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1. Challenge in Water management at all
scales
Shadow of Water wars
Biofluids and Biosystems Modelling Lab

2. ISSEI KATO / REUTERS
Overview
A) Causes of water wars
o A quarter of Mondial death mortality is due to the Pollution
o Drought: agriculture is under pressure again
o Climate Change : Flooding affects more and more on the daily life
o Wastewater kills more than wars
o Blue Gold: A resource will decrease
B) Shadow of water wars
C) Ocean pollution and Ocean polluters
D) Solutions?

3. A) Causes of water wars

4. PHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP
2019 Global Environment Outlook
(UNO) in some figures :
• 9 million dead due to environmental
pollutions in 2015
• 1.4 million dead due to a lack of access
to drinking water each year
• 6 to 7 million premature deaths due to air
pollution each year
A1) A quarter of Mondial death mortality is due to the Pollution

5. PHILIPPE LOPEZ/AFP
• Decrease of 60% of vertebrate
populations between 1970 and 2014
• 8 million plastic wastes released into
the ocean each year
• How to lower those figures ?
• Decrease of pesticide uses, of CO2
emissions, investments in green energy,
avoid food waste…
• But the main levers remain lifestyle
changes and shift from capitalism and
economic growth to a more sustainable
production

6. F/Alpaca/Andia.fr
 Exceptional climate for 2022
summer in France characterized
by strong drought
 Strong impact on the
agricultural sector:
• shortfall in maize production
and fruits impacting the whole
livestock sector
• Coupled with grilled pastures
and disturbance of animals due
to high temperatures, the
production of milk might
drop. Cost will rise.
A2) Drought: agriculture is under pressure again

7. F/Alpaca/Andia.fr
 Usually, dairy production is 10%
surplus. Thus, the impact will
only be a least presence of dairy
products in France
 The wheat production will not be
impacted ?????

8. A3) Climate Change: Flooding affects more and more on the daily
life
Jakarta, Indonesia, Donal Husni/NurPhoto
 The melting of ice, and the dilatation of
oceans due to the rise of temperatures
and acidification of oceans entail the rise
of sea levels
 300 millions of people will be subject to
at least one flood per year by 2050
including 93 millions of people in China,
according to Climate Central experts
 At-risk areas defined by a model from
Climate Central
 That issue requires both adaptation
(dikes..) and attenuation (reduction of
GES and link to climate change)

9. AMOS GUMULIRA/AFP
The United Nations World Water
Development Report 2019 : (UNO)
 Water access subject to large inequalities :
• A safe access to drinking water is not
provided to 30% of population
• 2 million of people live on a country
collecting more water than the
available one
 The release of wastewater in the
environment responsible for 10 times the
amount of death caused by wars in 2018
 Between 2010 and 2018, 263 conflicts
linked to water (UNO)
A4) Wastewater kills more than wars

10. AMOS GUMULIRA/AFP
 Access to water must be guaranteed by
municipalities, thus it is not applicable to
slum populations
 Increasing demand due to development
and growing population
 Earth provide enough drinkable water to
meet the needs of 9 billion people, if
wisely used.
**What is the meaning of slum population?
A slum household is defined as a group of individuals living under the same roof lacking one or
more of the following conditions: •Access to improved water •Access to improved sanitation
•Sufficient-living area •Durability of housing •Security of tenure. M&E Framework: Determinant.

11. Gardon bed in South-East of France during
the 2005 drought, DOMINIQUE
FAGET/AFP
 Increasing water scarcity due to climate
change
 IPCC reports and scenarios :
• precipitation decrease from 16 to 23 %
during summer in France
• ecrease of groundwater recharge from
10 to 25%
 Rising sea levels would entail the
increase of the saltwater wedge level :
• Risk of contamination of coastal
groundwater by salty water intrusion
• ex : between Spain and Marseille
(France)
A5) Blue Gold: A ressource will decrease

12. B)the shadow of water wars

13. B1) The world faces the shadow of water wars
Drought in Senegal WESSELS/AFP
 Water scarcity :
• Increasing demand
• Disruption of water cycle
• Increase of intense events
(stormwater events, droughts),
entailing a poor water uptake by
soils and rivers
 Between 2010 and 2018, 263 conflicts
linked to water (UNO)
• Ex: Egypt/Ethiopia and the
Renaissance dam
• reinforcement of political
instability
• Increase of health risks

14. 10% of population is water-stressed
Partly due to population growth, intensive agriculture or
urbanization
Unevenly distributed on Earth, water is a source of
conflict (Water resource grabbed by countries upstream
these resources: dams, diversion of rivers…)
• Ex : Euphrates and Tigris shared between Turkey, Syria
and Iraq
• Ex : Chinese dams
“Water access” is a “universal right” (UNO)
However, since the 80’s, the blue gold is seen as a
commodity (ethically controversial)
Diagonal of thirst
Conflict due to water distribution

15. Diagonal of thirst

16. Renaissance dam- Etchiopia AMANUEL SILESHI / AFP
1. Senegal-Mauritania : Sahel
dam
2. Slovakia Hungary : Danube
3. Ukraine Russia : Crimea
canal
4. Lebanon : extreme water
stress
5. Turkey, Syria and Iraq :
Euphrates and Tigris
6. Ethiopia : Renaissance dam
7. Yemen : cultivation of qat
8. India Pakistan : Indus river
B2) The 12 points of tension on the world

17. Renaissance dam- Etchiopia AMANUEL SILESHI / AFP
9. China Laos Vietnam :
Chinese dams on Mekong
10. Canada United States : River
Treaty
11. United States Mexico : Rio
Grande
12. Brazil Argentina Paraguay :
Rio Parana

18. C) Ocean pollution and Ocean Polluter

19. D) Possible solutions?

20. • Desalination (but costly and ecological risk for marine
ecosystems)
• Wastewater recycling (require a huge amount of
energy and might increase climate change)
• Consumption regulation and sobriety
• Reducing climate change effects
• Respect of International rules and sanctions about
water resources.