 1915 in California USA
Grapefruit:
White flashed: Duncan,Marsh,walters
Red falsehed: star Ruby, Foster, Hudson
Pink flashed: Thompson
#Melogold- pummelo× grapefruit

10. Rootstock:
 Sour orange (C.aurantum) : Tolerant to xyloporosis, exocortis, and gummosis.
 Rough Lemon (C. jambhiri): Highest rank citrus root stock in India.
 Flying dragon (C. Trifoliata var. Montrosa): Potential dwarfing rootstock (HDP)
 Troyer citrange : Most promising rootstock for Nagpur Mandarin and Kinnow Mandarin.
 Gajanimma : suitable for acid lime
 Rangpur lime : Hardy rootstock
 Cleoptera Mandarin: salt tolerant, suitable for sweet orange
 Servinia buxifolia: Resistance To salt

11. Physiological disorder
 Citrus decline or dieback: Cu deficiency (Most susceptible crop: Mandarin
 Granulation:-
1. It means drying of juice vassels , insipid tasted.
2. Causes:Due to high temperature, high RH, age , vigour of tree, nutritional
status
3. Major pre harvest physiological disorder of sweet orange.
4. 1st reported in California, USA
 Pre harvest fruit drop: Mausambi and Malta blood red are more prone to pre
harvest fruit drop.
Fig: Granulation Fig : Dieback Fig: Pre harvest fruit drop

12. Diseases and vectors
 Tristeza/Quick decline: Caused by virus
Vectors: Citrus aphids(Toxoptera citricida)
Symptoms: 1.Honey combing,
2.pitting of stem,
3.seedling yellows
Indicator plant: Acid lime

13. Management:
 Management of the tristeza complex depends largely on preventive measures,
such as using tolerant rootstocks and tristeza-free propagation material.
However, because of the insect vector, disease spread cannot be prevented
completely.

14.  Greening : Caused by bacteria (Candidatus liberobactor)
Vectors :- Citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri)
Indicator plant:-sweet orange : valancia, pineapple
Fig: Citrus greening

15. Symptoms:
 Visible psyllids or waxy psyllid droppings.
 Lopsided, bitter, hard fruit with small, dark aborted seeds.
 Fruit that remains green even when ripe.
 Asymmetrical blotchy mottling of leaves.
 Yellow shoots.
 Twig dieback.
 Stunted, sparsely foliated trees that may bloom off season.

16. Management
 HLB (Greening) can spread with infected budwood. Use only clean budwood
and certified healthy trees. It is mandatory for nursery production to be in
psyllid-proof enclosures and that nursery and budwood sources are certified
HLB-free.
 The Asian citrus psyllid feeds on other plants in the same family as citrus.
Both orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata) and orange boxwood (Severinia
buxifolia) have been found to serve as hosts for both psyllids and the
bacterium. These ornamentals are restricted should not be moved from
diseased areas.
 Routinely scout citrus for signs of greening so that infected trees can be
removed. Scouting should be done at least four times a year, or more in areas
known to have HLB-infected trees. October through March is the best time for
scouting, but symptoms can be present at other times of the year.

17. • Exocortis: caused by Viroid
Indicator plant: Rangpur lime , citron
Symptoms :The characteristic symptom of exocortis is the shelling of susceptible
rootstocks. The viroid kills the bark, which dries, cracks, and may lift in thin strips.
Droplets of gum often appear under the loose bark.
Fig.: Exocortis

18. Management:
 Make sure to obtain budwood from certified sources.
 Test plant and propagative material for the virus in the laboratory.
 Monitor the orchard regularly for symptoms of the disease.
 Remove infected trees from the orchard and destroy them so that the viroid is
not transmitted to other trees or blocks.
 Remove portions of the root system to prevent root sprouting.
 Maintain a high level of hygiene throughout equipment and workers involved
in citrus growing.

19.  Citrus canker: Caused by Xanthomonas citri pv citri
Symptoms:- Citrus canker causes lesions on citrus leaves, stems, and fruit.
Characteristic lesions are raised and brown, have water-soaked margins, and
usually have a yellow halo surrounding the lesion. Older lesions appear corky.
 Management :Streptomycin sulphate 500-1000 ppm; or Phytomycin 2500 ppm
or Copper oxychloride 0.2% at fortnight intervals.
 Control leaf miner when young flush is produced.
 Prune badly infected twigs before the onset of monsoon.
Fig. Citrus canker

20. Pests
Leaf miner (Phyllocnistiscitrella)
 The caterpillar mines into the leaves of young flush, showing glistening and
zig zag mines on them. The affected leaves curl, deform and the plant
appears sickly.
Control
 Spraying of chemicals like fenvalerate 0.2 ml or imidacloprid (confidor 100 SL)
0.5 ml or profenophos 2 ml per litre of water immediately after the
appearance of fresh foliage and 2ndspray after a week period is
recommended. But care should be taken that the same chemicals should not
be sprayed repeatedly

21. Bark and Stem borer (Indarabela tetraonis)
 The caterpillar bores into stems and branches and forms long galleries of silk
overlaid with small fragments of wood. The larva comes out from this gallery
and feeds on the barks.
Control
 The wooden particles, silk and bored holes plugged with excreta should be
cleaned and poured with Malathion or Kerosene or Petrol using an ink pillar.
Then the hole is sealed with clay so that the larva dies within the tunnel.

22. Fruits sucking moths (Othreis maternal, O.fullonica, Achoeajanata, O.ancilla)
 These moths pierce the ripening fruits and suck juice. The affected fruits rot and
drop. The moths will be active during dusk. The larvae develop on the weeds.
Control
1. Rotten and fallen fruits attract the adult moths. So affected dropped fruits should
be collected and destroyed.
2. Moths get attracted to light. So during fruit ripening period light traps along with
basins containing fruit juice + 1% sugar + 1ml Malathion or kerosene bait solutions are
to be arranged here and there in the field. So that the moths get attracted to light,
fell down and die in the baited basins kept under the light traps.
3. Bait prepared with 15g lead arsinate + 1kg jaggery or molassus + 5 liters of water
with a little vinegar and kept in the field here and there to attract the moths.
4. Just before the ripening period of the fruits itself bagging of fruits either with 300
gauge
polythene bags or palm leaf bags helps to reduce the pest attack and in the same way
the bagged fruits with alternate green and yellow marking look attractive to the
consumers.

23. Harvesting stages
 Mandarins: Ripe stage: changes colour from green to orange
 Sweet orange : colour changes from green to pale colour
 Lime and Lemon: Mature green .
Degreening
• Degreening treatment done to improve aesthetic value(colour) of the fruit.
• Degreening treatment: Ethylene @1-5ppm@ 20-29°C and 60-90%
• Storage temparature: 8-10°c @85-90%

24. Storage and Marketing
 The fruits are then packed in gunnies to increase the storage life. The fruits
are then packed in gunnies providing paddy straw before transport to distant
markets. The sweet orange fruits can be preserved for longer periods in cold
storage at 0 to 2°C and acid lime at 7 to 9°C in a relative humidity of 85 to
90%.
Post harvest produces
• Pickels
• Cordial
• Marmalade
• Fruit juice concentrates
• Sharbet
Etc....

25. Production technology
of hazelnut

26. Introduction:-
 Botanical name:- Corylus avellana
 Family:- betulaceae
 Chromosome No.- 2n = 22
 Origin – Asia minor
 Common name- Hazelnut, European filbert , Cobnut , bhotia badam
 Two species namely C.americana and C.cornuta are native to North America
 It is an introduced crop but in indian conditions there is wild relative (C.
colurana ) also exist in the forests of himanchal Pradesh and Jammu Kashmir ,
uttarakhand.

27. Area and Production
 Hazelnut is typically a temperate zone nut crop and mostly grown in
Turkey, Italy, Spain, Germany, France and England.
 Turkish hazelnut production of 625,000 tons accounts for approximately
75 % of worldwide production.
 In Himachal Pradesh, it is found growing wild in Pangi region of Chamba
district and locally known as Thangi.
 In UK, a distinction is made between filbert, which have the husk longer
than the nut, and cobnut, in which the husks are shorter than the nut.
Hazelnuts are extensively used in confectionary to make praline and
also used in combination with chocolate truffles.

28. Climate:-
 The hazelnut tree is quite hardy but only produces satisfactory crops under moderate
climate conditions.
 Temperature of minus 10 °C is critical, especially if accompanied by wind, which may
kill both pistillate and staminate flowers.
 The chilling requirement of hazelnut is about the same as that of most commercial
cultivars of apple and thus it can be grown successfully in the apple growing regions of
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand and North-Eastern Himalayan
regions of India.
Soil :-
• Hazelnuts are more shallow rooted than most fruit and nut trees, and do not tolerate wet
soils. However moisture retention in the soil is important since the tree can not tolerate
excessive dry summer heat and hot winds.
• Soils must be moderately fertile and heavy clay soils should be avoided. Hazels will grow
in pH ranging from 4.5 to 8.5, but around pH 7 is ideal.

29. Botanical description:-
 It is a monoecious species, growing as large shrubs or small trees, usually 2–
5 m high.
 The edible portion of the hazelnut is the roughly spherical to oval kernel of the
seed, which is 1.0–2.5 cm long and 1.2–2.0 mm broad. The kernel is covered
by a dark brown perisperm (skin or pellicle), varying in thickness and
appearance between varieties, and protected by a smooth, hard, woody shell.
The seed grows in a bristly leafy outer husk that opens in autumn, when it
ripens (about 7–8 months after pollination).
Fig. Male (left) and female (right) inflorescence in hazelnut

30. Varieties:-
 There are more than 200 cultivars of hazelnut world over but only a dozen or
so having the commercial importance.
 Important varieties are Tonda Romana, Barcelona, Negret, Tonda Giffoni,
Tonda Gentile,delle, Langhe,Pauetet,Tombul.
Planting and planting distance:-
• Tree spacing is highly variable in the different countries, as they depend on
the fertility of the soil, rainfall and variety vigour.
• A planting density of 860 trees/ha is recommended with rows 4m- 5m apart
(to allow machinery access) and 2m- 3m within row spacing.
• To ensure adequate pollination it is advisable to plant atleast 10% of other
varieties, evenly distributed throughout the stand.
• Planting is usually done during winter months.
• In the orchards of Oregon (USA), trained in vase, tree density normally varies
from 270 to 400 trees/ha (6x6m or 5x5m), while in the South-West of France
they oscillate between 666 (5x3m) and 800 trees /ha (5x2.5m)..

31. Propagation:-
 Hazelnut crop is commonly raised by seeds but show variation .
 Grafting and budding methods can be used commercially.
 Most commonly used rootstoks are Corylus avellara and Turkish Hazelnut
(Corylus colurana).
Disease and pests:-
• The major pest of Hazelnut crop is Nut weevil.
1. Nut weevil:- Scientific name:- Curculio nucum
• Family- Curculionidae
• Order:- Coleoptera
Fig. Life cycle of nut weevil of hazelnut

32.  Damage symptoms:- Larvae feeds on the inside of the nuts. It leaves
nutritional waste in the shell. After completing its development, larvae drill
a hole of 1.5-2.0 mm into the soil. They stay mature for 1-3 years. Its
mature life is 3 months.
2.Hazel aphid (Myzocallis coryli) :-can be a problem through the growing
season and should be controlled when populations are high.
3.Big bud mite (Phytoptus avellanae) :-is present in Australia but not known to
be widespread. Symptoms of damage include infested terminal buds becoming
enlarged and swelling to several times their normal size . These buds are prone
to desiccation and can fall from the tree prematurely.
Fig.Buds infested with Big bud mite (Phytoptus avellanae)

33. Diseases:-
 Filbert blight is caused by Xanthomonas arabicola pv corylina is most
important disease of Hazelnut.
 Losses due to this disease can be most commonly seen in young establishing
trees of less than 6years of age.
 This disease is Lethal to commercially important european hazelnut.
Fig. Filbert blight

34. Harvesting:-
 hazelnuts start to fall in late February to early March; most have fallen by the
end of March.Nuts are generally harvested with hand rakes, but if nuts can be
windrowed with sweepers then suction equipment or self-propelled pick-up
machines can improve the efficiency of the harvest.
Drying:
Hazelnuts should be collected promptly after falling as rain can cause
discolouration of the shell. Nuts left on damp ground for over a week will
gradually darken, become less attractive and be prone to fungal attack.
Following collection, the nuts should be cleaned and dried to approximately 8%–
10% moisture. In the case of some confectionery companies, 6% moisture is the
maximum required. Temperatures of 32°C–38°C are commonly used for drying,
and equipment for other purposes, such as prune driers or small dehydrators, can
be adapted to dry the nuts. The amount of heat required is relatively small and
the speed of drying is not critical.

35. Yield:-
 Hazelnuts begin to bear at approximately three years old and at six years
yields should approach 2 to 2.5 kg/tree.
Post harvest :-
• Hazelnuts dried an average of 7% moisture level are stored in open or jute bags.
Kernel separated from in-shells for industrial use is processed in a short time. It is
not kept as a kernel hazelnut.
• The main use of hazelnuts is for industry. Natural use is not common. The major
markets are for round ker-nels of 11–13 mm. Kernels for confectionery should be
plump, free from shriveled or mould kernels.
• Long-shaped hazelnuts ‘Yuvarlak Badem’ and ‘Yassı badem’ cultivars are not dried
and they are freshly consumed. Besides the widespread use of dried fruits
(whitened, roasted), it is mainly used processed foods in oil industry, in chocolate,
confectionery, pastry, dessert, cakes, etc. And kernels can be eaten also raw.

36. Refrence
 Chaddha,KL(2001) Handbook of horticulture. ICAR New Delhi .
 Mishra, Kumar kushal Subtropical fruit culture. Kalyani publishers.
 Singh Pratap Neeraj, Basic Concept of Fruit science,Ibdc publishers
 Bose T.k., Tropical and subtropical fruits of India , Astral publication new
delhi.
 https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/citrus/exocortis/#:~:text=It%20is%20best%
20to%20remove,does%20not%20kill%20the%20viroid.
 https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_fruits_acidlime.html