Byzantine Wall Defenses and Influences

Byzantine Walls Pros And Cons
There are many walls around the world that exist and are designed to keep people out, or in, a
certain area. These walls actually originated long ago and for the same purpose. The Byzantine
empire was a tremendously educated empire that had a rich culture, which may have affected our
military strategies and defences. The Byzantines had walls that were called the Theodorin walls
because Theodora was a brave and fearless leader in her time. She fought against plague and
rebellions, but she held strong throughout the Dark Ages. The Byzantines assembled a wall in her
honor and to protect their culture and civilization. The Byzantine defenses, more likely the most
important defenses of the sixth hundred century are due to the teachings and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There are many nations that guard their civilisation with natural defences and man made defences.
According to Lars brownworth an author and former United States history and political science
teacher at the Stony Brook School in Stony Brook on Long Island, New York there can be many
similar strategies around the world. There are many nations that guard their civilisation with natural
defences and man made defences.("Lars Brownworth") This proves that the modern day could use
of technology. Not only does the modern world wants to put new technology like guards and camra's
but modify there natural defenses as well. If there enemy Tried to get out of there more they will
have the challenge of facing the walls and Greek Fire. According to Lars brownworth an author and
former United States history and political science teacher at the Stony Brook School in Stony Brook
on Long Island, New York we can also apply this method and strategy to the eastern part of earth the
Great Wall of China is also known for there walls which are alike to the Byzantine walls. According
to Lars brownworth an author and former United States history and political science teacher at the
Stony Brook School in Stony Brook on Long Island, New York states are the two ancient walls
really related to each other. Are the walls of China and Constantinople related?("Lars Brownworth")
This
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Byzantine Sacred Arts Bearing The Mystic Ideal Of Human...
In this context, Byzantine sacred arts bearing the mystic ideal of human deification as ontological
therapy, can become de–alienating pharmakon by opening a horizon in which man's (even
cyberman's) essence as homo theologicus can be properly restored and saved. Most modern and
contemporary aesthetic doctrines loyal to their post–Kantian heritage have disposed of almost any
trace of mystic origin and transcendental telos as a useless waste. For this reason, they prove useless
against the onto–emptying power of cyberculture. Byzantine Orthodox aesthetics as an ontological
therapeutic way with mystic origin and transcendental telos, can contribute to the de–oblivion of
man's essence in four basic ways: 1. by re–appropriating space through sacred architecture as an
epiphanical "locale" where man can dwell anew in the neighborhood of Being, 2. by re–interpreting
man's "being in the world" as an ex–static interplay with Sacred that restores his sensorial
perceptions through sacred icons and music, 3. by re–centering his life upon the ontological
principle of self–identity against the interactive rationality of cyberlogic, and 4. by re–substantiating
human self–experience as homo theologicus.
In the light of Byzantine onto–therapeutic theology, we can interpret our own being–in–the world as
a reaching–out towards the other as epiphany himself of Transcendence. We can recall our essence
as self–identical personhood by affirming ourselves as preserving care for other's being, i.e. as

How Did Religion Influence The Ottoman Art
The Ottoman Empire came after the Byzantine Empire; it was located in the Middle East and what
we know today as Turkey. The Empire's territory extended from the Mediterranean Sea all the way
to China and the rule existed for more than seven hundred years. Islamic religion dominated the
Ottoman era and therefore, had a great impact on the kind of art that the Empire produced. An
example of how religion was highly influential was the fact that most of the art did not include
human forms as it was considered forbidden in Islam.
The Golden Age of the Arts was a time period when Suleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566) ruled.
In that period, the most fascinating architecture and art was accomplished as a result of sultan
Suleyman's interest and encouragement towards art. The Topkapi Palace was the main
administrative headquarters for the sultans and it is where prestigious and talented artists from
different regions gathered.
Art in the Ottoman Period
The nakkashane was a famous painting school at The Topkapi Palace and it introduced three styles
of painting:
Traditional which used floral patterns, vines and blossoms that were interconnected
Saz which involved more images such as Chinese–inspired dragons as well as other creatures
Naturalistic which included paintings of gardens and flowers such as tulips and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Weavers at the time produced carpets that were mostly wool and utilized geometrical shapes making
carpet–weaving a renowned industry for the Ottoman Empire. Calligraphy was another prominent
form of art which involved demonstrating the beauty of written figures. Moreover, the exquisiteness
of Ottoman architecture can be observed through mosques (buildings for Islamic acts of worship),
kulliyes (buildings surrounding mosques) and public bathrooms or hammams. (Przybylek, S.,

The Roman Empire : The Byzantium Empire
The Byzantium Empire was the Eastern addition to the Roman Empire during the Late Antiquity
and The Middle Ages. Established in the Ancient Greek city Byzantion in 330 AD by the Roman
Emperor Constantine as the new imperial capital of Rome. Furthermore, he had added duplicates of
everything from Old Rome, such as the Coliseum and the Imperial Palace, not including the Pagan
temples. The Byzantines had spoken Greek and had more Greek architecture and culture than
Roman. The Byzantium Empire had survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th
century AD. Byzantine was able to remain for a thousand years before subsequently in 1453 falling
to the Ottoman Turks. The Byzantium empire was a phenomenal empire lasting almost 1,200 years,
it had survived all the other great empires. Much more impressive than age was the influence and
reach the empire had had on civilization. Christianity, literacy, beginnings of art, literature, and
architecture from the Russians, Serbs, and the Bulgarians came from the inspiration of the
Byzantines in a variable degree. Up until the eleventh century, Byzantine was a dominant power, but
by the mid–eleventh century, the Byzantines were faced with an eastern invasion from the recently
converted Muslim Seljuk Turks. The Turks had in a short amount of time conquered most of Central
Asia, including Syria, Iran, all of Mesopotamia, and Palestine. Subsequently, they were also being
attacked by the Normans from the west. This resulted

Royal Exhibition History
Historical context
The Royal Exhibition Building is the architecture which assembles the history and spirits of the city
of Melbourne. It was built in 1880 by Reed and Barnes, who won the design competition of this
building, for Melbourne's first international exhibition with the purpose of demonstrating the
achievements acquired by industrialization and bringing people with confidence and enthusiasm.
The Centennial International Exhibition was subsequently held in 1888 in the building as
Melbourne's second international exhibition, which introduced Melbourne to the worldwide's view,
provided the opportunity for Melbourne to exchange ideas, goods and cultural values with other
countries and promoted trade and economic growth . It also hosted the opening site of Australia's
first Federal Parliament on 9 May 1901 and opened the first Australian War Memorial Museum in
the early 1920s. The building was restored in 1995 by Allom Lovell Associates and was later
granted the World Heritage status with the Carlton Gardens on 1 July 2004 for the symbolic
representation of the International Exhibition Movement and the persistence of its original function
as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A sober scheme is applied to the building in keeping with the solemnity and importance of the
events that will be taken place in it. Palace
Entrance temple
Planning
The Royal Exhibition Building is in a cruciform architectural plan, with two arms equally elongated
to the east and west with four entrance porticoes laid on each side. This layout allows the ventilation
of the hall by opening the doors and windows on the four sides, so that people can breathe freely
even when people are gathered together for big events. The long central naves and short transepts.
The planning is influenced both by Fowke's ultra–utilitarian layout of the Kensington Gardens
building in London and also Barnet's design for Sydney's exhibition

Ecclesiastical Architectures In The Romanesque And Gothic...
Architecture themes are most commonly seen in the different ecclesiastical buildings of the times.
These buildings are the most likely to not be destroyed over time, and are made with the finest
materials so they are sturdy and prepared for the thousands of people who will walk through them.
The cathedrals and churches of 500–1000 AD mark the Byzantine Period, and these buildings are
very similar and different to the western ones succeeding it from 1000–1200 AD in the Romanesque
and Gothic Periods. From their craftsmanship to their symbolism, both Byzantine and Western
Medieval architecture have similarities and differences that helped shape the period.
Byzantine ecclesiastical architecture most often has a large dome near the center before the apse.
This dome is usually decorated in mosaics and usually depicts Christ and His apostles. The domes
are usually paired with squinches that are also decorated with scenes of the Bible or of Saints. This
is very prominent in the Hosios Loukas Katholikon. This building also has marbled columns and
piers joined by arches, helping make the small space look bigger. The Katholikon and the Church of
the Pammakaristos, another Byzantine building in Istanbul, both have vaulted ceilings adorned with
beautiful mosaics also containing religious themes. The apses of the Byzantine period are a main
feature of the churches and accent the large center domes. The windows are most often small but
offer enough light for the artistry of the interior to

Comparison of Byzantine Empire and Ancient Rome Essay
Though both had similar roots, they both took these similar bases & formed it into their own way.
Both the Byzantine Empire and Ancient Roman have similar aspects, but each one made it unique.
To better understand the similarities and differences of the Byzantine Empire and Ancient Romans
one must look at each civilization's cultural ideas, religion, & dependence on lower class. The
Byzantine Empire and Ancient Romans' cultural ideas, religion, & dependence on lower class
portray commonalities between these two civilizations. Both the Byzantine Empire and Ancient
Romans had Roman influences which affected their culture. This is because after the collapse of the
Roman Empire in 4th century, the build of the Byzantine Empire took on a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Though their ideas are similar, their roots of these are still different. Rome was basically influenced
by the Etruscans with their monarchy and infrastructure of paved streets, public buildings, defensive
walls, large temples, & geographic advantages of being near (i.e. easy access to the Mediterranean
which helped in trade.) Though the Byzantine was much influenced by the Romans, they were also
influenced by the Middle East. Like Islamic views which were spreading throughout north of Africa
and the bulk of the Middle East. In addition, during the 7th century the Arab Muslims had built a
fleet that challenged the Byzantine naval supremacy in the eastern Mediterranean while repeatingly
attacking Constantinople. The Arabs quickly swallowed the empire's remaining provinces along the
eastern seaboard of the Mediterranean. This attack influenced the Byzantine empire's pattern of life
with Arab cultural and commercial influence. From attacks to religion, we see the religion between
the Byzantine Empire and Ancient Romans are similar due to the fact they are associated with
Christianity, but each civilization found ways to make it their own. The Romans, being that
Christianity was becoming one of the major world religions, did of course arise during the time of
Rome. However, Christianity was not really a product of roman culture & roman gods and
goddesses were. The Byzantine Empire created a new branch of Christianity,

Surface Embellishments In Byzantine Architecture
Surface Embellishment in Byzantine Costume Embroidery and other surface embellishments are a
key part of fashion that have appeared consistently throughout history. The use of these techniques
puts so much expression and individuality into clothing, and by looking back into history we can tell
a lot about a culture just by looking at the details they chose to include in their fashion. The
Byzantine Empire is a perfect example of this, because they made many advancements in surface
decoration. Not only were the surface decorations on Byzantine clothing beautifully made, they also
held great cultural significance. In this paper I will discuss how embroidery, printing, and beading
played an important role in Byzantine society and how those elements have been brought into
contemporary fashion.
The Byzantine Empire led the world in fashion style from the 5th century to the 12th century.
Constantinople gradually became one of the most luxurious and wealthy cities in the world. They
had several different techniques for adding interest to a textile surface, with the main three being
embroidery, beading, and printing and dyeing.
Embroidery is the process of stitching thread or yarn through fabric to make a raised decoration on
the top. The process has been used since about 30,000 BC. Archeologists have found fossilized
remains of fabric that has been embroidered from around this time period, so we can assume it
originated then. Nearly any materials can be used to

Essay on Roman Influence on Byzantine Empire and Islamic...
Mother of the World
"The mother of the world has been killed," stated a 5th century historian, bereft and appalled when
the news of Rome's fall had reached ear. Certainly his words hold truth, for Rome – the dauntingly
colossal Empire engulfing the Mediterranean and all territories around it; the source of artistic,
intellectual, and cultural ascendancy; the influential factor of brilliance in so many of the coexisting
societies of the western world – was truly the predecessor and creator of all Western Civilization to
come. However, what no one knew, was that the lasting impression this powerful and astonishing
civilization would make upon the world, even if only through the works of fleeting memory or
written text. As always, with loss ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Silk soon became an imperial monopoly, and through this way, the trade of luxury items became the
Byzantine's main source of income. The location of Constantinople also aided in military conquest
and defence, for the empire's naval headquarters were located along the shores, and had access to the
Black Sea and Mediterranean. Because of the Empire's location, all but overlapping the fallen
Roman's territory, the Byzantine Empire was greatly affected by these Roman's past traditions and
ways of life.
The Roman Empire influenced the Byzantine Empire's culture, mainly through the religion of
Christianity. Christianity first appeared in the Roman Empire, with the birth, teachings, and
supposed resurrection of Jesus Christ. In the beginning years of it's arrival, Christianity was not
tolerated and Christians were mainly, and most often brutally prosecuted. However, with
Constantine's Edict of Milan, Christianity was officially tolerated, and under Theodosius, it became
the official religion of the Roman Empire. The Byzantine Empire inherited this relatively new
religion, continuing to follow the beliefs and traditions of the church, as well as spreading the word
of Jesus Christ and the message of god. Churches sprung up in the empire, such as the mighty Hagia
Sophia. Located in Constantinople and built by Justinian, this church especially exemplified

Sacred Medieval Architecture
After the fall of the Roman Empire the political atmosphere was transformed in Western Europe. As
the West witnessed a change, brought about by the constant invasion of barbarians, the Eastern
Roman Empire remained intact and grew incredibly prosperous. The Eastern Empire had much
closer ties between the state and the Christian Church. These ties lead to many elaborate Byzantine
churches being built in Constantinople, emphasizing the importance of the Eastern Church in
everyday life. The Byzantine architecture maintains a sense of well–balanced proportions and favors
a more simple approach to the building's exterior. The Byzantines established an architectural style,
different from the Romans generally by plans that were well ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Charlemagne's palace at Aachen housed a chapel, Palatine Chapel, designed after Byzantine
churches. Much of the building material was recovered from classical ruins in Italy ("The
Encyclopedia Britannica" p.368–370). Much of the chapel interior remains classical, including
rounded arches, the height of the dome and the overall structure is, however, Germanic. After the
death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire assumed power. This time is referred to as the
Ottonian age. The Ottonian's grew upon the designs of the Carolingian culture. This new design is
what is now referred to as "Romanesque", named for the use Roman architectural elements. Round
towers are a distinctive feature of Ottonian Churches. Four such towers can be found at St.
Michael's in Hildesheim. Romanesque permeated Western Europe, finally restoring order to a
culturally fractured continent. One advancement in Romanesque style was decoration. Romanesque
buildings featured many more architectural sculptures than Carolingian or Ottonian churches. One
of the best places for Romanesque sculpture was the tympanum: the semi–circular space above an
arched–framed door. Romanesque architecture is significantly more vertically and intricacy than its
Carolingian and Ottonian predecessors. The Gothic style took these developments even

How Did Brunelleschi Influence Italian Architecture
Italian architecture has influenced many other architects, architecture and the world. Italian
architecture became famous during the Renaissance. Many churches, palaces, and public buildings
were built in this time. Some of these buildings were built by famous architects like Brunelleschi,
Borromini, and Palladio. Italian architecture is all over the world. The Italian architects that had the
greatest influence on world architecture are Brunelleschi, Borromini, and Palladio.
Filippo Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy, in 1377. He is known as the creator of the
Renaissance architectural style. Brunelleschi made new things from classical Roman, Tuscan, and
Italian late Gothic models with some Byzantine influences. His first building was finished in the
1420's. It was the San Lorenzo. This building shows classical and Tuscan influences. Brunelleschi
also made plans for the basilica of San Lorenzo and a chapel next to Santa Croce. But what made
Brunelleschi famous was his work on the cathedral of Florence. He mad a dome that measured 130
feet in diameter, something that many other architects said was not possible to do. This dome was a
model for Michelangelo's dome for St. Peter's in Rome. Brunelleschi died in Florence in 1446 and
he was buried in the cathedral of Florence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that space should be totally controlled. Borromini showed this in his work by creating
walls broken by niches making a wave like effect and many other things. He offered the style of
baroque architecture. The baroque style takes inspiration from the human body. Borromini worked
at St. Peter's, helping make the famous baldachin canopy over the tomb of S. Peter. In 1634
Borromini built a monastery and church San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane. The church is still one of
Borromini's masterpieces. He designed lots of other buildings, but churches were his specialty. One
of the last things that Borromini built was the Church of San Ivo della

How Did Justinian Influence Architecture
Justinian Justinian I was a ruler in the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 CE. When he first came
into power Justinian I was not favored by the overall population. Procopius, a scholar and historian
in the 6th century, described Justinian as a man "both an evil–doer and easily led into evil, the sort
of a person whom they call a moral pervert, never of his own accord speaking the truth to those with
whom he conversed, but having a deceitful and crafty intent behind every word and action." Also
the Nika Riots were revolts against Justinian's rule that took place in Constantinople over the span
of a week. This resulted in the death of thirty–thousand people. But despite the early animosity
towards Justinian's reign it is clear that Justinian brought prosperity to the Byzantine Empire during
and after his rule. Justinian I influenced art specifically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justinian sought to rebuild the former glory of the Roman Empire and he started after the Nika Riots
in 532. Since most of Constantinople was burnt down during the riots Justinian decided to rebuild
the capital into a much more magnificent city and it all started with the reconstruction of the Hagia
Sophia. The Hagia Sophia was the most prominent church in the Roman Empire and Justinian had
the church designed by architects Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles. The church has a
massive dome ceiling which was a huge feat for construction builders during the post–classical age.
There were 40 windows which helped to bring in light and illuminate the many mosaics inside the
church. The mosaics were icons popular to the Eastern Orthodox faith such as Christ, angels and
crosses. The Hagia Sophia has two levels and stands at 180 feet tall. There was a Narthex
(antechamber at the western entrance of early Christian churches) used only for the emperor and it
lead to the second level of the church that was only used by the

Byzantine Empire Research Paper
The eastern Roman Empire also known as the Byzantine Empire was originated form and was part
of the great Roman Empire which lasted from the fall of Western Roman Empire in 467 A.D, till
1453 A.D., when Constantinople was capture and lost to Ottoman Turks Empire. Constantinople
was the capital of the Byzantine Empire founded and named after Constantine I. after splitting from
Western Roman Empire eastern Roman Empire make every effort to create new Rome in east
therefore the Byzantine developed its own unique culture and constructed new buildings with
distinct architecture. The Byzantines were great patrons of art and architectures. The place of the
emperor were huge and was blazed with gold, silver, marble and mosaics. The emperor were and ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The interior and the artistic features of the Hagia Sophia makes it so magnificent. The features of the
Hagia Sophia includes combination of three traditional basilical plans with the dome as the central
design. "The structure has three nefi, one apsi, and two narthex, internal and external. The length
from the apsis to the outer narthex is 100 m, and the width is 69.5 m. " The central dome of the
Hagia Sophia is considered as the dome of haven. "The height of the dome from the ground level is
55.60 m and the radius is 31.87 m in the North to South direction and 30.86 in the East to West
direction ". The weight of the dome is carried by four great arches, "which rest on a series of
tympana and semi–domes, which in turn rest on smaller semi–domes and arcades" . The dome was
problematic due to the structural complexity, therefore it was collapsed in 558 but later it was rebuilt
again in 562 to a greater height . The inside the interior of the Hagia Sophia was built from
exclusive and expansive diverse colored marbles and ornamental stone inlays. Marbles that were
used for the decoration were reused and was taken from ancient buildings to support the interior
arcades . The upper part of the building was originally decorated in "gold which consist of a huge
cross in a medallion at the summit of the dome" . New features like the mosaics were added to the
building after the emerge of iconoclasm. The Hagia Sophia was built in five years and was
inaugurated by emperor

The Church Of San Vitale
The Church of San Vitale is an historical building that should be considered to be turned into an art
museum. The building itself is very beautiful on the outside and having replica of this building
would bring beauty and individuality to Stillwater. This oddly shaped church that was built in
Ravenna, Italy over 1,000 years ago, should be considered to be used as an art museum.
The Church of San Vitale located in Italy is an early Christian church completely made up of bricks,
which was built and completed between 538–548. It has an octagonal plan, with a two–story
ambulatory enclosing a central space. There is a narthex, or entrance porch attached to the west side
of the building at an angle, while a small choir and chancel, or extended ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The centralized space is a used for a place of gathering, as well as the narthex. There are many
mosaics, or pieces of art, that are located around the building. All the mosaics are rich with colours,
vivid depictions of nature, and each one has a different but certain perspective. The apse has two
famous and stunning mosaics, these pieces were located on the side walls. These mosaics depicted
the East Roman Emperor, Justinian, and Empress Theodora. The two mosaics were created to depict
each one of them by themselves, but both pieces of art have similarities. The right panel mosaic
depicts Emperor Justinian with golden halo, standing in the middle of court officials, guards, and
Bishop Maximian. The halo and his position in the piece emphasizes Justinian as the leader of his
empire and the church. Justinian and Bishop Maximian are placed in front of the other individuals,
which represents their importance. On the opposite side, there is the mosaic of Empress Theodora.
In the mosaic, she can be depicted as a goddess because like Justinian, she too has a halo over her
head, with a crown and women amongst her. The mosaic represents movement in way, it shows the
women going into the church, while Empress Theodora is holding what seems to be wine.
The Church of San Vitale located in Ravenna, Italy. It is an important example of early Christian
Byzantine architecture in Europe. The church of San Vitale was dedicated to St.Vitalis, a slave that
converted

The Role Of Images Within The Context Of Byzantine Art
Our deeply visual culture today shows the fascination humanity has with the power of images. This
paper intends to discuss the use and importance of images within the context of Byzantine art. The
works produced in the service of the Eastern Orthodox Church still employed today, show a
remarkable synthesis of doctrine, theology and aesthetics. The rigid program of Church decoration
was meant as a didactic element to accompany the liturgy. The majesty of the images bespeaks of
the Glory of God and the spiritual realities of the Christian faith. The images were intended to
educated and provide contemplation of the invisible realm of the spirit. Byzantine aesthetics,
therefore, is thoroughly in the service of theology. In today 's world ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The development of the style of Byzantine Art was developed during the fifth and sixth centuries
were created for the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox preferred a somber reflected
tone to worship instead of the large congregational worship of the West. This focus is also reflected
in their art and architecture. The figures in their art appear flat and one dimensional with little use of
shadowing to give any life–like appearance. Figures are almost always from the front with somber
and solemn looks coming from starring eyes. Faces were long and narrow. In all, very little attempt
was made for realism in the painting and mosaic depictions. The art of this empire was more apt to
the symbolic meaning of art rather than the literal biblical meaning.
With this art interpretation came a conflict, the Iconoclasts controversy. In which the iconophiles,
the group of people lead by the monks who were in favor of the symbolic meaning, and the
iconoclasts or the group with the Emperor who insisted on the literal translation of biblical images
and the biblical ban against graven images. The iconoclastic controversy lasted from 726 AD, when
Emperor Leo III began an attack on the use of religious images, until 843 AD when the Empress
Theodora allowed their restoration (Martin).
Byzantine art grew from the art of Ancient Greece but with some significant differences. Since the
main purpose of Byzantine art was the glorification of God and his son, Jesus,

Miami Compare And Contrast
The Merriam–Webster dictionary defines architecture as the art or science of designing and creating
buildings. Almost all locations around the world have at least one or several buildings that are of
historical significance or greatly admired. These buildings not only identify its citizens and
government, but the state. Through architecture it's safe to say that one can measure many things
about the culture, lifestyle, creativity, and social structure. In this paper I will be comparing and
contrasting two structures located Miami, Florida. Miami, Florida also known as the Magic City is
the second largest city and the largest metropolitan area in the state. This beautiful city is recognized
for its geographical features, colorful history, nightlife, and home to many multi–national
companies, and financial institutions. In addition, many of the unique structures can be seen as a
backdrop to countless films and programs. The distinctiveness depicted throughout the city is due ...
The rectangular man made concrete building grabs the eye by its low–pitched hipped roofs covered
in arched red clay tile, stucco smooth wall planes, arched doors and windows, balconies made out of
iron, and exterior ornaments gives the property its value. The Main House, which is the one that is
seen as soon as guest walk in has 34, decorated rooms that display over 2,500 art objects and
furnishings. The rooms are decorated with objects that were commonly found in North American,
Europe, and Asia in the 16th through the 19th century. Outside the property there is a European–
inspired gardens that has a fascinating collection of various flowers and trees and is a popular
location for wedding

The Importance Of Architecture And Architecture
Introduction
In the Ottoman period, a new art direction was appeared and spectaculars perspectives were born.
Due to the expansion of territories by the Ottoman Empire, several sciences, fields and theories were
developed. One of these fields was architecture; the Ottomans constructed several public buildings
and edifices were shared the perfection in structure and in aesthetic value. The mosques are the most
influenced edifices in this period because the Ottomans practiced Islam, besides the increasing in
Muslim population and the annexation of new lands to the Ottoman Empire, the construction of
mosques was required. Another essential factor in the development of the mosques architecture is a
thriving economy. The Ottomans constructed the buildings with luxurious architectures such as
fenestrations spreading over the shaft of the dome to reflect the glory of exterior of the mosques. We
can conclude that the construction method, in the Ottoman period, is influenced by the Ottoman
culture, the Islamic regulations called Shariah and several issues such as climate and materials used
in building. Also, we can see the effect of byzantine architecture on the Ottoman buildings.
However, several innovative contributors appeared in the Ottoman period such as Sinan (figure 1),
he is genius in art and architecture and he constructed approximately 400 buildings. Sinan affected
the Ottoman archeticture in a direct way by introducing new ideas; his works have aesthetic value
besides the

Advanced Technology In The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was one of the many great nations in human history. The Byzantine empire
was formed in 330 A.D when Constantine moved the Roman Empire capital from Rome to the
Greek city of Byzantium, in what is now modern day Turkey. Constantine eventually changed the
name of the capital city to Constantinople. Constantinople remained the capital of the empire for the
rest of its days. The movement of the capital, however, led to the division of the Roman Empire into
Western and Eastern Rome. Although the west fell, the east survived and eventually became the
Byzantine empire, which would last for hundreds of years. A combination of advanced technology,
specialized workers, complex institutions, advanced cities, and record keeping made the Byzantine
empire one of the leading civilizations of its time.
The first aspect that defines a civilization is having advanced technology. Many of these
technologies are portrayed in the city of Constantinople in its architecture and the city's defense.
One example of these defensive technologies was the use of defensive chains in several waterways,
such as the Golden Horn. These incredibly sturdy chains were set at the mouth of the waterways in
order to prevent enemy ships from sailing through the passages. Towers were another example of
defensive technology built along the city's outer walls. These towers helped to create stability in the
walls and were excellent lookout posts and great spots for archers to mount during an invasion

Old Stone Bank: A Unique Building In Providence, Rhode Island
Old Stone Bank is a very unique building in Providence, Rhode Island. Old Stone Bank contains
architectural styles from several different time periods. The architectural styles that are found in Old
Stone Bank are ancient Greek architecture, and Byzantine architecture. The two most notable
features are the Greek like columns surrounding the entrance, and the Byzantine like imposing gold
dome on the roof. Architectural styles used centuries ago are often still used in today's world and
Old Stone Bank is an example of that. Old Stone Bank was constructed in 1819, and it still remains
very similar to when it was created except for a couple additions. The space was used as a mutual
savings bank then. In 1854, the gold dome addition was added onto ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The building contains Corinthian columns from ancient Greece architecture, and it contains a similar
dome and pendentive as the Hagia Sophia from Byzantine architecture. The architects of the Old
Stone Bank did simplify and modernize some of the features because of budgetary reasons, not
having enough space, and so it could form a good balance compared to the surrounding buildings.
Overall, the Old Stone Bank is a very admired and respected building in Providence due to its use of
past successful architectural

'How Do Buildings Mean' By William Whyte
Language in architecture is considered an imperative part of designing, embedding itself within
architectural gestures spanning a number of historical periods including contemporary projects of
today. Throughout William Whyte's essay 'How Do Buildings Mean? Some Issues of Interpretation
in the History of Architecture' (2006), Whyte thoroughly dissects the concept of 'meaning' within
architecture, questioning a number of approaches to discerning the meaning behind a building.
"...we commonly do experience architecture as communication..." – Umberto Eco
Discussing various approaches to perceiving meaning within architecture (understanding
architecture as an expression of underlying social orders; treating architecture as a result of the
Zeitgeist, and finally; interpreting architecture as an independent sign system comprised of its own
grammar, syntax and ways of meaning), Whyte claims architecture can be understood as an analogy
to language. Subsequently, Whyte claims that simply interpreting meaning with architecture is
challenging due to the complexity of a building. To truly understand an architectural meaning,
Whyte states a number of perspective shifts must occur, ensuring all design stages, from concept
through to construction is accounted for due to the ever evolving nature of a project and therefore ...
Inspired by the original museums extensive gem and mineral collection, Libeskind's aluminium–
clad crystalline form extrudes from the ground at various unexpected angles and is characterised via
its use of particularly angular walls and random strip windows. The intervention is located directly
between the already existing West and East Wings of the ROM, producing a drastic juxtaposition
that strongly contrasts the historical architecture whilst also forging a link between the old and new

Architecture : Frank Lloydd Wright And The Greene Brothers
Frank Lloyd Wright once said, "Every great architecture is–necessarily–a great poet. He must be a
great original interpreter of his time, his day, his age." In other words, movements of architecture
become movements because of individuals who fabricate their own new styles. Wright states this by
saying every architecture reflects his/her time period with originality.Throughout history there have
been many great architectures who have worked in many different styles of architecture, such as
Gothic, Byzantine, Craftsmen, and Prairie. Many architectural styles such as Romanesque and
Gothic went from being a style of architecture to defining a whole period in history. For example,
the Craftsmen style of architecture, which originated from the Arts and Crafts movement, went on to
define that time in history. Frank Lloyd Wright and the Greene brothers both have exquisite styles of
architecture with many similarities and differences in which they pioneered themselves. Wright and
the Greene brothers both share similar ideals of architecture in which can be found in their different
styles today. "Frank Lloyd Wright was a modern architect who developed an organic and distinctly
American style. He designed numerous iconic buildings" (biography.com). Frank Lloyd Wright was
instrumental in developing the "Prairie Style" of architecture. In 1893, when Frank Lloyd Wright
founded his architectural practice in Oak Park, a village in Chicago, he had no idea that his Oak
Park Studio

Western Civilization Of The Byzantine Empire
Western Civilization Madison Odom
Research Paper 11/16/17
The Byzantine Empire at its peak was the most advanced in its culture, economic structure and
military. With its many expanding and contracting moments during its period of growth it was
centered around, and a major part of the Roman Empire. It was called the New Rome, and was
influenced by Greeks, Romans, and the Roman Catholic Church.(Bauer, 11) It mainly was the
purpose of retrieving much of the old Roman Empire. It was located there because it was
surrounded by water and had an excellent harbor. The Byzantine Empire withstood a long,
treacherous history that ended after 1000 (476 ad–1453 ad) years. 1453 is the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In this design it was centered with a large domed roof. The structures had high roofs and columns
made of marble, vaults with mosaics, and gold ceilings. The architecture was throughout the East
and was still used even after the fall.
The Byzantine government was controlling of all the citizens, and provided needs of the poor on
special occasions. This government was in control of anything to do with money and religious
activities. The influence for Byzantines was the Romans with their laws, but more than the Romans
they were influenced by the Greeks culture.(Hall, 168) In the beginning Constantinople was under
the rule of one person who took over the government and religious aspects of the everyday life.
Then it was split into someone ruling the government and the head of the church. The key to a great
city–state is location close to ports where trade is rich in all kinds of resources. The Silk Road was
the main stretch of land for trades of gold, clothing, and different kinds of food. The strategic
location of the Byzantines was a very important part of the growth. Set at a position between trade
routes from Asia and Europe. This was important for food and other commodities needed to survive.
The key to a great city–state is location close to ports where trade is rich in all kinds of resources.
The Silk Road was the main stretch of land for trades of gold, clothing, and different kinds of food.
The location was in a

Justinian World Conqueror
1. Who was Justinian and how is he represented in Byzantine art? Please include analyses of
Justinian as World Conqueror (Barberini Ivory) (Figure 9–4) and Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and
Attendants (Figure 9–13) in your response.
Justinian was the emperor who during his time took back the control of Old Rome. He took every
out of Italy and was very strict with views that he made sure everyone followed the Roman law and
the true Christian religion. "Artists continued to portray emperors sitting on thrones holding the orb
of the earth in their hands, battling foes while riding on mighty horses, and receiving tribute from
defeated enemies."(Kleiner, Page 261) In the Justinian as World Conqueror we can see Justinian
riding his horse with his crown on his head and holding a pole. Below his we can see a group of men
that are looking up to him. In the Justinian, Bishop Maximianus we see him standing in the middle
surrounded by all the other group of men. He is seen wearing a robe and thrown amongst everyone
else who is just seen with a white simple robe.
2. Describe and analyze the characteristics of Byzantine church architecture as seen in Hagia
Sophia, Constantinople ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has a large dome inside with windows that allows the light to light up the inside of the dome and
is surrounded by four tall pillars on every corner. The dome that sat at the very top of the structure
gave the entire building more height, making it the tallest and sacred buildings in the cities.
"Perhaps the most characteristic feature of Byzantine architecture is the use of a dome, which is
circular at its base, over an interior space that is square in plan, as in the Justinian church of Hagia
Sophia (figs. 9–7 and 9–8) and countless later structures" (Kleiner, Page.264) Inside the Byzantine
churches are full of columns that decorate the interior and each column shows a very detailed
carving work in different spiral

the Byzantine Empire encompassed the eastern half of the Roman Empire, centering at
Constantinople (today know as Istanbul). The Byzantine reign advanced for approximately a
millennium until 1453 when Constantinople fell to a siege executed by the Ottoman Empire. The
Byzantine Empire acquired its height under the reign of Justinian (A.D. 527–565), with advanced
infrastructure in the form of cathedrals that still stand today.
Traditionally, costuming of the Byzantine period took extensive influence structurally from the
Roman Empire and sourced colours and decorative aspects from the Orient and the Middle East.
Also, inheriting from the Romans, basic clothing forms allowing for movement, such as the toga,
stola and tunic essential to the hot climate of Constantinople. Byzantines modified the traditions of
Roman costume to become a style uniquely their own, through lavish embroidery and ornate fabrics.
Developing their own fashion identity the Byzantine's disposed of the toga and chose to refine the
notion of the 'dalmatica'. The dalmatica is a long flowing men's tunic consisting of wide sleeves ...
Through trade exotic fabrics and patterns were bought into Constantinople with the wealthy eagerly
adopting the fabrics, patterns and colours of the East into traditional costume. Repeated colours on
garments of the wealthy included blues; yellows, greens and deep reds with the richest colour being
purple reserved for royalty, embellished with gold embroidery and appliqued jewels. Silk fabric
become incredibly predominant amongst the Byzantines, which first came to be from the trade route
that crossed the Middle East and was used not only in garments but in embroidery and the arts.
Eventually, the Byzantines became skilled in weaving their own silk into a fabric named Samite,
which was often sewn with gold thread woven into the

The Dome Of The Rock
The Dome of the Rock (688–92) is a building project which demonstrates a particular way of
achieving uniqueness in architecture. Architectural uniqueness can be established by introducing the
same building form and materials in a slightly different way, complimenting its surrounding. Again,
this uniqueness can be achieved by having a completely different building vocabulary, contrasting
with its surroundings. In this context, this essay will investigate what type of architectural
uniqueness the Dome of the Rock possess and how this uniqueness has been achieved through
various architectural elements.
Historical Background and Site Context
The Dome of the Rock is located in the city of Jerusalem and stands upon the land of the main three
sacred religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. To them, Jerusalem was their holy
city, a place for pilgrimage and an area for devotion.
The Temple Mount, or al–Haram al–Sharif is a significant part of the city. The shape of the Temple
Mount is slightly trapezoidal and comprises of an array of different mosques, gates and monuments.
In the center of the platform, there is another raised trapezoidal platform, which is accessed by an
arcade of stairways. This platform holds up the focal point of the Temple Mount, the Dome of the
Rock. This monument was built primarily to act as a shrine, sheltering a sacred rock found upon the
Temple Mount. As the Umayyad's came to build the shrine on top of the Temple Mount, they were

The Byzantine Empire is and Example of the Golden Age
When a civilization goes through a golden age, they are remembered for their marvelous
achievements and extravagance. A golden age occurs when a society goes through a time of peace
and harmony. Along with this, the society experiences economic prosperity, political stability, and a
series of cultural achievements. The Byzantine Empire, which lasted from 330 A.D. to the mid
1400s, is an excellent example of a golden age. The Byzantine Empire became wealthy by being an
economic center of the world, connecting Asia and Europe. Under Emperor Justinian, the capital of
Constantinople became a center of wealth, which helped usher in a golden age. The Byzantine
Empire was a golden age because it had many architectural achievements as well as political
achievements that have had lasting impacts on today's societies. As the Roman Empire began to fall,
it was split into Eastern and Western sections. The emperor at the time, Constantine, declared that
the new imperial residence, Byzantium, would become the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
After experiencing economic issues and invasions from the Huns, the Western part of the Roman
Empire finally collapsed in 476. With a wealthy, strong, and prosperous capital, the eastern half of
the Roman Empire survived and became known as the Byzantine Empire. This wealth and stability
allowed for significant achievements to be made. One of these achievements is the Hagia Sophia; a
piece of architectural genius. The Hagia Sophia was a

The Creations Of One Of My Favourite Interior Designers
In this assignment, I chose to discuss the creations of one of my favourite interior designers, Zeynep
Fadillioglu because I adore the way she fuses the Western and Eastern traditions, designs and
culture. As she is Turkish, her designs are a mixture of our heritage, the Ottoman Empire, with the
contemporary world today. I will use my knowledge and combine it with research I have found
online, in books and from the press she has received by her wondrous architecture pieces.
Through my research, I have learnt that the materials typically used for a minbar in a mosque is iron,
as its easily carved to any shape or form. Furthermore, the colour gold is highly used to give off a
Royal Ottoman aura because it illustrates wealth and prosperity, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Ottomans accomplished the most elevated amount design in their territories henceforth or since.
They aced the strategy of building inconceivable internal spaces limited by apparently weightless
yet huge domes, and accomplishing immaculate concordance amongst inward and external spaces,
and additionally verbalized light and shadow.
Islamic religious architecture which until then comprised of straightforward structures with broad
adornments, was changed by the Ottomans through an element compositional vocabulary of domes,
arches, semi domes and sections. The mosque was changed from being a confined and dim chamber
with arabesque–secured dividers into a haven of tasteful and specialised equalisation, refined style
and an insight of glorious amazing quality.
One of my favourite interior design of hers is the Hotel Les Ottomans located in Istanbul, Turkey
because I have always loved the Ottoman culture, tradition and especially the designs as I have
grown up with them being Turkish. I love how she fuses the contemporary and the traditional
designs to create a very unique look. I feel like not many people succeed when trying to combine
these elements as it can be very difficult to do. Although the interiors could look quite cluttered, she
achieves to make them look really elegant and luxurious. For example, in Figure 3. the room is full
of detail and precision. There 's decorative columns, a detailed ceiling, heavy curtains, patterned
pillows and

Hagia Julia Research Paper
When we regularly take a look at old sanctuaries, we pick up this sort of warm feeling in our souls,
influencing us to address ourselves the entirety of its reality, how it remained to become, and what
the distinctive brilliant occasions that occurred in this place. We investigate history, and learn the
significance of the sanctuary, making it more exceptional than what we definitely know about it. We
get awed with fulfillment while taking a look at its structure, and how it could emerge regardless of
the numerous years it had long stood. The building that constitutes a turning point in the historical
backdrop of architecture with its arch transition and load–bearing framework is none other than the
Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
This study incorporates the context of the temple's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The building started in 532, and it is said that the Emperor Justinian himself assumed responsibility
of the work. The pendentives of Hagia Sophia lay on four immense docks, or columns, which have
lead rather than mortar between the stones. The great central dome is 107 feet (32.6 meters) across
and 180 feet (55 meters high). To make it lighter, the dome was made of an exceptional light brick
brought from the island of Rhodes. Amid the ensuing nine hundred years of the Byzantine Empire,
the dome endured another two scenes of fractional crumple. The fundamental structure as well as
the optional zones was definitely adjusted numerous times giving the building the appearance that it
has today. The builders upheld the dome on two sides with half–domes and on the other two sides
with arches, to ensure that it would not collapse. The splendor of Hagia Sophia additionally
originates from its color. The columns, taken from each side of the Empire, are of stone and marble
of a wide range of hues, including blue, green, and blood red. The floor is secured with marble
mosaics and the walls shine with glass

Rome: The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was an Eastern Roman that was located along Europe and Asia during
375CE. The Byzantine was a rural population. They grew fruits, wheat, and cotton. The degree of
farming mainly depended on the location. The Byzantine Empire's capital is called Constantinople,
which was founded as the second Rome. The official language spoken among the Byzantine was
Greek, to Justinian, an emperor, preserving the greek and latin language was important. Justinian
came to power in 527 CE–565 CE as an absolute power emperor. Justinian improved Constantinople
by adopting Roman architecture and building the Hagia Sophia. The architecture of the empire was
advanced as seen from the Hagia Sophia, this shows the prosperity of the empire. During

Compare And Contrast Byzantine And Islam
After the fall of Rome, the Western world experienced a dark age: school were closed, commence
were shrinking, military forces diminished, power collapsed. However, the stories of both the
Islamic and Byzantine Empires were quite different. Byzantine evolved as a strong political entity
after fall of Rome until Islamic Civilization. The ruler of Byzantine exerted stronger control over
churches (orthodox churches), whereas the West took fragmented control over Churches. Byzantine
also pioneered the business networks of Eurasia. Islamic shared analogous features with Byzantine
in the areas of art, politics, and culture. Islamic advanced its military forces and expanded trade
through Asia and Europe, in contrast to the fall of the West. . As

Compare And Contrast Aztec And Roman Architecture
s, this lesson will be focused on Aztec, Japanese and Roman. The word Architecture comes from the
Greek word "arkhḗ" which means origin and "tékhnē" which means art or craft, and is the process of
designing and constructing buildings such as houses, temples, public facilities, roads and aqueducts.
Aztec, Japanese and Roman architecture styles, building materials and purposes reflect the
civilisations degree of technological and cultural advancement. What is architecture? Well the main
concept behind architecture, is the planning, designing, and constructing of buildings and other
physical structures.
Roman architecture covers a time period starting from the establishment of the Roman Republic to
the fall of the Roman Empire in the mid–5th century. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a social context, many of Rome's buildings such as monuments and public facilities like forums
or public bath houses, reflects the advanced social structure of Rome and its civilization.
Furthermore the complex architectural design of buildings throughout the Roman Empire and
Republic, for example the grand Aqueduct of Segovia in Spain which still stands tall today after
1900

Impact Of Religion On The Byzantine And The Caliphates
How Religion Impacted the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates Religions heavily
influenced the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic Caliphates in both similar and different ways.
Education, internal division, and architecture changed when the realms became theocracies. Both
highly valued education, until religious practices took precedence over higher learning, they built
chapels and mosques with astounding architecture, and they suffered a religious split, neither of
which ever healed. The Byzantine was influenced by Greco–Rome much more than the Islamic
empires, in both education and in architecture. However, the Islamic Caliphates spread their
knowledge and architecture more widely and much quicker than the Byzantine.
The majority of the Byzantine Empire's population followed the religion of Christianity. Whereas
the Islamic Caliphates population was almost entirely Muslim. Both empires placed high value on
education, and started teaching children at a very young age. In the Byzantine, children ages six
through ten attended primary school, where they learned the basic skills of reading and writing,
often using excerpts from the Bible. In the Caliphates, children of the same age learned elementary
Islam subjects along with reading and writing in Maktabs. Both civilizations had multiple levels of
education which were based on age. However, the Islamic Caliphates split the knowledge they
taught into three categories: First: the Islamic sciences,

Comparison between Byzantium and Islamic civilization
In a number of substantial ways, the Islamic Empire and the Byzantine Empire are significantly
different; however, there is some obvious dissemblance between the two civilizations. Both Empires
are known to have influenced modern day civilization in an impactful way and had huge influences
on the lives that we live today. However, both empire was formed differently.
The Byzantine Empire was formed in the fourth century when the Roman Empire was divided into
two parts. The West and the East. Western
Roman Empire was conquered by the Germanic invaders in 1476. The Eastern part of the Roman
Empire remained and that's what we now know as the Byzantium Empire. The rise of Islam is
essentially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Islamic civilization, they introduced the idea of libraries by using the mosques in which
they worship to store books which was opened to the public. Also, the study of algebra was able to
flourish during the Islamic civilization under the scholarship of the mathematician Al–Khwarizmi.
The word algebra was gotten from the Arabic word Al–Jabr meaning "reunion of broken parts", the
invention of algebra help further mathematics has we know it today. The Islamic civilization also
help to facilitate the development of modern medicine. Qasim al Zahrawi who is known as the
father of modern medicine, invented many surgical tools used into today's civilization. The
invention of anesthetics also occurred during this period. (huffpost.com) Other contributions Islamic
Civilization made to modern day civilization incudes the architecture, spreading the Arabic language
which became the source for some English words. The byzantine civilization also contributed to
modern day civilization by preserving Greeks culture, language and artifacts, by spreading the
Christianity. They also created the Justinian Code, a set of laws that still remains has a structure for
today's legal

The Role Of Images Within The Context Of Byzantine Art
Our culture today is deeply based on visual perception which shows the fascination humanity has
with the power of images. This paper intends to discuss the use and importance of images within the
context of Byzantine art. The works of art produced in the service of the Eastern Orthodox Church,
which are still employed today, show a remarkable synthesis of beliefs, theology and aesthetics of
the Byzantine culture. The majesty of the images emphasize the Glory of God and the spiritual
realities of the Christian faith. The images were intended to educated and provide contemplation of
the invisible realm of the spirit. Byzantine aesthetics, therefore, is thoroughly in the service of
theology. In today 's world artistic works provide an enigma to the viewer, for the emphasis on the
total freedom of expression of the artist has led to a confusion as to the meaning and function of art.
Many works of art today adhere to an almost 'anything goes ' type of attitude to the extent of even
dismissing the expression of the art itself.
Byzantine art was almost entirely about religious expression with most of what was produced being
controlled tightly by church theology. This control is one reason why most works are uniform and
anonymous and not varied by personal expression. The church had a large power in what was
produced for the public eye. The art and architecture reflects differences between the Roman
Catholic religion which develops in the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern

Argumentative Essay On Charlemagne
Medieval Architecture: Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne
Medieval architectural work has always been one that I adore, not to say I'm not fascinated with
Renaissance architecture as well; however, of the two, my first option would certainly be medieval
architecture. In this assignment, my discussion will prove why Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne is
considered medieval, why my example should be representative of the period, while discussing it
with respect to specific tendencies of the medieval period style and the art example that "tells" me it
is "Medieval".
Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne was built in Aachen, Germany, late medieval time (792–805), and
later John Burge restored the interior. Now allow me to answer the above questions and provide ...
4–11 and 4–12)" also, a restored version of San Vitale's interior converted the complexity and
lightness. (164) The amazing design of the chapel was well orchestrated; insofar, transitioning from
what used to be the Roman Empire to now the European Nation, western European churches was
about to welcome the beginning of something great; hence, an introduction of the great dual–tower
facades which continues from the 10th century to present day. The exterior entrance portal was
superbly exquisite; not to mention the interior; especially, after it's restoration which gains a
geometric clarity, although, missing the subtle sophisticated look of the Byzantine. Despite the fact
that, the chapel has dual–tower, it main units stood independently of each other; furthermore,
making it simpler. Such can be seen from above the door where Charlemagne himself "could appear
in a large frame arch and be seen by those gathered in the atrium in front of the chapel." (164) His
throne was made of marble and located directly behind the arch, making it convenient for him to
peer down at the altar. The stained glasses, arch design, various styles and colors of the stones along
with a steel looking door, make this chapel one to

How Did Byzantine Architecture Influence The Islamic Empires?
Before Muslim rulers came to power, people such as Zoroastrians, Christians and Jews were already
living in Arab lands. Two great Empires that were in power were the Byzantine Empire and the
Sassanian Empire. These societies had already established their own arts and architecture. When
Muhammad received revelations from the angel Gabriel, he began to create the Muslim umma
(community). After his death in 632, the four rightly guided caliphs ruled the umma. In their rules,
these caliphs began to extend the Islamic Empire. As they acquired more territories, they adapted
new styles of arts and architecture and were influenced by the societies they conquered. The website
simply calls it "Islamic Art" while the museum uses the long name " Art of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Quran, "O believers, wine and arrow–shuffling, idols and diving–arrows are an
abomination, some of Satan's work; then avoid it (79 Art and Artistic Taste)." While there was
nothing in the Quran that stated the punishment of artwork, some hadiths claimed that only god can
create living things and it is not within the power of humans. But other scholars argued otherwise
and drawing of living things continued to exist in the Islamic Empire. At the same time, it is
important to take into account that the prophet Muhammad broke the idols from Ka'ba but kept the
picture of Mary and Jesus. If Muslims followed the Sunna then drawings of humans should not be
forbidden. I do not all the art is Islamic, but I think it depends on who is the audience. For example,
a secular Muslims might not see a problem in all the sculptors and figural representations of the arts
and view it as Islamic, but an orthodox Muslim might forbid the figural representations and only
consider the geometries, calligraphy and vegetal designs as Islamic. I don't believe all the art is
Islamic because I grew up knowing figural representations was forbidden in my religion, and
therefore would consider most of the arts as non–Islamic. Moreover, it cannot be all Islamic because
before the Muslims took over the land, cultures already existed. These cultures influenced the
livelihood of the

The Development Of Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine architecture is directly related to imperial traditions, to the Christian life and culture of
the Romans. A typical feature of Byzantium is the diverse ethnic composition that includes Greeks,
Thracians, Armenians, Syrians, Copts, Jews, Avars, Slavs and many others. This diversity of peoples
and cultures influences the overall development of Byzantine architecture. Christianity is an
important element shaping the overall appearance of the Byzantine culture.
The light enters through the windows under the dome and illuminates the central ship and the bridal
space.
Procopius explains the impact of the architectural space on the light: "The spherical dome, thanks to
the light, does not seem to stand on solid foundations, but seems to hang on a gold chain from the
sky."
In this way one can best describe the beauty and grace of Byzantine architecture.
Byzantine architecture has undergone three stages in its development:
In 313, Christianity was officially recognized. By 326 this was the official religion of the Roman
Empire. The boundaries of the Empire were from Milan and Cologne on the west to Syria on the
east and to Greece and Egypt on the south. The new religion requires all ceremonies to take place
inside the temple, which necessitates the increase of space within the temple. This created the need
for a new architecture. This function took the basilica.
The basilica is a rectangular building divided by rows of columns of sodium, five or more
longitudinal ships,

The Great Mosque Of Cordoba Vs. Hagia Sophia
The Great Mosque of Cordoba vs. Hagia Sophia Religion has played a huge role in the history of the
world of architecture. We can get a deeper look in the minds and attitudes of people when we look at
their beliefs – specifically their religion. But even though religion played a huge role in the approach
to architecture, the pursuit of beauty and power can also explain to us the approaches and the
outlooks of those who built or designed buildings from the ancient world. Two buildings, the Hagia
Sophia and the Great Mosque of Cordoba, can show us two separate peoples and their approach to
constructing architecture that was devoted to their religions. However, while religion played a huge
role, there are similarities as well between the two that show that the rulers who commissioned these
buildings were interested in mimicking beauty and showing the world that their building was the
most beautiful and perhaps the most elite of its time as well as proving their divinity as a ruler of a
great nation. The Hagia Sophia was built in Constantinople in A.D. 532 by the emperor Justinian,
who hired the renowned architects Anthemius and Isidorus to build it. It was built over an existing
building built by Constantine himself. The Hagia Sophia was a very significant building of its time
and one that drew attention and respect. At this time in history the Byzantines, specifically Justinian,
wanted to make one message clear, that message being that the emperor of the byzantines empire,

How Did Christianity Influence Byzantine Art And Architecture
Since the emergence of Christianity in the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantines have been very
influential in the art and architecture of religious buildings and their main propaganda tactic was art
and architecture. Byzantine architecture features significantly in Constantinople 'Istanbul' buildings.
Some prominent structures include the dome of the Hagia Sophia 'Holy Wisdom', Hagia Irene or
Saint Irene church, Chora church and Pammakaristos Church. The Hagia 'Saint' Sophia was
constructed in 360 BC under the reign of Emperor Justin which employed two creative and brilliant
designers 'Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles' and at that time was the largest church in
Constantinople before its destruction in 404AD due to riots but was later rebuilt ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decorations of the external facades rely on the arrangement of the bricks, and in many cases
were not placed horizontally. They were often oblique shape or herringbone or chevron pattern. The
rough brick has decorations using arches and stone bands (Doig, 2017). The act of using many
domes over a single building was a deviation from the Romanesque style of vaulted roofs. The
evolution from Roman to early Christian designs was gradual. Within two centuries, the East was
able to be influential in the construction even though there is a lack of a specific line that separates
the Byzantine and early Christian styles. The basilica system, with some characteristics from the
pagan Rome, is an attribute of the former, while the dome system that originated from the East has a
basis on the latter (Gibb, 2017). Also the ground floor plans were Greek–Cross shape which it was a
cross with four equal arms at right angles but they changed to Square–shaped, central floor plan.
Byzantine architecture characterized by using brick and stone for constructing massive structure

Byzantine Wall Defenses and Influences

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Courtney Davis

More from Courtney Davis (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Byzantine Wall Defenses and Influences