BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION

1. BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION
PRESENTED BY PUNAM SAHOO

2. WHAT IS BLOOD ??
• Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory
system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers
necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to
the cells, and transports metabolic waste
products away from those same cells.
• Blood is a red vascular connective tissue . It forms 7%
of the total body weight . Generally 90ml per kg of
blood is present in human body .It is somewhat sticky
and slightly heavier than water , having ph. 7.4 (
slightly alkaline ).
• It is red colour due to the presence of haemoglobin,
haemoglobin is a colour pigment.

3. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

4. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Blood is composed of 2 components.
1. Blood cells (cellular part)-45%
2. Plasma ( non-cellular part)-55%
There are three types of blood cells
RBC : red blood cell / erythrocyte
WBC : White blood cell/ leucocyte
PLATELETS : Thrombocyte

5. RBC (Erythrocyte)
• Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
• These are bi-concave, non-nucleated, disks like cells.
• The central area is thin, while edges are thick. The edges contain
hemoglobin, which transports respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen (O₂)
and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
• .The size of RBC is 7.2-8 micron in diameter & 2-2.5micron in
thickness.
• In a mature male, about 5 to 5.5 million per cubic mm of blood,
and in females, about 4 to 4.5 million per cubic mm of blood are
present.
• The life period of RBC is 100-120 days.

6. WBC ( Leukocyte)
• These are colorless, nucleated cells.
• The size of WBC is 15 microns.
• Normally, 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cu mm of blood are present.
• It has lifespan 12-20 days.
• WBCs mainly contribute to immunity and defence mechanism.
• There are two different types of WBCs, classified on the basis of
presence of granules in their cytoplasm .
a. Granulocyte
b. Agranulocyte

7. Granulocyte
• These are characterized by presence of granules in their cytoplasm.
These cells are produced in bone marrow.
• Granulocytes are classified on the basis of shape of nucleus and the
dye, which they take. These are:
a. Neutrophil
b. Basophil
c. Eosinophil.

8. Neutrophil
• Neutrophil is also known as microphage.
• There are about 40 to 65% neutrophils present of total WBC.
• The cytoplasm is fine & full of granules that picks up only neutral dyes. hence it
called neutrophil.
• The nucleus has about 3 to 7 lobes connected by chromatin strand or thread, so
it also known as multilobed cell.
• The life period of neutrophil is about 3 to 5 days.
• It is a large cell, having diameter 12 to 15 micrometer.
• Neutrophils are phagocytic in nature. It helps in the destruction of bacteria with
lysosome.

9. Basophil
• Cytoplasm of basophil contains small rounded granules,
which takes up basic stain.
• The size is somewhat small with diameter 8 to 10 µ.
• The nucleus is slightly lobulated. The cytoplasmic granules
are central and overlap the nucleus.
• The life period of basophil is 8 to 12 days.
• Normally, about 0.005 to 1% basophils are present.
• It secrete heparin that is natural anticoagulant.

10. Eosinophil
• Eosinophils are also known as bilobed cells, as nucleus contains two lobes
connected with chromatin strand.
• It picks up acidic stain.
• These are circular in shape with diameter 10 to 12 μ.
• Normally, about 15 to 400 cells, i.e. about 2 to 3% of blood is present.
• Life period of eosinophil is 8 to 10 days.
• It protects the body by releasing a chemical substance, called as histamine.
Histamine sets off a chain of reactions that ultimately leads to an inflammatory
response at the site of infection. Therefore, in case of allergic conditions the
number of eosinophil

11. AGRANULOCYTE
• These are characterized by the absence of granules in the cytoplasm.
• These cells are manufactured in lymph and spleen.
• Agranulocyte are of 2 types:
a) Lymphocyte
b) Monocyte

12. Lymhopcyte
• They play a vital role in producing antibodies.
• Their size ranges from 8 to 10 micrometers. Its about 20-40% of
the total WBC.
• They are commonly known as natural killer cells.
• They play an important role in body defense.
• These white blood cells are colorless cells formed in lymphoid
tissue, hence referred to as lymphocytes.
• There are two main types of lymphocytes – B lymphocytes and
T lymphocytes.
• These cells are very important in the immune systems and are
responsible for humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

13. Monocyte
• These cells usually have a large bilobed nucleus, with a
diameter of 12 to 20 micrometers.
• The nucleus is generally half-moon shaped or kidney-
shaped and it occupies 2 to 10 per cent of WBCs.
• They are the garbage trucks of the immune system.
• The most important functions of monocytes are to migrate
into tissues and clean up dead cells, protect against
bloodborne pathogens and move very quickly to the sites of
infections in the tissues.
• These white blood cells have a single bean-shaped nucleus,
hence referred to as Monocytes.

15. Identify the cells ??/

16. Platelets
• These are the smallest of all blood cells Platelets are
spindle-shaped cells, having diameter 2 to 3 μ.
• These are also known as thrombocytes.
• Along with another coagulation factors, it helps in
the process of clotting of blood.
• Thrombocytes are having very short life-span, it is
of few hours.
• Normally, 1.5 to 4.5 lakh platelets per cu. mm of
blood are present.
• These are non-nucleated cells containing very fine
granules

17. PLASMA
• The liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up ~55% of blood.
• It is pale yellow in color. It contain 90-92% of water
• Blood plasma consists of salts, nutrients, water, vitamins and enzymes.
• Blood plasma also contains important proteins and other components are electrolytes, gases
are necessary for overall health.
• Hence, blood plasma transfusions are given to patients with liver failure and life-threatening
injuries.
• Blood plasma has several protein components. Proteins in blood plasma are:
• Serum globulin
• Serum albumin
• Fibrinogen

19. Function of blood
 Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and of carbon dioxide
from tissues to the lungs.
 Transport of metabolic wastes to the lungs, kidneys, skin and intestines for
removal.
Maintenance of normal acid-base balance.
 Transport of absorbed fatty acids, monosaccharides and amino acids.
Regulation of water balance.
Regulation of body temperature.
 Transport of hormones, vitamins and salts which contain cations such as
sodium, potassium, calcium, etc. and anions such as chlorides, phosphates,
sulfates.
 Defense against infection by the white cells and by the antibodies.
 To stop bleeding by clotting.