It is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on modifying behaviour faculty rather basic changes in the personality. Instead of probing the unconscious or exploring the patient thoughts and feelings, behaviour therapist tries to eliminate the symptoms and modify ineffective or maladaptive pattern by applying basic learning techniques.

1. BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY :
TECHNIQUES, PROGRESSIVE
RELAXATION, GUIDED IMAGERY
PRESENTED BY
M.VELVEENA
MSC 1ST YEAR
CON,AIIMS

2. DEFINITION
• It is a form of psychotherapy which focuses on modifying
behaviour faculty rather basic changes in the personality.
Instead of probing the unconscious or exploring the patient
thoughts and feelings, behaviour therapist tries to eliminate
the symptoms and modify ineffective or maladaptive pattern
by applying basic learning techniques.

3. PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
• Behaviour therapy is based upon empirical psychology.
• Behaviour is problem-oriented.
• Behaviour therapy is goal oriented.
• Behaviour therapy is action-oriented.
• Behaviour therapy is transparent.
• Behaviour therapy helps the patients to help themselves.

4. BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
• It has its beginnings in the early 1900’s.
• Became established as a psychological approach in the1950s and
1960s.
• A number of people that have contributed to the development of
behaviour therapy.
• Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936)
• John B Watson(1878-1958)
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1958)
• John Dollard (1900-1980) & Neal Miller (1909-2002)
• Joseph wolpe (1915-1977)

5. THEORIES OF BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:-
• Classical conditioning is process of learning that was
introduced by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
• CORE CONCEPT:-
• A stimulus is an environmental events that interacts with
and influences an individual’s behaviour.

7. • OPERANT CONDITIONING:-
• Operant conditioning was introduced by B.F skinner.
• Operant behaviour “operates” on the environment and is
maintained by its consequences.
• Stimuli are environmental events that interacts with and
influences an individual’s behaviour.

9. MAJOR ASSUMPTION OF BEHAVIOUR THERAPY
• All behaviour is learned.
• Human beings are passive organism that can be conditioned or shaped to
do anything if correct responses are rewarded or reinforced.
• Maladaptive behaviour can be unlearned and replaced by adaptive
behaviour.
• Behavioural assessment is focused more on the current behaviour rather
than on historical antecedents.
• Treatment strategies are individually tailored.

11. SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATON
• Systematic desensitization is sometimes called graduated exposure
therapy.
• A type of behavioural therapy used in the field of psychology to help
effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorder.
• The goal of this process is that an individual will learn to cope and
overcome the fear in each step of the hierarchy, which will lead to
overcoming the last step of the fear in the hierarchy.
• The goal of systematic desensitization is to overcome this avoidance
pattern by gradually exposing patients at first to deal with the fear, but
gradually most will overcome this fear.

16. FLOODING
• Flooding was invented by psychologist Thomas stampfl in 1967.
• Flooding is an effective form treatment for phobias amongst other
psychpathologies.
• The works on the principles of classical conditioning.
• Patients change their behaviour to avoid negative stimuli.
• According to pavlov, we learn through association, so if we have a phobia
it is because we associate the feared object or stimulus with something
negative.

18. • COVERT SENSITIZATION:-
• Form of behaviour therapy in which an undesirable
behaviour is paired with an unpleasant image in
order to eliminate that behaviour.

19. CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT
• Contingency management is a type of treatment
used in the mental health or substance abuse
fields.
• Patients are rewarded for their behaviour generally
adherence to or failure to adhere to program rules
and regulations or their treatment plan.

21. TOKEN ECONOMY
• A token economy is a form of behaviour modification designed to
increase desirable behaviour and decrease undesirable behaviour
and decrease undesirable behaviour with the use of tokens.
• The larger goal of token economics is to teach appropriate
behaviour and social skill that can be used in one natural
environment. Special education or learning disabilities,
hyperactivity, attention deficit disorder, regular education, various
types of group homes, military divisions, addiction treatment
programs.

22. SEVERAL ELEMENTS ARE NECESSARY IN EVERY
TOKEN ECONOMY
• Tokens.
• A clearly defined target behaviour.
• Back up reinforcers.
• A systems for exchanging tokens.
• A system for recording data.
• Consistent implementation.

23. AVERSION THERAPY

33. RELAXATION
TECHNIQUE

34. INTRODUCTION
Relaxation produces physiologic effects opposite to that of
anxiety: slowered heart rate, increased peripheral blood
flow, and neuromuscular stability. The aim of these
therapies is to induce muscular relaxation.

35. INDICATIONS
• Anger management
• Anxiety attacks
• general well being
• headache
• high BP
• immune system support
• insomnia
• pain management
• relaxation
• stress management
• addiction treatment
• nightmare disorder

36. YOGA

37. MEDITATION
• Mindful meditation refers to
focusing on physical sensations,
such as movement or breath, and
on the thoughts in order to increase
awareness and enhance living in the
movement to the fullest extent
possible. It promotes deep states of
psychological and physical
relaxation.

38. PHYSICAL EXERCISE
• Aerobic exercises include
brisk walking, jogging,
running, cycling, swimming
and dancing. To achieve the
benefits of exercises, they
must be performed
regularly for at least 30
minutes a day.

39. PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR RELAXATION

40. HANDS:
• Clench one hand tightly for a few seconds as you breath in. you should feel
your forearm muscles tense. Then relax as you breathe out. Repeat with the
other hand.
Arms:
• Bend an elbow and tense all the muscles in the arm for a few seconds as
you breathe in then relax as you breathe out. Repeat the same with the
other arm.
Neck:
• Press your head back as hard as is comfortable and roll it slowly from side

41. Face:
• Try to frown and lower your eyebrows as hard as you can
for a few seconds, then relax. Then raise your eyebrow (as
if you were startled) as hard as you can, then relax. Then
clench your jaw for a few seconds, and then relax.

42. Chest:
• Take a deep breath and hold it for a few seconds, then relax
and go back to normal breathing.
Stomach:
• Tense the stomach muscles as tight as possible, then relax.
Buttocks:
• Squeeze the buttocks together as much as possible, then relax.

43. Legs:
• With your legs flat on the floor, bend your feet
and toes towards your face as hard as you can,
then relax. Then bend them away from your face
for a few seconds, then relax.

44. GUIDED IMAGERY
 Guided imagery uses the imagination in an effort to reduce the body’s
response to stress.
 Guided imagery is a relaxation technique that involves dwelling on a
positive mental image or scene. It is a tool that psychotherapists use, but
a person can also teach it to themselves and use it at any time.

45. CONTD..
 This technique is sometimes called visualization, or guided meditation. There
are many benefits to using guided imagery, such as reducing stress or
improving a person’s sense of well-being.
 People intentionally visualize peaceful scenarios or images. While one person
might choose to visualize a pleasant scene, some individuals use other means,
such as picturing white blood cells fighting illness and imagining the desired
outcome.

46. TECHNIQUE
A person may follow the steps below to try guided imagery:
1. Sit or lie down in a comfortable place.
2. Close the eyes.
3. Take a few deep breaths so the body can start relaxing.

47. 4. Visualize a peaceful, calm setting, such as, a garden, lake, or
somewhere by the sea.
5. Picture the scene and add more details. Explore the scene with all
other senses, for example, imagine birds chirping, the scent of
flowers, and the warmth of the sun.
6. Linger in the scene for a few minutes while trying to savor the
calmness and sense of relaxation. A person can choose to stay in the
scene for as long as they need to rejuvenate.
7. Open the eyes and stretch gently to re-enter the present. People
should remember that they can return to the scene whenever.

48. CONCLUSION
• Relaxation techniques in psychology refer to various methods used to reduce
stress, anxiety, and tension in individuals. These techniques can help promote
mental and physical relaxation, as well as improve overall well-being. Some
common relaxation techniques in psychology include progressive muscle
relaxation, deep breathing, visualization, yoga, and mindfulness-based stress
reduction. These techniques can be used individually or in combination to create
an effective relaxation program.

49. JOURNAL REFERENCE
• Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Deep Breathing, and Guided Imagery in Promoting Psychological and
Physiological States of Relaxation
ABSTRACT
• Research suggests that multiple forms of relaxation training (e.g., progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, breathing
exercises, visualization, and autogenics) can help individuals reduce stress, enhance relaxation states, and improve
overall well-being. We examined three different, commonly used approaches to stress relaxation—progressive muscle
relaxation, deep breathing, and guided imagery—and evaluated them in a head-to-head comparison against each other
and a control condition. Sixty healthy undergraduate participants were randomized to one of the four conditions and
completed 20 minutes of progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, or guided imagery training that was
delivered by recorded audio instruction.

50. CONTD..
• Results showed that progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing, and guided imagery all
increased the state of relaxation for participants in those groups, compared to participants in the
control group. In each case, the increase was statistically significant and although the groups did
not differ on relaxation before training, all groups were significantly higher on relaxation after
training, as compared to the control group.

51. REFERENCE
 Townsend M. C., Morgan K. I. (2020), Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in
Evidence-Based Practice (Ninth Indian Edition), Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, Page
no: 147-54.
 Sreevani R. (2016), A Guide to Mental Health & Psychiatric Nursing (4th Edition), Jaypee: The
Health Sciences Publisher, New Delhi, Page no: 104-106.
 https://www.scribd.com.