Basic of Structure System in Architecture & Engineering Constructions Wall Slab Post Lintel and Post Slab Civil Engineering and Structural Engineering

1. Name: Tafshirul Alam Mahi
Roll: 01
Batch: 1st
Department: Architecture
Student Id: 12190101
World University of Bangladesh
BASIC
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM

2. Structural systems are those elements of construction that are designed to form part of
a building’s structure either to support the entire building or just a part of it.
It’s one kind of framework of identifiable elements which gives form and stability and resists stresses and
strains.
What is Structural System?
The basic framework consists of two portion:
1.Substructure
2.Superstructure
Substructure: The substructure is the lower part of a
building which is constructed below the ground level.
Substructure involves footing and plinth of a building.
Superstructure: The superstructure is the portion of a
building which is constructed above the ground level.

3. What Kind of Load Applied on Structure?
A building structure has to support two types of load:
1.Static load
2.Dynamic load
Static load: A static load is a constant steady load.
Two types of static load:
1.Live load
2.Dead load
Live load:
The live load includes some of the building’s moving objects
and peoples. Such as people, desks, cabinets, etc.
Dead load:
The dead load includes weight of structural parts of the
building, such as concrete beam, wall, ceiling, floor, etc.
Dynamic load: A load which changes in magnitude,
direction and position with respect to time is called
dynamic load.

4. What Are Elements of Structure?
The elements of basic structural system:
1.Load bearing wall
2.Slab
1.Beam
2.Column
Wall: A load bearing wall is a structural element that carries
the load of a building.
Slab: A concrete slab is a structural feature, usually of constant
thickness, that can be used as a floor or a roof.
Beam: Beams are usually horizontal structural elements
that carry loads perpendicular to their longitudinal direction.
Column: A column is a vertical structural member intended
to transfer a compressive load. For example, a column might
transfer loads from a ceiling, floor or from a beam, to
a floor or foundations.

5. Types of Basic Structural System
POST SLAB STRUCTURE
WALL SLAB STRUCTURE POST LINTEL STRUCTURE
3 Types of Basic Structural System

6. Wall Slab Structure
Continuous or linear support system to transfer the external
loads to the ground with the help of wall and slab.
Elements: 1.Wall
2.Slab
Stair:
• Landing should be supported by load bearing wall.
• Parallel walls on two sides can also provide support.
• Arch also can provide support for stair.
How it Works?

7. Wall Slab Structure
Opening:
• Big opening not possible, only small opening.
• Not more than 30% of the load bearing wall.
• Arch framework or lintel is used.
• Continuous horizontal opening avoided.
Span:
• 12’ to 15’ span could be possible.
• Large span of roof is problem and it may be solved by
waffle slab.
Punch:
• Generally punch can’t be possible.
• Only punch is appeared on first floor with respect to four
walls around it.
• Punch can’t be done 1/3 area of the roof.
Material:
Reinforced concrete slab with wooden, brick, stone wall.
Opening of Wall Slab Structure

8. Wall Slab Structure
Expression:
• No grid pattern, can be any desired shape.
• Large, unbroken plans could be expressed.
• Small punches in elevation
• For large openings, arches are provided.
• Massive and bold expression.
• Solid void relationship is boldly represented.
• For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra
benefit.
• Screen wall can be added.
• This type of structure lasted for thousand years.
Cost & Time:
• Low rise building of this system represents economy.
• Generally low cost construction.
• Construction period is larger than any other system.
• Foundation is more shallow than other system.
Expression of Wall Slab Structure

9. Why Wall Slab Structure?
Advantage:
• This system is economical for low storied structure.
• Foundation is shallower than other systems, so
foundation cost is the least of all.
• Arches, domes and vaults are used in this system.
• Post doesn’t disturb the free space.
• Screen wall can be used.
• Wall thickness sometimes is extra beneficial for
shading.
• For hot dry climate this type of structure gives extra
benefit.
• Construction lasted for thousands years.
Disadvantage:
• Span of the area is not enough, maximum 15’.
• Limitation of structure height, 6-7 storied possible.
• Walls must be built over a wall.
• More time is required for construction.
• Small space over a big space is not possible.
• Continuous opening can not be possible.
• This type of construction is not possible without good
load bearing capacity of earth.
• Dampness is also a greater problem.

10. Case Study-1
Chattagram Court Building
Location: Parir pahar, Chattagram
Structure: Wall slab
Built Year: 1898

11. Case Study-2
Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center
Location: Tel Aviv, Israel
Architect: Mario Botta
Built Year: 1998

12. Post Lintel Structure
Continuous or linear support system to transfer the external
loads to the ground with the help of post and lintel.
Elements: 1.Beam
2.Column
Stair:
• Stair must start with respect to a beam.
How it Works?
Orientation:

13. Post Lintel Structure
Clear Span: The distance between the interfaces of the
support of a span.
Effective Span: The distance between center-to-center of the
support of a span.
• Span is limited, 17’ to 22’ is economical.
• Beam is proportional to span of slab, such as span is 40’
than the width is 40’’.
• The depth of beam must be increase respectively with the
increase of span.
• Can be possible even more than 30% to 50% economical.
Punch Method

14. Post Lintel Structure
Material: R.C.C, iron, brick, timber, stone, steel.
Context: Suitable for composite climate.
Cost & Time: Time period less than wall slab system,
more costly than wall slab structure and economical for large
span building.
Expression:
• Post and lintel are shown as a frame work.
• Column and beam can be identified.
• Columns are placed along the edge line of the building.
• Building height increase for the beam to get clear space.
• Unexpected lines can be formed in elevation.
• Unexpected beam and column can disturb the indoor
spatial qualities.
Expression of Post Lintel Structure

15. Why Post Lintel Structure?
Advantage:
• Maximum column to column opening can be
provided easily.
• Roof can be provided flat, pitch or any other
shape.
• Punch in slab can be provided easily.
• Aesthetic framework can be done.
• 50% of cantilever system is applicable.
• It’s renovation system is safe and easy.
• Strong structure system for earthquake.
Disadvantage:
• Unexpected beam hampers interior.
• Acoustic problem may occur.
• Stairs must be started with the reference of beam.
• Extreme variation of solid not possible
• Ribbon window can not be possible.
• Short span beams with large concentrated load near
the posts will occur shear stress.
• Opening should be placed considering post.

16. Case Study-1
Chief Judicial Magistrate Court Building
Location: Kotwali, Chattagram
Structure: Post lintel
Material: Brick, Concrete

17. Case Study-2
Gallery of ISMO
Location: France
Architect: KAAN Architecten
Built Year: 2018

18. Post Slab Structure
Continuous or linear support system to transfer the external
loads to the ground with the help of post and slab.
Elements: 1.Slab
2.Column
Stair:
• Simply supported stair.
• Stair can be created by using cantilever.
Opening:
• Any kinds of opening of any size can be provided.
• Possible to place ribbon window.
How it Works?

19. Post Slab Structure
Span:
• 17’ to 22’ span could be possible.
Cantilever:
• Minimum cantilever: L/3
• Maximum cantilever: L/2
• Cantilever will be 1/3 of the span of the post.
• Maximum cantilever will be 33% to 50% of the span.
Position:
• Wall can be built freely as desired in different floors.
• It is recommended to built walls on the column strips.
Position of Wall

20. Post Slab Structure
Punch:
• Large punch without disturbance of beam.
• In the area common to the slab middle strips.
• In the area common to the two column strips, not more than
one-eighth the width of the strip in either span should be
interrupted by opening.
• In the area common to the one column strip and one middle
strip, not more than one-fourth of the re-enforcement in
either strip should be interrupted by opening.
Expression:
• Plan of the building of post and slab system is regular shaped
and strong square grid pattern.
• The slab is always cantilevered from the post.
• Solid void relationship is strongly achieved.
• Vertical reference is maintained.
• Floating effect can be achieved.
• Continuous opening can be provided.
Expression of Post Slab Structure

21. Why Post Slab Structure?
Advantage:
• Ribbon window or large opening is a greater
opportunity.
• Cantilever 33% to 50% possible.
• Slabs can be cut as freely as needed.
• Position of enclosing wall can be changed in
different floor plan.
• Different types of shading device can be used.
• Partition wall can be use as required.
• Less use of materials.
• Very helpful for interior design.
• Improve durability of structure.
Disadvantage:
• Without beam it can not bear tensile load.
• It has complexity of work.
• Not good solution for earth quake zone.
• Increase cost of material and handling is tough.
• It is strictly maintained by grid system.
• Poor workmanship can lead to accident.
• Drop panels may interfere large mechanical ducting.
• It has less resistance.

22. Case Study-1
New Railway Station Chattagram
Location: Station Road, Chattagram
Structure: Post slab
Material: Iron, Concrete

23. Case Study-2
Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown
Location: Lisbon, Portugal
Architect: Charles Correa Associates
Material: Concrete, Steel, Glass

24. Common Features
Topic Wall Slab Post Lintel Post Slab
Span
Cantilever
Opening
Punch
Costing
12’-15’ could be economical.
Large span of roof is problem solved by
waffle slab.
Generally no cantilever is used.
Not more than 30% of bearing wall.
Continuous horizontal opening avoided.
Generally punch can not be possible.
Only a punch is appeared on first floor
with respect to four walls around it.
Low cost construction.
Low rise building this system represent
economy.
17’-22’ could be economical.
Beam is proportional to span of slab.
Economic cantilever can be taken up to 30% of
the immediate span.
Series of opening can be possible.
Post makes problem in placing of windows.
Punched on the slab can be obtained without
any disturbance.
30% more costly than wall slab structure.
24’-26’ could be economical.
Floor slab in all across must be cantilevered.
Maximum cantilever will be 33%-50% of the
post.
Any kind of opening can be provided.
Ribbon window can be possible.
Large punch without disturbance of beam.
More costly than post lintel structure.

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THANKS Bibliography:
• A visual dictionary of architecture – Francis D. K. Ching.
• Works of rafiq azam.
• Complete works of tadao ando.
• Design of concrete structure 14.
• Works of le corbusier.
• Projects of charles correa.
• Philosophy and design from engineering to architecture.
• Design of masonary structure – A. W. Hendry, B. P. Sinha, S. R.
Devis.
• Projects of mario botta
• Works of muzharul islam