chemistry

1. DNA
Replication

2. Introduction
Definition and Nature
Initiation
Beginning of the process
Termination
Completing the process
Table of contents
Elongation
Actual duplicating of
nucleotides

3. 01
Introduction

4. DNA Replication

5. Initiation
 Starts at the Origin of Replication
(ORI)
 Eukaryotes: Multiple site
 Prokaryotes: One site
 Initiate at specific loci in the segment
of DNA (Genes) with concentration of
A-T bonds.
 Several Enzymes are involed:
 Topoisomerase
 Helicase

6. Topoisomerase
• Helps in relaxing the DNA
by removing the supercoil
• Types:
• Type 1: Eukaryotes
• Type 2: Prokaryotes
Helicase
• Unwinding or unzipping
the DNA strands by
weakening H-bond
between nucleotides.
• Powered by ATP
• Forms leading and
lagging strands
Single-Strand
Binding Proteins
• Coat the separated
strands near the
replication fork.
• Keeps the strand from
coming back together.
Initiation processes

7. Elongation
 Starts with the Primase forming primer
 Lagging Strand: Multiple Primers
 Leading Strand: One Primer
 DNA Polymerase III is the major enzyme that synthesize the
new strand by adding the complementary nucleotides one at a
time in 5’ to 3’ sequence
 DNA Polymerase uses the old strand as template in 3’ tp 5’
sequence
 Mechanism is different in each strand

8.  Continues Strand
 One primer

9.  Discontinues Strand
 Starts with a primer
followed by the DNA
Polymerase III in
short fragments
called (Okazaki
Fragments)

10. Elongation
 The gaps in between
primer and Okazaki
fragments are filled in with
nucleotides by a Ligase
 The primers are then
replaced with DNA
Nucleotides by DNA
Polymerase I.

11. Termination
 Once replication forks meet at both ends all
enzymes will leave the DNA
 Problem at the end of the lagging strand
(Telomere):
 “New strand is shorter than the old strand”
 Telomerase will bind at the telomere and adds a
repeating pattern of nucleotides to the old strand.
 Then polymerization by Polymirase III and
primers. Topoisomerase will re run starting at the
last Okazaki fragment to coil back the strands.

12. Protein Synthesis
• Process of making
proteins.
• From DNA to expression of
genes.

13. Central Dogma of Life

14. Transcription
 Process in which the DNA
sequence is copied to make
RNA Molecules (mRNA)
 RNA Polymerase is the
main enzyme.
 3 Stages:
 Initiation
 Elongation
 Termination

15. Initiation

17. Elongation

19. Termination
• Sequences called terminators signal that
the RNA transcript is complete.
• Once they are transcribed, they cause the
transcript to be released from the RNA
polymerase.
• An example of a termination mechanism
involving formation of a hairpin in the RNA
is shown below.

20. Processing of
mRNA

21. Elongation

22. Favorite chemistry experiments
Mars is actually a very cold place
65% Experiment 1
Neptune is far away from Earth
25% Experiment 2
Saturn is a gas giant and has rings
10% Experiment 3
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23. Famous scientists
Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
Jupiter
It’s the biggest planet in
the Solar System
Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Mars
Mars is actually a very
cold place

24. Materials
02

25. Paper Wood
Cardboard Metal
Plastic
Rubber
Different materials
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Mars is actually a very
cold place
Neptune is very far away
from us
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all

26. Big numbers catch your
audience’s attention

27. Water play Sand play
Play-based pre-K science activities

28. Rough
Flexible
Soft
Opaque
Venus is the
second planet
from the Sun
Characteristics of the materials
Jupiter is the
biggest planet of
them all
Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold
place

29. States of water
Solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Liquid

30. Saturn is a gas giant and
has several rings
25%
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place
40%
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
50%
Comprehension of experiments

31. A picture is worth a
thousand words

32. Feelings from experiments
EXPERIM. Surprise Happiness Curiosity Fear
1
2
3

33. Experiments
04

34. Lemon volcano experiment
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest
planet in the Solar System. It's the
fourth-brightest object in the night sky.
It was named after the Roman god of
the skies and lightning. The Sun is the
star at the center of the Solar System!

35. Lemon volcano process
First, you can
cut the lemon
Time for the
ERUPTION!
Pour gel and
baking soda
Squeeze out
the juice
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several
rings
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
01 02 03 04

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37. Do these dissolve in water?
Objects Yes No
Flour
Oil
Sugar

38. Banana-in-the-bottle experiment
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun. It’s
terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury,
and its atmosphere is extremely
poisonous. It’s the second-brightest
natural object in the night sky after
the Moon!

39. Draw the experiment
Draw inside the rectangle the process of your experiment

40. Anna
You can talk a bit about
this person here
Timmy
You can talk a bit about
this person here
William
You can talk a bit about
this person here
Teachers

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