Production technology of Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus from chromosomal level to the harvest and post harvest techniques for the under utilized vegetable crops. Helps to know the pest and disrases of the underutilized crops .this presentation also help to know the nutritional and antinutritional factors present in the underutilized bean and tubers.
VIRUSES structure and classification ppt by Dr.Prince C P
Broad bean, Lima Bean, Jack bean, Ullucus.pptx
1. Production Technology of
Lima Bean, Jack Bean,
Broad bean and Unuculus tuberosus
Submitted by:
Janaharshini R
2022534002
Department of Vegetable Science
TNAU- CBE
2.
3. BROAD BEAN
• Botanical Name: Vicia faba
• Centre of origin : North Africa and South Capsian Sea
• Chromosome Number: 2n=12,14
• Family: Fabaceae
• Other Names: Faba bean, Horse bean
• Grown in Localized areas in India and widely cultivated in Latin
America.
• Grown on small scale in Utter Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Kashmir,
Rajasthan, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.
• Only bean grown as winter crop
4. BOTANY AND USES
• Plants - square and erect growing stems which grows up to 30cm
(dwarf varieties) to 100 cm (tall varieties).
• Clusters of white black branched flowers arise in the axils of the
leaves.
• Pollination : Insects
• Dancing style Stigma present
• The pods are borne upright in clusters of 3-5 or more fleshy beans.
• Broad bean is used as green, shelled and dry beans and as a feed
for livestock.
• The pollen grains and green pods cause allergy to some people which
is known as favism (Haemolytic anaemia)
6. Present day varieties of broad bean can be divided into
four main groups:
1) Broad bean (Vicia faba var. faba ) - Eaten as a
vegetable.
2) Horse bean (Vicia faba var. equina)- Grown for
animal feed
3) Tic bean (Vicia faba var. minor)
4) Vicia faba var. Paucijuga - Similar to Tic bean and
grown in central Asia
IMPORTANT SPECIES
Large-seeded type - Vicia faba var. major
Small-seeded types -Vicia faba var. equina ,
Vicia faba var. minor.
7. DO YOU KNOW?
• Vicine and Covicine –
Compounds cause health
issues in Favism.
• People with favism, an
inherited enzymatic
deficiency – Glucose 6 –
Phosphate
dehydrogenase ,
consuming vicine leads
to oxidative stress and
damage RBC
8. • The broad bean has the chromosome number,
2n=12,24
• There are 3 types of chromosomes at meiosis,
namely A,D and I.
• A type has 2 chromosomes with a total
chromosome length of 21.8 µm
• D type with 8 chromosomes of 8.4 µm total
length.
• I type having 2 chromosomes with a total
length of 7.3 µm.
BROAD BEAN
A type D type I type
CYTOLOGY
9. • The International Centre for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA), Syria has the world collection
of broad bean germplasm.
• The germplasm institute CNR, Bari, Italy
and the Ethiopian Genetic Resources
centre, Ethiopia also maintain the
germplasm of broad bean of the
mediterranean regions.
GERMPLASM RESOURCES
10.
11. NUTRITIVE VALUE
(per 100g of edible portion)
Energy (kcal) 48 Thiamin (mg) 0.08
Moisture (%) 85.4 Niacin (mg) 0.8
Protein (g) 4.5 Ascorbic acid (mg) 12
Fat (g) 0.1 Calcium (mg) 50
Carbohydrate (g) 7.2 Phosphorus (mg) 64
Vitamin-A (IU) 15 Iron (mg) 1.4
12. VARIETIES
• SWS-1 (Suttan White Seeded)
• BR-1 (Bihar Black Seeded)
• BR-2 (Bihar Yellow Seeded)
• Jawahar Viva 73-81 – Dormant type
from MP
• Swarna Safal
Pusa Udit
• Extra long, flattish and light
green pods
• Dual Purpose Variety – tender
and dried seeds edible.
• Suitable for Packaging and
Transporting
• Yield – 17.63 t/ha -88.52% higher
than Pusa Sumeet
Pusa Sumeet
• Plants are 75 cm tall having on an
average 5-7 branches/plant.
•A plant bears about 100pods.
•The pod length and thickness is
6.0cm and 1.3cm, respectively.
•It has attractive dark green pods and
borne in cluster.
•The average yield potential is
180q/ha.
White seeded Var- Less Soft
Green Seeded Var- Soft and suitable
for Freezing
13. VARIETIES
• No more improved varieties available in India , but several exotic varieties
are introduced from abroad.
VARIETIES
Long Poded type Windsor type
Aquadule Claudin, Imperial White
long pod, Masterpiece long pod,
Imperial green long pod, Red Epicure
Imperial White Windsor, Gaint
Four seeded Green Windsor,
Imperial Green Windsor
14. VARIETIES (Cont.)
• Aquadulce claudia – Overwintering variety and best for autumn
sowing
• Crimson flowered - Red flowered and ideal edible ornamental
• The Sutton – Dwarf (30 cm) – Perfect for pots
• De Monica – Early maturing and best for spring sowing
• Masterpiece Green long pod- expect upto 7 beans per pod
• Trois fois blance – Very hardy
• Red epicure –bright red seeds
Sutton
Red epicure
15. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
• Hardy plant.
• Grown mainly at higher altitudes where the climate is relatively cool.
• Only bean, which can withstand cold (up to 4oC), therefore, it is grown
as WINTER CROP.
• Crop is tolerant to water stress due to protein accumulation.
16. SOIL REQUIREMENT
• Well drained loamy soil with pH of 5.5 to 6.0.
• Acidic soils are not good for broad bean.
• It can tolerate salinity up to some extent.
• Land should be prepared thoroughly by giving repeated ploughings to get
fine tilth.
17. SEED RATE AND SOWING
• Seed Rate – 70-100 Kg/ha
• Sowing is done in the month of September-
October and February-March.
• The seeds are sown in shallow furrows of 15cm
width with a spacing of 75cm.
• In each furrow, two rows of seeds are sown at a
spacing of 25cm in a zigzag manner along the
furrows.
• It can be sown in a single row system with
spacing of 45x15cm.
18. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
• 10 t /ha – FYM
• NPK – 20:50:40 Kg/ha
• Entire P ,K and half dose of N are applied at the time of field Preparation
• Remaining half dose of N is applied as topdressing at flowering stage.
19. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR
• PCPA @ 2 ppm
• α – naphthyl acetomide @ 2-25 ppm
• β- napthoxy acetic acid @ 5-25 ppm
Sprayed at Prevailing temperature or pods normally not set – Induce fruit set
20. IRRIGATION AND CULTURAL
PRACTICES
• Irrigation:
On the day of planting 3 days after (light
irrigation)regular interval of 12-15days( light
irrigation)
• Hand weeding and hoeing
• Earthing up – 45 DAS
• Top Pinched off soon after flowering – Pods to
develop early.
21. • Broad bean plants are bush-like but can
grow quite tall and will benefit from
staking to provide some support and keep
them from flopping over due to the weight
of the pods.
• The plants of tall varieties may be staked
with bamboo pol.
STAKING
22. HARVEST AND YIELD
• Ready for harvesting in 3-4months for spring sowing and 6-7 months for
autumn sowing.
• Very young pods are preferred by most people.
• The beans are harvested at the green shell stage as needed for home use or for
market and those remaining on the plant are used as dry shell beans.
• A pod yield of 7-10tonnes/ha and green bean yield of 1.8-2.0q /ha is expected.
Insect- Aphid and Pod Borer
Diseases- Powdery Mildew and Anthracnose
23. Grading :
US grades are
• U.S.Fancy
• U.S. No. 1
• U.S.No. 2
Packaging :
• Broad beans are usually packaged in cardboard boxes covered with a transparent plastic.
• The expanded polystyrene packages are usually used for transport, since they keep cold
temperatures much better.
• Some packages are decorated with the leaves of the plant.
POST HARVEST
24.
25. JACK BEAN
• Botanical Name : Canvalia ensiformis
• Family: Fabaceae
• Origin: Central America and West Indies
• Edible Part : Pod
• Chromosome Number: 2n=22
• Common Name : Overlock bean, One eye bean (West Indies)
• Commonly grown for the young pods and immature seeds
which is used as food for humans and animals
• It resembles Sword bean (C. gladiata) and the predominantly
african wild species (C. virosa)
• Widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics
27. JACK BEAN VS SWORD BEAN
Jack Bean Sword Bean
Canavalia ensiformis Canavalia gladiata
Bushy in Nature Climbing in Nature
Length of the seed hilum (scar) only
about one-third as long as the seed
Length of the seed hilum (scar) is
more than one half of the length of
the seed
Seed Colour - White Seed Colour - Red
28. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
• Four species are reported from India viz.,
1. Canavalia ensiformis
2. Canavalia gladiata
3. Canavalia maritima
4. Canavalia virosa (African Wild species).
• Jack bean and Sword bean occur in NE region of India and are being
cultivated for edible pods.
29. COMPOSITION AND USES
• The immature pods and seeds contain about 75.2% water and 6.9% protein.
• It is also good source of Calcium, Zinc, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper.
• Tender Pods – Vegetables
• Young Pods – Pickled
• Whole Plant, pods and seeds are also used to feed animals
• Leaves – Green Manure and fodder for animals
• Useful Cover crop and green manure crop (in Mauritius) – deep root system, N
fixer .
• Intercropped with Bananas, cocoa, Cassava, Citrus, Coconut, Coffee, Maize.
30. USES
• Helps in treating – Hemarroids, Cancers, Ozena , helps for stronger
immune system (Presence of Trigonelline and Canavanine)
• Mature bean – harmful saponins , Cyanogenic glucosides , terpenoids and
alkaloids – so cooked before eating.
• Seeds – Roasted and used as Coffee Substitute
• Source of enzyme, UREASE – commercially exploited
Urea Fertilizer mixture should not be used –Why?
31. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
• Perennial, herbaceous bushy in nature but strong
enough and can withstand stress.
• Root- well branched into soil depth of 150 cm.
• Leaves – Cordate, green and large
• Flowers – Axillary racemes, pink ,mauve or white
with red base
• Plant bears linear pods – upto 36 cm long and
contain 1-2 cm long ellipsoid seeds
• Mature Pods yields 8-20 white seeds
32. CLIMATE AND SOIL
• Warm season crop
• Subtropical and mild altitudinal zone of hills is suitable to grow these crop.
• Typical short day plant – 10-12 hour day length (Short day encourages bush
for growth and long day produce vine form growth & flowers as day shorten)
• Requires Mean temperature- 29-30⁰ C
• Soil – pH 5-6 preferred
• Temperature – moderately high over long growing season.
• Requires adequate soil moisture during early vegetation as well as during flowering
33. CULTIVARS
• There is no improved cultivar in Jack bean
SEED RATE AND SOWING
• Seed Rate – one or two seeds per pit
• Planted at 60 x 60 cm
• Sowing time – May- June and September – October
• If grown as green manure – BROADCASTED
• If grown as food crop – seeds should be planted 2-3cm
deep, 30-45 cm apart , in rows 60-90 cm apart
35. HARVESTING AND YIELD
• Flowering and fruiting start from about 70 days
after sowing.
• Immature pods may be harvested 90-120 days
after planting.
• Mature seeds may be harvested 180 -300 days
after planting by cutting the whole plant when
the pods are brown and dry.
• About 2- 2.5 Kg pods per plant is obtained
from green pods.
Pole types gives higher yield than bush types
Vegetable Purpose – When pods are tender
Delay in harvest – Promote fibre and unfit for
consumption.
36. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
• Generally, Jack beans will keep indefinitely well when stored in a cool,dry
place.
• Never store dry beans in refrigerator.
• Jack beans can also be dried and stored.
37. Fruit rot- Fusarium solani
Infected pods give the symptoms of
decay
Sclerotium rolfsii
Causes collar rot and Pink rot
Problems of some virus borne disease
have also been noticed – disease free
healthy seeds and crop rotation and
spraying Mancozeb @2% may be
followed.
PLANT PROTECTION
Sclerotium rolfsii
38.
39. LIMA BEAN
• Botanical Name: Phaseolus lunatus
• Common Name: Butter bean, Madagascar Bean, Double
bean, Sieva bean
• Chromosome Number: 2n=22
• Origin: In/ Near Guatemala
• Compared to other legumes, it is a long duration crop
and retained in the field for 9 months.
• Most important crop in Maharastra
• Tender Pods and fully matured green beans – Cream
colour – edible after cooking
40. IMPORTANCE AND USES
• Grown as green manure crop , cover crop
• In USA, dry and fresh lima beans are processed
on large scale for canning and freezing.
• Leaves and stem turned into hay or silage
• Seeds and leaves have astringent qualities
hence used as diet for fever.
• It is used in Soups, Salad, Stews. South Indian Traditional receipe
42. BOTANY
• Perennial, twining vine which goes upto 5 m height
• Stem is obtuse – pentagonal
• Leaves are alternate, trifoliate
• Inflorescence is axillary pseudoracemes -3 to 30 cm
long
• Corolla – White or liliac , pink and bluish
• Fruit is in the form of half moon, flattened 5-10 cm
long
• Seeds – reniform, flattened, reddish brown with dark
spots Morphological Variation in Lima Bean
43. • Pole/ Vine Varieties – 10-12 feet , large seeds
Also called as Potato Limas
• Bush Varieites – grow 2 feet tall , smaller seeds and bear more quickly than pole
types
Also called as Butter beans , Madagascar beans , Carolina beans, baby limas
TYPES
Wild type – Phaseolus lunatus var. silvester
Cultivated type – Phaseolus lunatus var. lunatus
(Gawande et al., 2018.)
44. VARIETIES
1. Swarna Poshan -ICAR RCER,Patna
2. AKLB-2
• From Dr.PDKV, Akola
• Early Variety – tender annual
• Pod length – 7-8 cm
45. 3.KKL-1 (Butter bean)
Selection from a type collected from Vilpatti.
It is a pole type - 2.42m and bears pods in clusters.
The pods are green when immature, turning creamy yellow with brownish purple
streaks on the surface at maturity.
The seeds are bold, globular, snow white in colour and with excellent cooking
quality.
The variety is suited for hilly regions of Tamil Nadu from an altitude of 1200m to
2200m above MSL.
It yields 3.47 tonnes of ripe pods per hectare in three to four pickings.
VARIETIES
46. TYPES:
Bush type – Henderson, Eastland, Jackson Wonder (Seeds brown mottled with
purple), Dixie Butterpea (Two strains common – red speckled and white seeded),
Fordhook 242, Burpe bush, Baby Potato
Semi Pole type – Hopi, Wilbur
Pole type – Carolina Seiva, Giant Speckled (Seeds white mottled with red), Big 6,
Willow Leaf, Mezcla, King of the Garden, Karolina Butter, Challenger, Florida
butter
VARIETIES
47. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
• Requires dry cool climate and temperature range of 15°-20°C.
• Can be grown at altitude higher than 2000m
• Above 26°C - pollination and fertilization are impaired with the result the pod
formation is severally reduced.
• In plains grown as a winter vegetable while in hills grown during spring
and rainy season.
• Does not tolerate frost.
• Average rainfall – 900-1500mm is required.
48. SOIL REQUIREMENT
• Grown on a wide range of soils from tight sandy loams to heavy clays.
• well drained soil with pH - 6.0-6.5.
• Tight soil - stimulate early growth and maturity.
• Heavy soils - allow the plants to grow profusely
• SEASON - twice during a year, once during rainy season (June-July) and
the second during the spring season.
49. SEED RATE AND SOWING
• In Maharastra, crop is grown after Sugarcane.
• After harvest of Sugarcane, land is ploughed to
fine tilth and seeds are sown.
• A seed rate of 20—35kg of small seeded types
and 45—50kg of large seeded type will be
sufficient for one hectare area.
• The seeds are sown, eyes down, at a spacing of
60 x 40cm in case of pole and semi-pole types
and at 35 x 25cm in case of bush varieties.
50. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
• Excess application of nitrogen may result in increased foliage growth and
delayed fruiting.
• About 25 tonnes/ha of farmyard manure is applied at the time of final
land preparation.
• A fertilizer dose of 40kg nitrogen, 50kg of phosphorous and 50 kg
potassium is applied as basal dressing.
51. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS
• Light and frequent irrigation should be
provided. The soil should not be too wet.
• Frequent shallow weeding will help the crop
to come up rapidly.
• When plants start vining, they are trained to
trellis made with vertical bamboo poles with
hortizontals tied at a distance of 45 cm.
• Height of trellis is upto 150 cm and they are
usually erected along the direction of wind.
52. HARVESTING AND YIELD
• The tender pods become ready for harvest in 85-90 days.
• Full grown pods are harvested when the colour changes from green to yellow.
• The fresh seeds can be collected at this stage.
• Fully matured dried beans can also be used as a vegetable.
• A yield of 5-10 tonnes of fresh green lima bean pods and 5.4-10 tonnes/ha of
fresh green shelled beans can be expected per hectare.
53. POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT
• Storage of fresh beans in CO2 concentration of 25-35%
inhibited fungal and bacterial growth without adversely
affecting the quality.
• Storage temperature of 5-6⁰ C, 95% RH increases shelf life
to 5-7 days.
54. PLANT PROTECTION
• Downy mildew (Phytophthora phaseoli) appears as a white downy
growth on the pods and leaves.
• Controlled by spraying 0.2% Dithane M 45.
55.
56. ULLUKU
• Botanical Name: Ullucus tuberosus
• Family : Basellace
• Chromosome number : 2n=24
• Primary – Root Vegetable, Secondary – Leafy Vegetable
• Other Names: Ulluco – Quechua word – Ulluku
Illaco (Aymara), Melloco (Eucador), Chungua/ruba
(Colombia), Olluco(Bolivia and Peru), Ulluma (Argentina)
• Economically important root crop in Andean region of
South America next to Potato
• Rich in Protein, Calcium and Carotene
57. BOTANY
• The scrambling herbaceous plant grows up to 50 cm (20 in)
high and forms starchy tubers below ground.
• These tubers are typically smooth and can be spherical or
elongated.
• Generally they are a similar in size to the potato; however, they
have been known to grow up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long
• Due to the brightly coloured waxy skin in a variety of yellows,
pinks and purples, ullucus tubers are regarded as one of the
most striking foods in the Andean markets.
Ullucus tuberosus subsp. aborigineus, which is considered a wild type.
While the domesticated varieties are generally erect and have a diploid genome, the
subspecies is generally a trailing vine and has a triploid genome
58. IMPORTANCE AND USES
• The tubers are usually eaten in indigenous soups and
stews, but more contemporary dishes incorporate them
into salads along with the ulluco leaves.
• The major appeal of ulluco is its crisp texture, which,
like the jicama (Pachyrhizus erosus), remains even when
cooked.
• Because of its high water content, ulluco is not suitable
for frying or baking, but it can be cooked in many
other ways like the potato.
59. • In the pickled form, it is added to hot sauces.
• A typical product is produced by
the Quechua and Aymara communities in Peru -
chuño or lingli is produced via a process involving
environmental freezing and drying which is usually then
ground into a fine flour and added to cooked foods.
• When boiled or broiled the texture and flavor are very
similar to the meat of the boiled peanut without the skin.
Unlike the peanut meat becoming soft and mushy, ulluco
remain firm and almost crunchy.
Con Carne
Stew
61. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS THAT DETERMINE THE
CHOICE OF FARMERS FOR CULTIVARS
• Sweetness, storage capacity before consumption, mucilage content and
yield.
• Skin color is also a key parameter to consider while assessing the potential of
the ulluco culture.
• Red tuber plants - frost-resistant and yellow tubers – popular in Ecuador
Markets.
• In the New-Zealand market, the preferred skin color was red over plain
yellow and mixtures of yellow, green and red.
62. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENT
• Prefer cooler climates and will produce better
yields in full sun where summer temperatures are
relatively cool.
• Short day plants require around 11-13.5 hours
of day length.
• As the day length shortens, stolons grow out of
the stems and then develop into tubers.
63. • Ulluco is normally propagated
vegetatively by planting small whole
tubers.
• Also propagated by stem or tuber
cuttings.
PROPAGATION
64. FIELD MANAGEMENT
• Grown in the highlands and altitudes of up
to 4,200 m above sea level.
• Ulluco crop is alternated with two other
Andean tuber crops known
as oca and mashua.
• These different tubers are planted together in
relatively small field and harvested after
approximately eight months. The different
species are then separated following harvest.
Oxalis tuberosa
Oxalidaceae
Tropaeolum tuberosum
Tropaeolaceae
65. HARVEST
• Need to be dug by hand due to their sensitivity to scarring.
• Scuffing of their skin is likely a problem.
• Traditional cultivation conditions, yield -5-9t/ha & intensive systems - 40 t/ha.
• Stored year-round in the Andes
• Best stored in the dark as exposure to the sun can cause fading of their
vibrant colouring.
• A proportion of the smaller tubers used as seed tubers the following year.
• The remainder –mostly for consumption.
66. PEST AND DISEASE
• It has the potential to be host to viruses such as Tymovirus.
• Other viruses of ulluco include the Arracacha virus A, Papaya mosaic
virus, Potato leaf roll virus, Potato virus T, Ulluco mild mosaic virus, Ulluco
mosaic virus, and Ulluco virus C.
• The ulluco is susceptible to Verticillium wilt, a soil organism, at low altitudes and
high temperatures .
• Slugs and snails are common pests, though generally only cause cosmetic damage
to the ulluco.
