Geology and geomorphology basics

1. BASIC
GEOLOGY
4.
PETROGRAPHY

2. The rock cycle - stages, places and processes

3. Magma
• silicate-rich melt
• originates from the partial melt of the lower crust and the upper
mantel (50-200 km bs)
• Principal elements are O, Si, Al, Ca, Na, K, Fe and Mg
Extrusive – Intrusive
Calc-alkaline – Alkaline – Tholeiitic
Basic – Intermediate - Acidic
IGNEOUS ROCKS

4. Bowen’s reaction series
Anorthite 1:4
Albite 3:8

5. Streckeisen’s classification of igneous rocks

6. Total Alkali Silica (TAS) diagram

7. Ultramafic rocks (peridotites) – mafic mineral constituents
(olivine, pyroxene, hornblende)

8. Gabbros – composed Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar as well as
pyroxene, olivine, hornblende)

9. Diorites – Ca-Na-bearing plagioclase feldspar with
hornblende, biotite and pyroxene

10. Syenites – intermediate plutonic rocks with alkali feldspars and mafic
constituents (biotite and hornblende)

11. Basalts – volcanic equivalents of
gabbros
Andesites – volcanic equivalents of
diorite
Trachytes – volcanic equivalent
od syenites

12. Rhyolites – volcanic equivalents of granitic rocks

13. Granitic rocks - composed of quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase,
micas and amphibole

14. Classification and nomenclature of pyroclastics rocks

15. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• weathering of pre-existing rocks
• transportation of the material away from the original site
• deposition of the eroded material
1. Clastic rocks
consisting rock and mineral fragments
2. Chemical rocks
consisting chemical precipitates
3. Organic rocks
consisting organic material

16. Ternary diagrams for classification of siliciclastic rocks

17. CLASTIC ROCKS: Conglomerates – consolidated
deposits of gravel

18. CLASTIC ROCKS: Sandstones

19. CLASTIC ROCKS: Silstones

20. CLASTIC ROCKS: Mudstone

21. CHEMICAL ROCKS: Limestones

22. CHEMICAL ROCKS: Evaporites
Rock salt Gypsum

23. Distribution of salt concentration and evaporation in a lagoon

24. Levels of coalification according to the
change of gas content „vitrinite reflection”
CHEMICAL ROCKS: Coals

25. Some types of oil traps

26. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Changes in temperature and pressure
Changes in chemistry of pore fliuds
New minerals, new texture and new structure
Contact metamorphism
local phenomenon associated with thermal (and chemical) changes near
the contacts of igneous intrusions
Regional metamorphism
Develops in the roots of mountain belt along convergent plate boundaries

27. Main forms of contact metamorphism

28. Subdivision of regional
metamorphism according
to the degree of
metamorphism and the
original (parent) rock

29. Slates
Low grade metamorphism, excellent foliation (slaty cleavage)

30. Schists
Medium-grade metamorphism, excellent foliation (schistosity) as a result
of parallel arrangement of platy minerals

31. Gneiss
High-grade metamorphism, coarse-grained, alternating layering of
dark and light minerals

32. Non-foliated metamorphic rocks
Marble Quartzite
Amphibolite

33. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!