Capturing Brycon Henni Individuals

Capturing Brycon Henni Individuals
Material and Methods
SAMPLE COLLECTION: Brycon henni individuals were captured using cast nets, backpack
electrofisher SAMUS 725MP, electrofishing, hooks and nets in the middle basing of the Nare and
Guatapé rives, in the river chanel and associated creks (Fig. 1, Table I), Antioquia, Colombia. Fish
were captured with between November of 2007 and March 2010. Labeled individuals were
preserved in a 10% formalin solution and carry out to the laboratory. Subsequently, formaldehyde
was washed three times with water and changed by 70% alcohol for preservation and storage.
MORPHOMETIC VARIABILITY: Sex identification was carried out through direct observation of
the gonads based on the characteristics described by (Holden & Raitt 1975) individuals with a
Standard Length (SL) equal to or greater 119.7 mm for females and 82.7 mm for males was
considered as adults (Mancera–Rodríguez et al. n.d.).
Digital images were captured for 156 individual corresponding to 78 males and 78 females, that did
not alter its form during the process of preservation. The individuals were located laterally in the
center of the visual field with graph paper in the background at 335mm of focus distance using a
Canon PowerShot A430 digital camera mounted on a tripod. We used the module COO V–41 of the
CLIC 45 software (Dujardin 2012) to digitize the 13 landmarks: (1) snout, (2) supraoccipital, (3, 4)
dorsal fin, (5) Start adipose fin, (6, 7) caudal peduncle, (8, 9) anal fin, (10) Start pelvic fin, (11) Start
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Rival's Phenotypes
INTRODUCTION
This research article explores the genetic variation of attractiveness traits when strong sexual
selection led to the dissemination of the rival's phenotype (Janif et al. 2014). Preference for an
uncommon secondary sexual trait can bring negative frequency–dependent selection to bear the
genetic variation among species. Previous studies have shown that rare traits have an advantage over
other individuals from the same species, because it does intensify and promote the mating process.
Humans have traits that can be manipulated to attract the opposite sex. For instance, males' facial
hair can be groom or removed to enhance attractiveness of their facial hair (Janif et al. 2014).
However, this practice could be just related to

The Studaal Theory Of Love: The Triangular Theory Of Love
The triangular theory of love suggests that love can be interpreted in terms of three components
which together can be viewed as forming the vertices of a triangle. The three components are firstly
intimacy the top vertex of the triangle, secondly passion the left vertex of the triangle, and lastly
commitment the right vertex of the triangle (Robert J. Steinberg n.d.). The first component in the
triangular theory of love is intimacy. What is intimacy? How does it affect a relationship? Intimacy
is about being emotionally close to your partner, about being able to let your guard down, and let
him or her know how you really feel. Intimacy is also about being able to accept and share in your
partner's feelings, about being there when he/she wants to let their ... Show more content on
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Based on the intimacy component in the triangular theory of love the couple Hong Shun and Sheryl
The second component in the triangular theory of love is passion. The passion component refers to
the drives that lead to romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena in
loving relationships. The passion component thus includes within its purview those sources of
motivational and other forms of arousal that lead to the experience of passion in a loving
relationship (Robert J. Steinberg n.d.). According to the passion in the triangular theory of love, we
can see that the couple Hong Shun and Sheryl The last component in the triangular theory of love is
commitment. The commitment component refers to, in the short term, the decision that one loves
someone else, and in the long term, the commitment to maintain that love. The commitment
component thus includes within its purview the cognitive elements that are involved in decision
making about the existence of and potential long–term commitment to a loving relationship (Robert
J. Steinberg n.d.). Based on the commitment component, we can conclude that the couple Hong
Shun and Sheryl, does not have much commitment to their

Mountain Gorilla Research Paper
Gorilla beringei beringei, more commonly known as the Mountain Gorilla, is one of the most
sexually dimorphic species of primates in existence. Sexual dimorphism is a phenotypic difference
between males and females of the same species. The prototypical example is for differences in
reproductive organs, but sexual dimorphism can affect many different characteristics. In mallard
ducks for example, the male's feathers are colored bright green, on its head in order to help attract
the brown headed females. Peacock males, for example, have an illustrious plumage made up of
many different colors whilst the female does not. In mountain gorillas, sexual dimorphism has
caused a drastic difference in body size between the sexes. The male mountain gorilla, ... Show
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Unfortunately, the mountain gorilla is also known as one of four gorilla subspecies classified as
critically endangered, with as few as 880 remaining in the wild today (Caulliad, 2014). One of the
most prevalent threats to the mountain Gorilla population in today's age is habitat loss. The
mountain gorilla is found in two separate locations; the Virunga range of extinct volcanic mountains
on the borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Rwanda and Uganda. While there are
many national parks established to protect the mountain gorilla from losing their habitat such as the
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda, this area of gorilla sanctuary has been steadily
decreasing since the 20th century. In 2004 in fact, more than 1,500 hectares of mountain gorilla
habitat was illegally cleared by settlers in the Virunga National Park in the DRC (Caillaud, 2014).
This continued habitat loss is detrimental for the survival of the mountain gorilla, which can eat up
to 40 pounds of plant life per day. Severely limiting the amount of natural resources available to
these gorillas increases the competition for food and drastically decreases the ability to sustain a
large

The Characteristics Of Forensic Anthropology
Introduction and background:
Forensic anthropology is a multi–disciplinary industry where understanding biological anthropology
and knowledge of human osteology is needed to assist in positively identifying an individual,
(Quinney et al., 2009). The purpose of forensic anthropology is to aid in the identification process of
human skeletal material by means of establishing a biological profile. A biological profile is formed
by the following fundamental characteristics: age, ancestry, stature and sex. Sex determination is
essential in the identification process of human remains, as the number of potential matches is
halved, (Loth and Iscan, 2000) as cited by Bidmos et al., 2010. Other characteristics, such as age,
are dependent on knowing the sex of the individual, (Bidmos et al., 2010).
Therefore, sexual dimorphism, which is the differences between males and females due to intrinsic
factors (hormones) and extrinsic factors (the environment), provides variation between male and
female skeletal material. These differences allow for easier reconstruction of a biological profile.
The pelvis is a good indicator of sex as it has a high degree of reliability, (Phenice, 1969). However,
it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study comprised of 341 skeletal material; 212 Sotho (70 female; 142 male) and 129 Xhosa (37
females; 92 males). Skeletons ranged from the age of 25–90 years old. The sample excluded any
skeletons younger than 25 years to avoid any growth and developmental errors as the annular rings
of C3–C7 are only completely fused between 17–25 years. Initially, the age range was from 25–50
years old, but due to the sample size being too small, extension of the age range was done and any
bones that were articulated, incomplete or showed signs of disease or pathology were

Sexual Dymorphism (SSD)
Sexual dimorphism is any difference, morphological or behavioral, between males and females of
the same species. Sexual dimorphism can include differences in weaponry, ornamentation, size,
vocalization, chemical signal, gametes, behavior, and parental care. It is seen in exaggerated forms
in the birds of paradise, though it is present in many other species as well. In mammals one way
sexes are sexual dimorphic is in their size. In many mammalian species the males are larger than the
females this is known as sexual size dimorphism or SSD. SSD is cause by many factors but this
paper will focus only on those relating to reproduction and feeding.
In many species the social hierarchy that leads to sexual dimorphism begins at birth. Young will ...
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This social hierarchy is what determines who the male will be allowed to mate with or if he will be
able to mate at all. This type of behavior is agonistic and consists of both aggressive and submissive
behavior such as fighting, escaping, rolling over and charging. These behaviors are characteristic of
male–male interactions but may also occur in some species female–female interactions to establish
dominance within a harem such as lionesses. These behaviors also occur mainly during rutting or
mating season. This behavior is mainly seen in ungulates but it does appear in other species when
males come into contact during a mating season. In these challenges the winner of the fights is often
determined by the size of the individual as well as the size of its horns or antlers. Another reason is
because males need to mount the female in order to inseminate her. In some species the female may
crouch for the male to do this, such as the lion, but in many species such as the ungulates crouching
is not easily done and so the males must be larger in order to mount the female. (Scott 2014, Dunn
2014 and Breed

Measuring Sexual Dimorphism With A Race Gender Face Space
Article 1: (Hopper, Huber, Finklea, and Winkielman; 2014) The article Measuring Sexual
Dimorphism With a Race–Gender Face Space was about measuring the different degrees of sexual
dimorphism within the faces of people who are both male and female and are of the Asian and
Caucasian races. The study had contained a combined total of 162 participants. 33% were males,
67% were females where 33% of the study participants were Caucasian and the rest of the 67% of
the study participants were Asian. All participants were undergraduate students from the University
of California, San Diego. No ages of the participants were recorded during this study. During the
first study, the participants took a series of photos where they had to rate the similar face pairs on a
7–point scale with 1 being "Very different" to 7 being "Very Similar" with a program called E–
Prime. E–Prime is a psychological computer software program that creates computerized
experimental designs, collects data, and does various forms of data analysis in a very simplified
technique while providing defined timing to ensure the accuracy of the data that was being recorded.
Within the second and last experiment, 24 "morphed" faces were created from the 40 photos from
the first experiment. The 40 photos were morphed by using a computer software program called
FantaMorph. FantaMorph placed the photos on a 2–D race–gender plane, which eliminated any
potential correlation between race and gender. The results from all three

Is Sexual Selection Within Male Pharomachrus Mocinno...
Title: Is Sexual Selection In Male Pharomachrus mocinno favoured by Longer Plume Tail Length
due to Increase in Colour?
Introduction:
The Pharomachrus mocinno has evolved many behavioural and physical traits as a result of
adaptation to the current environment and lifestyle it leads, however this proposal will focus on the
unusual plume tail length of the male P. mocinno. This particular species habitat requires nests as
high as 22 meters in rotting trees (Seigfried et al. 2010). Therefore, the function of the feathers
would typically be assumed to enhance flight, as that would make sense as a useful function in this
scenario due to the high elevation. Surprisingly, however, the long length of the plume tail actually
decreases the speed of the male bird due to the drag force of air (Norberg 1995) and requires it to
drop backward off the branches before being able to fly forward normally (LaBastille et al. 1972).
With such issues with the long plume tails, would sexual selection really be in this traits' favour? In
a study done on the widowbird such was the case; males with longer plumes were mated the most
(Andersson 1982). However, the widowbird is completely black (including its tail), while in the case
of Pharomachrus mocinno it is a very colourful bird. Previous studies also have shown, that the
bright reflective colours on the male's bodies help in attracting females (LaBastille et al. 1972).
Therefore, it's possible that the long length of the P. mocinno male's

Compare And Contrast The Tension Between Natural Selection...
Researchers have developed a mathematical model that made made a shocking prediction. Animals
with ornamentation, males with evolve out of the tension between natural selection and sexual
selection into two distinct subspecies. The first is with flashy and costly ornaments but it attracts
mates better and the second low cost ornaments. In many animals they separate into two subgroups,
one showy and one subdued, with very few in the middle. The contrast gives the more ostentatious
individual's physical distinction, helping wow mates and promote themselves. This is a study of
evolution using mathematical biology, show how sexual selection and natural selection play of each
other and produce strange things in the animal world. Ornamentals shows

The Negative Effects Of The Achievement Gap
The achievement gap in the United States refers to a difference in educational outcomes among
students of different subgroups – most specifically, groups defined by SES, race, and gender. The
reason the achievement gap is broken down into these subgroups is because it more accurately
represents the importance of each influence. It is not all of these subgroups in combination that
causes the gap, but rather, each one of them individually creates the gap. The ultimate goal of all
educators is to actualize all student's potential, which is why the achievement gap is such a relevant
issue. In order to assist students in becoming their best selves academically, the different factors that
contribute to the achievement gap need to be individually worked towards to combat their negative
effects. We decided to focus our efforts on the gender–induced achievement gap and why we still
see it today. The achievement gap due to gender can be compiled into the basic idea that situational
factors and behaviors towards genders and how there may be inequality between them cause
differences in education outcomes. All in all, it is imperative that the playing field for both genders
is leveled within the classroom – in other words, since we know both girls and boys operate and
think differently, instructional implications that address those differences should be applied.
Within the classrooms, we can see that the gender gap is fairly noticeable at times. Early in the
1970's, "ethnographic studies

Gender Differences Between Men And Women
Spiritual well–being is one aspect of the human experience that is appears controversial and
intriguing at the same time. This study approached the hypothesis of gender differences between
men and women in spiritual well–being. The study used the Spiritual Well–Being Scale (Ellison,
1983) and assessed 75 college students in the survey. The study resulted in data that confirmed the
hypothesis that men and women do not have any significant differences in spiritual well–being.
Gender Differences in Spiritual Well–Being
The examination of spiritual well–being has been a long and interesting road to understanding the
importance of spirituality and religiosity in the health of individuals. With the advent of the Spiritual
Well–Being Scale by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it would appear the two studies came to opposite conclusions, the purpose of this present
study is to examine the same relationship between gender and spiritual well–being and explore the
hypothesis that there are no significant difference in the levels of spiritual well–being between men
and women. While the one study came to the conclusion that women had higher levels of spiritual
well–being, a different study conclude that there was no significant difference in those levels
between the genders (Simpson et al., 2008).
This study examines the results of the Spiritual Well–Being Scale (SWBS) and the difference in
responses between the male and female participants. Spiritual well–being is one aspect of the human
experience that is appears controversial and intriguing at the same time.
Method
Participants
This study selected 75 students to participate in the Spiritual Well–Being Scale survey. There were
22 male students and 53 female students. There was a diversity of age ranged from 19 to 41,
however the sample of students as a whole remained relatively young (M = 21.59, SD = 2.83). The
ethnic diversity of participating students provided 62 White students alongside 6 Black students, 3
Hispanic students, and 1 student each that reported as Asian, Pacific Islander/Native

The Species Of The Palm Cockatoo
Probosciger aterrimus, better known as the "palm cockatoo", is the largest bird species of the
parakeet (Psittaciformes) family (Taylor 2000). This highly threatened cockatoo species can be
found dwelling in many tropical and woodland regions, including those of lowland New Guinea and
the savanna habitat of Cape York Peninsula, Australia (Murphy et al. 2003), and can be identified by
its long, plumaged body, curled erectile crest, and naked cheek patches. Of particular interest, and
perhaps the most distinctive of this cockatoo's traits, is the long, strong hooked beak. As with many
bird species, the palm cockatoo's bill has adapted to its specific dietary preferences and feeding
strategies; in particular, the shock absorbing ability of the large, powerful bill allows the granivore–
frugivore (grain or seed–eating – fruit–eating, respectively) (Koutsos et al. 2001) parakeet to
scavenge for hard nuts that are otherwise inaccessible to other parakeet species. Further supporting
the granivorous diet–accommodating beak morphology of the palm cockatoo is a study conducted
by Munshi–South and Wilkinson (2006) that conclusively correlated the evolution of longer
lifespans in parrots with the adoption of seed–based diets. If parrot species do in fact achieve longer
lifespans by adopting granivorous diets, natural selection's favoring of traits maximizing the
adoption of a granivorous diet in the palm cockatoo should be relatively equally distributed amongst
all members of the

Correlation between Gender and Math Anxiety
INTRODUCTION The purpose of reviewing this literature is to see if there is evidence that there is
a correlation between gender and math anxiety and, specifically, whether there is a higher frequency
of math anxiety among female students than male students. Current literature shows that there is no
difference in actual aptitude for mathematics yet there remains a perception that males are stronger
mathematics students (Spelke, 2005). Math Anxiety will be referred to by the The Children's
Anxiety in Math Scale and the The Fennema Sherman Math Attitude Scales. The Children's Anxiety
in Math Scale explains highly math anxious students report low enjoyment of math and they suffer
from low self–efficacy in math (Jameson, 2013). Specific scale components include performing
math, performing math in social situations, thinking about math, and struggling in math. Responses
are measured using a facial images scale with five facial expressions ranging from very anxious
(scored as a 5) to not at all anxious (scored as a 1). Higher scores represent higher levels of math
anxiety (Jameson, 2013). The Fennema Sherman Math Attitude Scales explains in test sample items
confidence in learning math (i.e. "I can get good grades in mathematics") and mathematics anxiety
(i.e., "Mathematics makes me feel uneasy and confused"). The confidence scale has positive
wording that indicates a high level of confidence in math abilities and negative wording that
indicates a low level of confidence. The

A Short Note On Endocrine Disruptor : Bisphenol A
Endocrine Disruptor: Bisphenol A
Introduction: What is BPA? Endocrine disruptors have the ability to enhance or suppress the
functions of hormones by mimicking their shape and binding to the appropriate receptor. They also
have the capability to change the structure and activity of the endocrine system, potentially causing
various adverse effects to the body. One of the most prevalent and dangerous endocrine disruptors is
Bisphenol A, or BPA. Bisphenol A is an organic compound with a structure and function similar to
that of the hormone estrogen (Kundakovic and Champagne, 2011).
Where can BPA be found? Annually, approximately 2 billion pounds of BPA is manufactured in the
United States, making it ubiquitous in our everyday lives. BPA is a major component of
polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate is most prevalent in materials used for
packaging food and drink, such as "microwave–safe" tupperware and baby bottles. Resins are used
in materials for the protective lining of metal water pipes and food and drink containers, such as
cans used for fruit and vegetables. BPA can also be found in dental supplies, medical supplies, and
children's toys. When these everyday items are washed, sterilized, or heated, BPA leaches out of the
material and into the food to be consumed. Even small amounts of exposure to BPA have been
proven to cause adverse effects in humans and animals (Erler and Novak 2010).
What is the mechanism of BPA? BPA can act as an estrogen receptor

Gender Differences Of Managerial Communications : Fact Or...
"Gender Differences in Managerial Communications: Fact or Folk–Linguistics?"
A response to Smeltzer and J. Werbel's study "Gender Differences in Managerial Communications:
Fact or Folk–Linguistics?"
Devin Lowe
MGMT 647: Organizational Behavior and Development Article Summary
"Gender Differences in Managerial Communication: Fact or Folk–Linguistics" seeks to test the
qualitative and stylistic differences that have been purported to exist between genders. The authors
question the credibility of previous studies and state numerous times that there is a high likelihood
that these earlier studies were subject to the bias of their researchers. The assertion is that many
conclusions are opinion based and speculative according to personal experience rather than
quantifiable data. Using a sample group of 2nd year MBA students and their writing examples, the
authors rated the communication based on 16 dimensions. Final results showed that there are
significant differences between distinct managerial communication samples, but not between
genders.
Traditional thoughts on women's communications show a notably stereotypical demonstration of
ineffective communication characteristics. These characteristics include verbosity, constrained
vocabulary, and indirect requests (Thorne and Henley, 1975). The authors at this point question the
validity of the stereotypes in regard to writing style and quality. They assert that folk–linguistics, or
the common beliefs about a

The Psychology Of Gender And Gender
Pranav Gunturu
Mrs. Hamilton
English 8
7 May 2015
The Psychology of Gender By appreciating how sex differences emerge – rather than assuming
them to be fixed biological facts – we can help all children reach their fullest potential. "In the past
decade, people have heard a lot about the innate differences between males and females. People
have come to accept that ' Boys can't focus in a classroom and girls are obsessed with relationships.'
That's just the way that they were built."(Eliot 1). Boys and girls, while having much in common,
are also very different in their thoughts and mental aspects. Psychological gender differences could
provide explanations for gender stereotypes, help to understand communicative and expressive
skills, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Infant brains are so malleable that small differences at birth become amplified over time, as
parents, teachers, peers––and culture at large––unwittingly reinforce gender stereotypes."(Eliot
104). Gender stereotypes start to form the moment a newborn baby's gender is found. If the baby is
a girl, many parents will immediately begin to decorate a pink nursery with soft decor such as
butterflies. They will fill toy boxes with dolls as well. What this is doing, though most parents don't
realize it, is setting up their daughter to be the typical stereotypical woman. Other common
stereotypes put on women is that they are weaker than men, not supposed to be politicians, not
supposed to play sports, supposed to be submissive, do housework, and supposed to raise children.
Stereotyping is no different with a boy. The nursery is decked in blue and the theme is something
tough like jungle animals or dinosaurs. Boys' toys generally consist of action figures, dinosaurs and
video games. From the beginning, boys are taught to be tough. Many parents do not teach their boys
how to wash the dishes or the laundry. Instead, boys are taught to take out the trash and mow the
lawn. This is part of the stereotype that men are supposed to do any work that requires muscle.
Other stereotypes about men are that they are the top of the household, they are the the only ones
that work in fields

Exploratory Qualitative Research Paper
ASSIGNMENT #2 Through exploratory qualitative research and measurable quantitative research, I
will be discussing a final research document which will consider implications of how thought
processes work as well as progression groups, and unique techniques through counseling will be
applied to substance abuse, as well as addressing how the thought process works and how emotions
play a large impact on personal recovery. In the Qualitative research article titled A Cognitive
Behavioral Approach to Client Anxiety, Anger, Depression, and Guilt Kevin C. Murphy (1980)
discusses how counselors are often trying to find ways to address ways to reach a client to help them
through the thought process, through using different therapeutic techniques ... Show more content on
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Another strategy goes into helping the client create a mental shield around them that can't be broken
down (Schimmel & Jacobs, 2011). Other concepts that a counselor may address is cultural aspects.
(Jacobs, 2011) In a Qualitative article titled Managing racial anger: A Critical Skill in Cultural
Competence Alexis D. Abernethy (1995) addresses how some ethnic populations may come to a
therapy session having anger as being the main complication. The issue might revolve around job
discrimination, job dissatisfaction etc. However, the counselor may show empathy before
understanding the client's situation or perspective, which may create a dilemma (Abernethy, 1995, p.
97). Cultural aspects are not the only concept for those who struggle with anger, Gender experience
may also play a role. In a quantitative article titled Sex Difference in the Relationship of Anger and
Depression: an Empirical Study Jody L. Newman, Elizabeth A. Gray, and Dale R. Fuqua (1999) go
into detail about a study that had been conducted on two different inventories. The two inventories
calculated the mean score between sexes and found that women scored much higher on depression,
however there was no difference between the six anger scales that were considered between the
sexes (Newman, Gray, Fuqua, 1999). Also in consideration between the sexes a quantitative article
titled Issues of anger in the workplace; do gender and gender role matter? By Irene Gianakos (2002)
goes into detail about a

Benefits Of Mate Selection Preferences
1. Introduction
Mate–finding has always been tedious process, with one side or both demanding some sort of
requirement in order to find their partner. There has been much speculation about the differences
between the type of choices that males and females make while choosing the type of partner they
desire, and the kind of traits they wish their respective partners possess or be able to do. For
example, men are believed to desire a partner who is physically attractive, and women, a partner
who has the earning potential. The study of mate selection preferences is therefore is much of
interest as people are able to study people and find out respective trends.
Previous research, such as the piece of research that was done by Susan Sprecher, Quintin Sullivan
and Elaine Hartfield, 'Gender Differences Examined in a National Sample', finds that youth and
physical attractiveness were more of an importance to men, and earning abilities to women. They
also found such willingness between two races (black and white people), has been mostly consistent
to each other, but with white women less willing to marry a partner with less of an earning stance.
Another research conducted by Howard Russock yielded similar results.
However in both research reports, each did not mention much about religion playing a factor in mate
selection; nor did it seem both reports were about people from different places of origin.
This report aims to prove the general hypothesis that women were more willing to

Gender Differences Of Syntactic Development Among English...
Task 1: Summary
This journal article, "Gender Differences in Syntactic Development Among English Speaking
Adolescents", written by Hannah E. Cornett, is adapted from Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, Vol.6,
No.03.
The main issue Cornett (2014) researched is "the gaps in the literature regarding syntactic
development in adolescence and reports on the syntactic capabilities and discrepancies between
English–speaking adolescent males and females".
According to Cornett (2014), some studies reported that girls have better language abilities than
boys in communicative gestures, productive vocabularies, and combining words. Another study (Tse
et al., 2002, cited in Cornett, 2014) found significant gender differences between adolescent females
and males in syntactic development. Therefore, the author (2014) focused on the discrepancies
between girls and boys regarding syntactic aspects of language.
To prove her hypothesis, Cornett (2014) researched an experiment which surveyed two groups of
adolescents ranging in age from 14 to 15 years old with the similar educational backgrounds and
similar socioeconomic status (SES) apart from varied ethnicity. The participants were asked to
accomplish Peer Conflict Resolution (PCR) task (Nippold et al. ,2007, cited in Cornett, 2014) in
order to elicit language samples for data collection. During the task, they were asked to retell the
story in their own words and to include every detail as soon as they could remember (Cornett,
2014).

Sexual Selection Is A Powerful Evolutionary Process
Mate selection
Sexual Selection is a powerful evolutionary process, for those unable to attract or gain access to the
opposite sex, risk being eliminated from the population (Apostolou). The theory of sexual selection
was introduced by Charles Darwin in his book The Descent of Man, in which he explains, that
selecting a mate is not a random process, and it is key to evolution, for it depends on which
individuals have advantage over the rest of the same specie (Stanford 99). In sexual selection, males
compete between one another to gain access to a mate, and females choose particular promising
mates that demonstrate trait variability, so that their future offspring will have a higher chance of
survival (Stanford 99). Male individuals have to demonstrate power, who can conquer the most,
ability to survive and provide protection, among other characteristics that will make him the right
mate for a female. And Females, must consider their options, since they want high quality genes for
their future children (Angeloni 77). Therefore, as a female, I am seeking for specific characteristics
in a mate, such as a lean body build, healthy white teeth, and height–he must be over 5'6. I seek for
those traits in a mate to further add trait variability in my future offspring, which will help adapt,
live longer, and reproduce in the future.
Females are the choosing sex, for they are usually the ones who invest more in their offspring–from
the birth to the nurturing (Stanford 100). Second,

Observing And Interpreting A Wild Animal Can Be A Daunting...
Observing and interpreting a wild animal can be a daunting but fascinating task. These
undomesticated animals are typically extremely hard to find and even harder to keep track of.
Thankfully for me, the Dickerson Park Zoo in Springfield, Missouri gives everyday Americans the
chance to exist mere feet away from magnificent creatures such as elephants, lions, and giraffes. At
this zoo, the Indian blue peafowl have the luxury of wandering around the entire grounds–except for
inside the other animal exhibits, of course. Indian Blue peafowl have the scientific name of Pavo
cristatus and are native to India and Sri Lanka. For the purposes of this paper, I chose to observe an
adult male peacock–unfortunately, I did not get to know his zoo–given ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this situation, I believe the peacock was making himself appear bigger to attempt to win the
opportunity to mate with the female. My best estimation is that he, "Hei Hei" saw the female and
this triggered a response in his brain which lead to the feathers being spread out. In this case, the
female would be acting as external stimuli which is causing the male to show off his plumage.
Another explanation of the causation of this behavior is that the presence of the other male peacock
was the instigator for the situation. "Hei Hei" may have felt challenged by the mere presence of the
other male and that may have been what caused our male of interest to make himself as large and
intimidating as possible. Based on this, I believe that the peacocks biological and physiological
mechanism of plumage display when threatened is similar to the fight or flight response we see in
human beings.
The next level of Tinbergen's analysis is ontogeny, which simply asks how a behavior develops in an
individual's lifespan. I believe "Hei Hei" learned this behavior through a combination of observation
and direct teaching. While our peacock was a young peachick, he most likely observed other
peacocks doing this behavior when intimidated or when they attempted to gain a mate. After
observing other adult males performing this behavior various times, our peacock most likely learned
that this behavior was efficient in proving dominance. Furthermore, if peacocks have the social
dynamics of dogs,

Sex : Strict Dimorphism Or Sexual Haploid
Sex: Strict dimorphism or sexual multiplicity
The discussion of genes and gender and the respective roles they play in determining sex and
identity have been widely discussed in recent decades. The idea that biology can solely determine
ones sex, wherein no external factors impact that determination requires further discussion. The
topic of whether there are strictly two distinct genders represented in society has been recognized
largely as a western cultural viewpoint. While not everyone agrees with this viewpoint, one biologist
that plays a role in this discussion is Anne Fausto–Sterling. She is an expert in gender development
and wrote extensively on the subject of gene and gender. In this paper I will discuss Fausto–
Sterling's view on sex and gender, and how she undermines the idea of strict universal dimorphism.
Being that sexual dimorphism is the favored view of most in the scientific community, this
discussion comes with some controversy. She states that with the understanding of intersexed
individuals in society, we as a society must abandon the idea that there are only 2 sexes.
In order to best understand what determines sex we must start at the very beginning. In the terms of
philosophy, sex is defined in the literature as the biological designation of an individual as either
male or female. Biologically speaking, it is widely accepted that all we have to do is look at the
complement to the 23rd chromosome to determine the sex of an individual. But

Sexual Cannibalism And Sex Cannibalism
In many Arthropoda (Arthropods), sexual cannibalism is quite common. Female Mantodeas
(Mantids), commonly referred to as Mantis from their genus, have been known to decapitate their
male counterparts before, during or even after sexual copulation. Sexual cannibalism varies widely
amongst the species of Mantids, where some species lack this behavior all together. Males often take
part in ritualistic dances to court a female and are very cautious of their proximity before attempting
to mount. Although sexual cannibalism does not occur constantly, one could hypothesize that female
sexual cannibalism is a foraging strategy that results in an increase of fecundity from the nutritional
gain of consuming males. Female mantids who participate in sexual cannibalism should be more fit,
thus contributing to the quality and quantity of her offspring. An increase in sexual cannibalism
should occur when there is low food and resource availability. With gathered research I was able to
evaluate the validity of my hypotheses. The phenomenon of sexual cannibalism in this perspective
held some truth, yet produced repulsions amongst several others.
Introduction
Sexual dimorphism, favoring larger sized females, initially offered a theory as to why females
exhibited cannibalistic behavior. Sexual cannibalism is where a counterpart eats his/hers potential
sexual partner prior, during or after copulation. This is typically seen in female arthropods. It was
once thought that females who

The Skull Has The Second Greatest Degree Of Sexual Dimorphism
2.2.1.The Skull
It has been shown that the skull has the second greatest degree of sexual dimorphism with reported
accuracies for sex determination as high as 77% (Stewart, 1979), 80–90% (Hanihara, 1959;
Krogman, 1962; Cox and Mays, 2000) and even >95% (Baughan and Demirjian, 1978; Briggs,
1998; Franklin, Freedman and Milne, 2005; Kimmerle, Ross and Slice, 2008). However, it is
thought that novice forensic anthropologists might report lower accuracies than these since, for
example Stewart (1979) and Krogman (1962) had highly experienced participants analysing the
skeletal remains. Moreover, some disagree that the skull is the second most sexually dimorphic and
argue that certain postcranial measurements for example of the long bones, fare ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet, this and others, are still some of most commonly used sites for sexing. Keen (1950) expressed
that because morphology is often related to size and robustness, determining sex is extremely
difficult unless extreme features are expressed, such as a very small mastoid process that projects
only a small distance for females and a massive mastoid process that projects a great distance from
the inferior margins of the skull for males. Furthermore Meindl et al. (1985) and Walker (1995) have
discussed that the morphology of sites on the skull of both sexes appear more masculine as the
person ages, which would also hinder the accuracy of determining the sex of skeletal remains.
Buikstra and Ubelaker (1994, p.16) also caution that "estimation of sex can be difficult if the
observer is not familiar with the overall pattern of variability within the population from which the
sample" they are evaluating is drawn and so as a consequence can reduce accuracy in determining
sex.
Cranial suture closure is considered by many as a successful form of age determination (Meindl and
Lovejoy, 1985; Masset, 1989; Mann et al., 1991, Nawrocki, 1998) and is another most commonly
employed method of age determination amongst anthropologists. Up to 27

Information About The Individual 's Lifestyle
During an excavation it is the job of an osteologist to provide information about the individual. The
intention of analysing osteological remains is to provide details of the remains recovered, the
condition of individual specimens, skeletal completeness and to provide a biological profile. This
profile includes the age, sex, health, diet and stature of the individual. (Gaynor Western. 2009). This
can be done using a multitude of methods and can allow one to make speculations about the
individual's lifestyle. Here I will elaborate on the information that can be recovered and how it is
obtained.
Varying methods of recovering the information necessary to create an individual's biological profile
are used by osteologists, there is a particular process to bear in mind during analysis. To begin with
all specimens should be analysed with an unbiased stance, the osteologist should analyse materials
without having any previous knowledge already associated with the individual (G. Western. 2009).
This will allow for more accurate and clear information. During the excavation process specimens
and artefacts will be photographed. This allows for a reliable inventory to be recorded to prevent
unnecessary loss (G Western. 2009). Much of the information needed can be retrieved
macroscopically with an unaided eye or sometimes, if necessary with the use of a magnifying glass
(G. Western. 2009) these two methods will aid in identifying shape and any trauma made to the
skeleton. Bones and

Sexual Dimorphism in Human Voice: Female Mate Choice and...
As in other sexually reproducing anisogamous species, humans have sexually dimorphic traits of
both morphological and behavioural kinds. Such traits are said to have evolved through sexual
selection, the limiting force allowing individuals to out–reproduce others. At the level of gametes,
we expect asymmetries in reproductive effort and in reproductive potential, which yields sexual
dimorphism. According to Triversian Parental Investment Theory (PIT), the sex of a species who
provides higher post–zygotic investment, typically the female, would be more selective in mates,
such that the sex who invests less in a species, typically the male, would require traits seen as
attractive in order to have selective advantage. Moreover, as females serve as the limiting resource
for reproduction, PIT predicts that males are expected to have higher variance in reproductive
success (RS) than females, so intrasexual selection would operate more strongly in males, whose
aggressive competition for mate access would yield differences in fitness maximising strategies,
whether through somatic or behavioural traits. Thus, sexual selection, is the primary explanation for
sex differences within a Darwinian framework. Vocal characteristics in men and women are
considered sexually dimorphic traits. Puts, Jones and DeBruine (2012) cited that women's average
voice pitch post–puberty is much higher than men's, that men speak in a more monotone voice, and
that men's vocal tracts and vocal folds are

Different Brains, Different Realities? Essay
Different Brains, Different Realities?
Most of us go through our days not questioning why separate aisles in toy stores are designated to
boy–toys such as puzzles and blocks and girl–toys such as dolls and tea sets. We do not always
consciously notice that men dominate certain professional fields while women do others. And why
are there a higher percentage of gay men (or more "feminized" men) in the dramatic, passionate
world of the performing arts? Are these sex trends all enculturation? If we do not stop to explore the
origins and implications of our observations, we make the mistake of glossing over them with the
non–informative, "fact–of–life" explanation that neglects the why of the issue.
Perhaps one such "why" involves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effects of steroid binding are realized in alterations in regional cell growth, proliferation, or
death, which may then influence cell number, size, or packing density. Early migrational patterns,
dendritic growth, and neuronal myelination may also be modified (2).
One place where steroid binding appears to exert its effect is in the hypothalamus. The sexually
dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area (SDN–POA) is a sub–nucleus in the medial preoptic
area that is approximately 2.5 times larger in males than in females. In addition, the presence of two
sexually dimorphic cell groups has been confirmed in the preoptic–anterior hypothalamic area.
There are four interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and the two that are larger in the male
brain are the INAH3 and INAH1. These hypothalamic findings are particularly noteworthy because
the preoptic area has been shown to be sexually dimorphic in several other non–human species and
more important, to be sensitive to prenatal or perinatal hormonal influences.
The SDN–POA can be enlarged in female rats through the administration of a synthetic estrogen
(diethylstilbestrol) which does not bind to AFP, indicating that masculinization of this structure is
dependent on the intracellular conversion of testosterone to

Rear Limb Size
An investigation into whether a larger head and rear limb size in the Tenerife Lizard Gallotia galloti
and whether this indicates anything about the mating behaviours for the species.
Introduction.
Tenerife is the largest of the Canary Islands, it is one of the western islands and is therefore more
humid then the eastern islands. It is comprised of two ancient regions (Anaga and Teno) which
collided two million years ago, forming the island of Tenerife (Thorpe & Baez, 1987.)
The Gallotia galloti often called the "Tenerife Lizard" is endemic to the Canary Islands, its
population spreading over Tenerife and La Palma. It can be found in many areas across Tenerife
with its habitats ranging from sea level to 3000m above sea level (Antonio et al. 2009). It is a
common species, with its current population stable and is considered of least concern, despite it
being found only across 5,000 km2 (Miras et al. 2009). Although the subspecies insulanagae is
considered Near Threatened on the Spanish Red ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A scatter graph showing the head length (mm) against the rear limb length (mm) for the Tenerife
Lizard Gallotia galloti (n=32).
There was a significant statistical difference, and a strong positive correlation between the overall
head length (mm) and rear limb length (mm) for both males and females of the Tenerife Lizard
Gallotia galloti (r=0.762, n=32, p=<0.001) (Fig.1) Figure 2. A scatter graph showing the head length
(mm) against the rear limb length (mm) for both males (n= 18) and females (n= 14) for the Tenerife
Lizard Gallotia galloti (n=32).
There was a positive correlation, which was not statistically significant between the female head
length (mm) and the female rear limb length (mm), (r= 0.233, n= 14, p= 0.423). (Fig.2)
There was a statistically significant difference, and a positive correlation between the male head
length (mm) and the rear limb length (mm) of the Tenerife Lizard, with a positive correlation, (r=
0.529, n= 18, p= 0.024) (Fig. 2)

raccoon report Essay
Raccoon Report
GENERAL OVERVIEW
Raccoons (Procyon lotor) belong to the Procyonidae (those who came before the dogs' family). This
highly intelligent mammal has a rounded head with a short nose, small ears, and a sturdy body with
minimum–length, thick, grayish brown fur. Raccoons are easily identified by a distinctive pattern of
alternating black and yellowish white rings around a large bushy tail. They are also identified by a
unique narrow black face mask with two white patches above the eyes. The average length is 2 to 3
feet long (including the tail) and 12 inches high, weigh 8 to 22 pounds (heaviest in autumn), and live
for 10 to 13 years. Females produce one litter per year, numbering from one to ... Show more
Although this statement is generally true, raccoons do have definite preferences. Generally
speaking, when fed by humans, they like peanuts, sweets, fruits, bread, peanut butter, and especially
cat and dog food. Like feeding humans, though, don't overload them with treats –– make those for
special occasions, and leave the healthier stuff for most of the time. In the wild the raccoon prefers:
birds, rodents, crayfish, small reptiles, mollusks, bird eggs, grains, and small grass shoots. Raccoons
have a wide variety in diet and are able to change it when necessary.
MOVEMENT AND MIGRATION
Raccoons do not migrate but they do move within a home range. They will not spend any more time
on one portion of the home range than any other portion.
TERRITORIES AND DEFENSE
Raccoons exhibit solitary social spacing with each adult raccoon remaining in its home range. They
have home ranges rather than territories because with a very diverse diet the resources are not very
defensible, and the home range that males require for mating purposes is too large to defend. Home
range size of the raccoon is largely dependent on resource availability. Smaller home ranges are
associated with more resource availability and larger home ranges with less resource availability.
(Prange, 2004) Home ranges for adult males are usually about 4,800 acres, but again this can vary
with resource distribution as

Extreme Male Brain Theory
The insistence on sameness is a fundamental feature of ASD and is incorporated into diagnostic
criteria. Clinical reports of individuals with ASD show that they react in an unusual way (they may
feel stressed and anxious) to unpredictable change occurring in their environment. Such a crucial
need for stability in individuals with ASD might arise from a dysfunction in the ability to predict
events especially in an ever–changing world (Gomot and Wicker, 2012; Pellicano and Burr, 2012;
Palmer et al., 2013; Lawson et al., 2014; Van de Cruys et al., 2014). Pathological restricted and
repetitive behaviors and interests, rituals, and routines could represent attempts to regulate
uncertainty by imposing sameness and order (Gomot and Wicker, 2012; Pellicano ... Show more
Also results from two task–based fMRI studies are supportive of a differential sex–specific
expression of ASD, as revealed by opposite diagnosis– related effects in the two sexes; with females
showing ASD–related hypo–activation (compared to typical females), and males showing hyper–
activations (compared to typical males) during a mental rotation task (Beacher et al., 2012b) and
empathy tasks (Schneider et al., 2013). Interestingly, several of the aforementioned studies reported
'neural masculinization' of the brain, but these effects were most pronounced for females with ASD.
Particularly, compared to typical females, females with ASD displayed alterations in several brain
regions, and these changes reflected a shift towards the neuroanatomy (Lai et al., 2013) or brain
activation patterns (Beacher et al., 2012b) seen in typical males. No such effect of 'neural
masculinization' or 'hyper–masculinization' was observed in males with ASD. On the contrary, in
several brain regions, males with ASD even showed opposite patterns, reflecting less
masculinization or shifts towards a typical feminine brain

Essay on Women on the Bottom and Men on Top
Do women wear suits to work because they want to look like a man, or are they just tired of wearing
dresses? Since the beginning of time, the gender coin has kept women on one side and men on the
other. Coexistence has proven to be difficult in the best of times. The fact that men cannot have
babies and women do not have a penis should not keep us from enjoying our differences. The mix–
up in our thinking is that men and women are innately different yet we want them to be equal, which
requires recognizing these differences then ignoring them, and puts reality on a collision course with
the politically correct cause of equality. It seems that the difference between men and women has
come down to science, and we need that to tell us what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to these studies, men realistically tend to be generally better suited toward mechanical
and women toward clerical. Reality is what it is and this brings us full circle. Men will never bare
children and women will never be dudes. When presented with the concept that there are innate
differences between the sexes, today's political response is to refuse to even consider the possibility.
Somewhere in the Women's Movement, the notion that men and women cannot be isolated by
psychological distinction became impenetrable. The danger of psychological distinction is the
fundamental argument presented by Anne Fausto–Sterling. As a biological scientist, she asserts that
despite the stereotypical assumption that women do not know the differences between televisions or
cannot program a DVD or fix their brakes, does not mean that they are incapable of doing so. Most
of these talents and skills are acquired through a simple education and should not necessarily be
assumed to be "innate." Thanks to the Women's Movement over the last several decades, there are
enough female electronics technicians and engineers in the labor force today to disprove most of
these old–fashioned, orthodox philosophies. Ms. Sterling

An Array Of Patterns Of Nonrandom Mating
Species that mate assortatively choose their mate according to their own phenotypic characteristics
(Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). It is a term used to describe an array of patterns of nonrandom
mating (Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). It encompasses a correlation, which can be positive or
negative, between the male and female phenotypes, similarities or dissimilarities, respectively (Ng
& Williams, 2014). Assortative mating has several impacts on the evolution of a species or
population. When it is positive it can increase homozygous characteristics, thus decreasing the less
favorable intermediate phenotypes and going more towards the phenotypes that increase fitness and
survival but can also work to keep the species/population phenotypically the same when it is
thriving (Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). It also increases speciation, especially sympatric speciation
(Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). By comparison, negative assortative mating can increase
heterozygous characteristics, this is favorable to create a stabilizing evolution for the species
(Molles Jr. & Cahill Jr., 2014). Species can choose the way they mate, depending on what is best for
the species, and there can be a mixture of the species for the intermediate phenotypes versus the
extreme phenotypes (Ng & Williams, 2014). In each of the three studies the species (the convict
cichlid fish (Amatitlania siquia), bridge spider (Larinioides sclopetarius), and dioecious mangrove
snail (Littoraria ardouiniana))

Missouri State University Diversity
Nowadays, in the process of development of science technology and globalization, more and more
organizations have realized that the understanding of organizational diversity and get used to the
diversification of the market has become the important factors to get the market. On one hand, for
the enterprise, the diversification of the workplace can help the administrators make better
decisions, improve the effectiveness and innovation to solve the problem. On the other hand, for the
outside of the enterprise, the improvement of the diversity of the organization is contributing to meet
the needs of the different customer and different market.
According to the diversity wheel, diversified mainly involves the following areas: race, gender,
sexual ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Generally, based on different skin color, different facial morphology, and different lifestyle, the race
could be identified and recognized in the Missouri state university.
In the Non–Discrimination Policy Statement of Missouri state university, it is mentioned that the
University does not discriminate based on race, color, national origin...
(https://www.missouristate.edu/equity/Nondiscrimination_Statement.htm)
Missouri state university always working on the establish of a diversity development, non–
discrimination campus, trying to accomplish the unity and cooperation atmosphere in the university.
However, due to the relentless significance of race, many unavoidable social issues have arisen.
According to the "Missouri State University Diversity Report" provided by the office of institutional
research in Missouri state university, by Fall 2016, the percentage of white ethnicity students among
the total students is 80%, and the percentage of Nonresident alien students among the total students
is 0.06%, which I am a member of

Impact of Gender Difference on Teamwork
"PSYCHOLOGY"
IMPACT OF GENDER DIFFERENCE ON TEAMWORK
PREPARED BY
Sheikh M. Sikandar
Impact of gender differences on
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Background of the study Related research Summary
2
LITERATURE REVIEW RESEARCH METHODS Conceptual framework RESULT
CONCLUSION DISCUSSION Recommendation Limitation of the study REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
Boys or girls– Who are better or smarter? This is a well known worldwide phenomena and
controversy when it comes to gender that is better in comparison since the beginning of the creation.
Many debates and researches have under taken to answer this question but in end no one can
conclude this. When it comes to competition the enthusiasm of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hypothesis: A no of studies have conducted in different fields to evaluate the gender differences and
their behavior, cooperation, competitiveness between them as well as performing the intelligence
and memory based tasks. This study explores the issue that how boys can better perform in a team
and why girls can not perform better in such type of games and previous researches also showed that
boys perform better so we design the experiment to investigate the reasons and main factors behind
this issue. Our view is based on the personal experience and as well as on the previous studies. So
we postulate the following hypothesis of the above stated experiment is:
H0:

Performance of Boys As a Team Is Not Surpassing As Compared To Girls.
H1: Performance of Boys As a Team Is Surpassing As Compared To Girls. OBJECTIVES: The
objectives of this research study are as follows:    Evaluate the Gender Differences in Team
Work and Team Competition To undertake the primary research on boys & girls at Bahria University
in order to analyse the effect of the gender differences on their teamwork To conclude the impact of
gender in the successes of teamwork
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
Recent studies find that women are less competitive than men. This gender difference in
competitiveness has been suggested as one possible explanation for why men occupy the majority of
top positions in many

Masculinity and Evolutionary Psychology Essay
When attempting to explain something as intangible and complex as human behavior it is difficult to
devise experiments that lead to conclusive results. Sometimes complex problems are easier to solve
when they are broken down into smaller pieces or into simpler problems that are more approachable.
Using human evolution to explain human behavior is such an example. Evolutionary psychology
reaches for the roots of human development when they were in their most basic stages to explain
why people behave the way they do. Specifically, explaining human masculinity through science has
been a major focus of evolutionary psychology. This paper seeks to explain why masculinity cannot
be explained by sociology alone and will present ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After raising two boys she questioned the idea that male and female behavior is entirely shaped by
interaction with society. Blum consulted University of California at Berkeley behavioral
endocrinologist Marc Breedlove about how hormones contribute to gender differences. Breedlove's
studies support the idea that there are biological differences between males and females that
distinguish each gender's behavior. This suggests that it's worthwhile to look at human evolution to
understand why these biological differences exist – what is the purpose of masculinity and why do
masculine traits such as aggression develop predominantly in males? Scientists have suggested that
biological characteristics of males predispose them towards certain behavior and statistical evidence
exists to support these ideas. Blum examined crime reports in the United States and Europe and
noted that men commit ten to fifteen times as many robberies as women (459). She also noted that
for those robberies men were twice as likely to use a gun while committing the crime. Daly and
Wilson present homicide rates for men and women in their article "Darwinism and the Roots of
Machismo." They found that in the United States, Canada, and England over a time period spanning
15 to 20 years, men committed 10 to 30 times as many homicides as women. Based on these
statistics it is clear

Brain and Behavior of Men and Women Essay
If we were to examine a high school calculus classroom or the staff at an engineering program of a
college or university, chances are that the male to female ratio would be significantly skewed. Why
are women and men so different in their choices and behavior? The brunt of popular opinion focuses
on the environmental cues that lead to our distinct behaviors. But is there also an innate biological
basis to the choices and differing abilities between men and women? Cognitive functioning or brain
processing differences in the two genders has been a point of interest and contention for many years.
The purpose of this essay is to explore if neuroanatomical and genetic differences between males
and females play a role in the development of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contrary to popular belief, gender and anatomical sex refer to two distinct and separate constructs as
each develops at different times and in different parts of the body. John Money coined the
phenomenon that codes for masculinity or femininity as "Gendermaps" (1). At a very early age and
through an interaction of both nature and nurture, this gendermap imprint is established. What
makes gender identification and sex so frequently parallel to each other is that gendermap
evolvement is notably also induced by hormones that emanate from the developing fetus (1).
Behavioral Differences:
Though there are many similarities in the cognitive abilities of men and women, there are also
discernible differences. For the most part, the behavioral differences between the intellectual
capacities of the sexes have to do more with patterns of ability than the actual intellectual capacity
(3). For one, attention and perception differ early on. Baby girls have been noted to gaze longer at
objects than baby boys. Later they rely on landmarks and memory for guidance. Boys on the other
hand, have a better visual–spatial ability such as aiming at stationary or moving targets and
detecting minor movements in their visual fields more easily. The fact that males perform better in
navigation seems to agree with the possible theory that evolutionarily, many of these abilities would
have been important for survival in the time of

Sex Differences And Spatial Behavior Among Rats
There are many well–documented cases of sex differences in spatial behavior among rats. According
to Bettis and Jacobs (2009), female rats tend to outperform male rats on object recognition tasks.
Bettis and Jacobs (2009) found that male rats focus on directional cues. Female rats, on the other
hand, look at local cues which show them where items are positioned on the maze in comparison to
the room (Bettis and Jacobs, 2009). Therefore, Bettis and Jacobs (2009) claimed that female rats are
better at recognizing objects, while male rats are better at direction. Chow, Epp, Lieblich, Barha, and
Galea (2013) indicated that male rats are superior at spatial tasks. However, Chow, Epp, Lieblich,
Barha, and Galea (2013) also claimed that female rats are better at tasks where cues are provided.
Gaulin and FitzGerald (1986) on the other hand argue that sex differences are found because of
differing "reproductive tactics" (p. 85).
The basis for sex differences in spatial behavior has been debated because of various and differing
findings. The reason male and female rats differ in spatial ability has been studied throughout the
years and a few hypotheses have been proposed. Gaulin and FitzGerald (1986) claimed that male
rats perform better than female rats on spatial tasks because of a polygamous mating system.
Therefore, male rats might have superior spatial abilities because they frequently move from one
mate to the next. Gaulin and FitzGerald (1986) also argued that the difference

Yellow Dung Fly Breeding
Success of male yellow dung fly breeding.
Introduction
Looking at the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria, it is seen that the species experiences
sexual dimorphism in the form of both size and colour. This gives changes between the males and
females that are specially adapted to give them the best chance of producing offspring. Males are
considerably larger than the females and have clearly defining yellow hair along the abdomen,
whereas females are smaller and are more of an olive green colour. Copulation for this species
occurs on large mammal faeces as it acts as a source of nutrition for larvae once eggs are hatched.
The right to breed with a female is highly competitive among yellow dung flies and only the most
suited mate or the most opportunistic mate will be able to pass on its sperm. Assessing the size of
males is key when looking at the mating probability of the yellow dung fly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mean HTL of the 4 different male yellow dung fly categories. The mean size for males found on the
faeces is clearly larger than those off the pat, and the mean HTL is the largest in paired males on the
pat.
Looking at Fig 1. it can be speculated that larger males are more successful at copulating, however
with the data presented there is not a large enough sample size over the two sites to confirm this.
Males on the pat are larger on both instances compared to males off the pat but due to overlapping
of error bars, it cannot be stated with confidence that they are indeed more successful. The only
statement that can be made with confidence is that paired males on the pat are considerably larger
than solo males off the pat, this can be stated as the error bars do not overlap. With only one sample
of paired males off the pat, there is no way to know if error bars would overlap with any other group
if the sample size was larger. The paired males off the pat then can be only taken as an estimation
because of this.

Relationships betwen Men and Women
Life is full of all different kinds of relationships, whether it is with co–workers, peers or a significant
other. Building and maintaining these relationships is critical in living a fulfilling, happy life. While
there are many different kinds of relationships and they are all important, romantic relationships are
especially unique. Along with being unique, they can be difficult and take work and dedication by
both partners. The difficulties faced in these relationships can be attributed partially to the
differences between men and women. Theses differences range from mate selection to attachment
styles to the way in which problems are dealt with. First and foremost, differences between men and
women can be seen in the stages leading up to a romantic relationship. Each individual has certain
characteristics that they look for when searching for a partner. While the list is endless, there are
some characteristics that men weigh more heavily than women and also the other way around. In
order to find what these qualities are, a good source of information is data from speed dating. In a
well–known study conducted at Columbia University by R. Fisman, S. Iyengar, E. Kamenica, and I.
Simonson, participants were given a card upon arrival to the speed–dating site and they were to use
the card to indicate whether or not they would like to see each person they would "speed–date" with.
Along with having to answer "yes" or "no," they would also have to rate each partner they met on

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