The first scientific research in artificial insemination of animals was performed on dogs in 1780 by the Italian scientist, Lazzaro spallanzani. In 1907 Ivanov reported the successful results of a series of artificial inseminations in mares. In india A.I. was introduced as early as 1939 by P Sampath Kumaran in mysore state at palace dairy farm. First buffalo calf achieved by A.I. in india August 1943 at agriculture institute Allahabad. Systemic work on A.I. was undertaken in 1944 at IVRI, izatnagar under the guidance of Dr. P. Bhattacharya.

1. Artificial insemination: present
scenario & future prospects in cattle
and buffalo
Jeetendra singh Rajoriya
Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary
Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Co.V.Sc. &
A.H., Rewa (M.P.)

2. But This…
Not This…

3. History
•The first scientific research in artificial insemination of animals was performed on
dogs in 1780 by the Italian scientist, Lazzaro spallanzani.
•In 1907 Ivanov reported the successful results of a series of artificial inseminations
in mares.
•In india A.I. was introduced as early as 1939 by P Sampath Kumaran in mysore
state at palace dairy farm.
•First buffalo calf achieved by A.I. in india August 1943 at agriculture institute
Allahabad.
•Systemic work on A.I. was undertaken in 1944 at IVRI, izatnagar under the
guidance of Dr. P. Bhattacharya.

4. INTRODUCTION
• Artificial insemination (AI)has remained the main vehicle for the rapid dispersal
of valuable genes and it has been the method of choice for dairy farmers around
the world to improve the genetic quality of their stock. (Foote RH et al., 1998)
• In a 1980 survey it was believed that the total number of inseminations world-
wide exceeded 130 million. (Bonadonna T et al., 1980)
• An updated survey in 1995 showed that the total number of doses of semen
produced exceeded 200 million with more than 95 percent of this semen
processed as a frozen product. (Chupin D et al., 1995)

5. •The current world statistics for AI in cattle stand at 232 million doses of semen
produced as a frozen product and 11.6 million as liquid.
(Thibier M et al., 2000)
• It is well established in dairying nations that AI is a simple, successful and
economical method to establish genes in the population in comparison to other
forms such as embryo technologies and natural mating.

6. Efficiency of AI
•The dairy industry in particular has a long history of progeny test systems to
identify elite bulls and to then disseminate these genes in commercial dairy
herds through AI. (Robertson A et al., 1950 )
•The fertility of the bulls is monitored through early inseminations across multiple
herds and is then available for widespread use.
•The profitability of dairy depends on the ability of the individual high genetic
merit cows getting back in calf within a reasonable time frame post-partum.
• Its application has been of enormous economic benefit through the genetic
improvement of milk production, the control of venereal and other diseases and
the reduction of lethal genes. (Watson PF et al., 1990)

7. • Improvements in cryopreservation of semen as well as storage in the liquid
form made AI more accessible and by the 1960s the dairy industry was
breeding most of its replacement stock through AI.
(Bonadonna T et al., 1980)
•The main drivers for the uptake of AI are, cost of the semen, the cost of
insemination and the success of the process.
•The success of AI is measured as the percentage of animals not returning to
service within a defined period after first insemination (%NRR) and in most
countries this is within the range of 65–70% for 24, 60 or 90 days NRR’s.

8. Cost of semen and insemination in various countries where AI is the main
method to breed replacement calves
(Anon et al., 2001)

9. SPECIES 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
(PROPOSED
TARGET,)
CATTLE 30.73 32.19 33.35 34.25
BUFFALO 2.86 2.60 2.45 2.90
TOTAL 33.59 34.79 35.80 37.15
Year wise Artificial Insemination particulars (In lakhs ), in india
•During 2008-09, 35.80 lakhs of artificial inseminations were done and it is
proposed to carry out 37.15 lakhs artificial insemination during 2009-10.

10. The genetic contribution of AI
•The potential genetic contribution of a sire is described by Foote
[1998] as:
Contribution of a sire to genetic improvement
=Number of progeny per sire × Genetic superiority of the sire.
•The number of progeny per sire will be determined by:
(1) total sperm output of the bull.
(2) the number of sperm used per insemination.
(3) the percentage of cows calving to a single insemination.

11. •These principles effectively determine the number of bulls required to
service a dairy cow population
(Shannon P et al., 1978)

12. Artificial insemination and breeding goals
• Reproductive efficiency is the major factor that affects production and economic
efficiency. In herds that use AI, heat detection rate and calving rate determine
reproductive efficiency.
• Heat detection is a specialised chore and requires accurate monitoring and
inseminating the animal in the time specified for a successful outcome. Heat
detection rates are measured by the number of cows presented to be inseminated.
• Heat detection rates of 40–70% are common in the Northern Hemisphere while in
intensively managed animals on a pasture based system, the heat detection rates
can be greater than 90%
(Diskin et al., 2001)

13. Value analysis of artificial insemination
• A value analysis of AI requires it to be compared with other mechanisms of
gene dispersal such as natural mating and embryo transfer .
• In the dairy sector, it is usually related to the ability of the females to supply
enough high genetic merit heifer calves as replacements for the herd.
• In the non-seasonal situations, the inter-calving interval is not a driving force
as opposed to breeding for milk solids as well as maintaining a long lactation
length.

14. To quantify the relative benefits of AI and natural mating the following criteria
have to be considered :-
• Pregnancy rates to AI versus natural mating
• Cost of running bulls versus an AI program
• Risks associated with natural mating
• Profitability as measured by genetic gain

15. Pregnancy rates to AI versus natural mating
•This is based on the assumption that bulls are better at detecting estrus than
humans and that conception rates to natural mating are higher than AI.
• Many small studies have found no increase in submission rates, conception
rates or calving rates when cows were mated exclusively through natural mating,
AI or a combination. (Rodriguez et al., 1999)
• Ratios of >1:50 have been found to be sub optimal but a range exists and the
optimal number of bulls:cows is between 1:15 and 1:25
(Healy et al., 1993)

16. Cost of maintaining bulls
•The cost of running bulls for a mating program will require a number of bulls to
be purchased or leased for a period plus grazing/feeding costs.
• AI program will involve costs associated with estrus detection, semen purchase
and insemination. If the AI program is followed by a period of natural mating, the
costs of clean up bulls, leasing and grazing will be extra.
• AI program along with a period of natural mating is in fact more cost effective
than natural mating alone.

17. Value of genetic gain
•The operation of effective progeny testing schemes together with the
widespread use of AI has translated into significant gain in milk yield traits.
• It is believed that 50% of this increase in yield can be attributed to direct
genetic improvement alone through the widespread use of AI, while the
remainder is attributed to improved environmental factors such as housing,
health, nutrition and management (Simm et al., 2001)

18. Artificial insemination—the future
• It is more than likely that the combination of AI with new and emerging
technologies will form a strong base on which various selection or breeding
policies will be based.
• It is also very likely that all these biotechnologies will use sperm dispersal in
some form to establish the required genes.

19. Routine AI with fresh and frozen sperm
• One of the bigger stumbling blocks in cryopreservation of bovine semen is
to be able to eliminate the bull by dose rate interaction.
• This phenomenon is extremely limiting in the generalised application of
freezing protocols for all bulls. (Shannon P et al., 1995)

20. Liquid stored semen Frozen-thawed semen
Low sperm number Long term storage
High sire utilisation Flexibility of use
Inexpensive storage
Ease of use in the field
Disadvantages
limited shelf life High sperm numbers
Expensive to store
Advantages
Liquid stored semen Vs Frozen-thawed semen
(Vishwanath, et al., 2000)

21. AI with sexed sperm
• Further enhancements to liquid and frozen stored sperm will improve
upon existing efficiencies
• Reliable methods to sex semen are obviously available but the major
drawback is the speed of the sexing process as well as the prohibitive
cost (Garner et al., 2001)
• Commercial applications of this procedure do exist but the routine
application of this technology in commercial AI programmes is some way
off.

22. Semen sexing

23. SITE OF SEMEN DEPOSITION
• Cervical versus Uterine Body Insemination
• Low concentration of fresh semen, deposition in to the uterine body resulted
in higher fertility than deposition into the cervix. (Moller et al., 1975)
•Bicomual versus Unicomual Insemination.
• when semen was deposited into the both uterine horns. better results were
obtained after bicomual insemination (Senger et al., 1988)

24. • Higher pregnancy rates were recorded when the inseminate was
deposited into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the side of impending ovulation
than for contralateral or uterine body inseminations.
(Lopez-Gatius F et al., 1996)
• Right versus Left Deep Unicornual Insemination.
• In single ovulating heifers and cows, more spermatozoa were recovered
from the left than the right side of the reproductive tract after insemination.
(Lopez-Gatius F et al., 1996)
• Intraperitoneal insemination.

25. MOET, TVR/IVP
•The role of MOET and TVR/IVP is primarily to establish unique genotypes
and wide spread dispersal to be affected through AI.
• The rapid harvest of oocytes and reliable methods to mature them will
certainly increase the efficiency of this method as an alternative to AI.
•The most significant improvement (11–22% over existing rate of
improvement) occurs when MOET or TVR/IVP programs are superimposed
on an efficient progeny test program.

26. Sperm mediated gene transfer
•Conventional approaches have involved the direct injection of genes into the
pronuclear embryo and during the re-combination process these genes are
incorporated into the host genome.
• Transfecting cell lines and then subsequent nuclear transfer of the
transfected cell line into enucleated oocytes has become a popular method to
establish the transgene and propagate it through the germ line.

27. Sperm modifications
•Storage of semen in the frozen state implies a complete arrest in the
developmental and metabolic processes within the sperm cell.
• The discovery of glycerol as a cryoprotective agent introduced a system of
freezing semen that until today has seen remarkably few changes.
•the most refined freezing procedures, controlled freezing conditions and other
diluent modifications, the best cell recovery after thawing is just over 50%.

28. There has always been an interest in developing alternative strategies for long
term storage of bovine spermatozoa and experiments on dessication, vitrification
and freeze drying have been attempted in the past with limited success
(Holt et al., 1997)

29. Conclusion
•The future for AI continues to be promising.
• Critical discoveries in the next decade or so in ancillary reproductive
technologies will challenge the pre-eminent position of AI as the low cost
option to disseminate alleles of choice.
• In all such cases, the main driver will continue to remain simplicity of
application, probability of success and the level of economy of the technology
adopted.

30. Thank
you
All