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1. WOLF LESLAU
ENGLISH-AMHARIC CONTEXT DICTIONARY

2. To
CHARLOTTE
ELIANE SYLVIA
LISA MONIQUE LYNN CHRISTINE

3. PREFACE
Every other aullwr mq)J tupfr11 to
[11'aise; tile lexictJgrapher cun only
hope lo e;Jcape reproach, tlJid eve.11
this Mgative recompense has hee11
gra11ted ta very few.
SAMUEL JOHNSON
Pf'eface to a Dictionary
of tbe English langua.ae
Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia. The scientific investigation of Amharic goes back to
the 17th century, but little attention was given to furni5hlng the student with practical tools for the
acquisition of the language.
The most recent English-Amharic dictionaries are those of C. H. Armbril:iter, Initia Amharfca,
part II, 1910, and of C. H. Walker, English-Amharic Dictionary, 1928. Since these publications
Amharic has developed considerably. The progress that Ethiopia has made in the field of education,
the literary documents of the last fifty years, the technical needs for new expressions, thecontactwith
the Western world, and the natural development within the language itself have contributed greatly
not only to the enrichment ofthe language but also to numerous changes within the existing vocabulary.
A few examples taken from .ApnbruSter's dictionary illustrate the changes in the expressions. Thus,
'address' is rendered in Armbruster by IJ"A.h-l- in contrast with the present-day h~t.ti; 'bank'
11")1" • tL-l- as against q.,h; 'bicycle' f(lf.tll') • 1-l.:h as against n.ll.htt.T; 'cigarette' Rml..,..'J- • ,..,.
m.,.l1 1 .'J-IJ"ttU" (1it. 'tobiU:CO that is wrapped in paper') as against M~; 'coin' -rhA:,. as against
iVJ-1:9'"; 'doctor' ql • DltJ'.:•·u..:t- as against .hh.-9'" or P..h..,.c; 'general' ~'"'*as against 1:):6-A;
'map' nc 1 PilA. as against ltC;t-; 'sea' fOJ-? • ttihe as against qmc; 'story of a house' .t.cil as
against £:..,., and many more.
Needless to say, in Armbruster's time there was no need for expressions ruch as 'United Nations,
Trusteeship committee, Security Council, control tower, review of books, agenda, airlines, basketball,
elevator', and so on. Moreover, the practical interest in Amharic has increased in the last few decades.
If to all this we add the fact that at present English is the language of instruction in the high schools
of Ethiopia as well as at the University, we can easily justify the urgent need for a modern English-
Amharic dictionary.
The most useful approach to the understanding of English lexical items and to the translation
process from English into Amharic appears to be to illustrate English words in context, that is, in a
sentence showing the usage of the word, rn.ther than simply to enumerate the various Amharic render-
ings of any given single English lexeme. This is particularly important wherever a single English lexeme
varies in meaning according to the context of the sentence. A few example.~ bear out the point.
The Engliili 'box' can be rendered by (rt~:t i ;r}'l and by RR·fP. 1 -ou;t-:t-. It is only the context
that helps the reader to choose the appropriate Amharic expression. Thus, in the sentence, "Shall l
put the shoes in a box?" *"1...,9"1fi") • {t.,~:,. 1 ~~D-{1'1" 1 o'~G;J>=t¢1.D'l, 'box' is rendered by {t'},IJ.:t.
In the sentence, "I have another box of cigars" M 1 :rfl 1 it.:J&- 1M'S, 'box' is rendered by :r1.
Finally, in the sentence, "A box on the ear hurts" ](r: 14.& 1Oll"m. • -010;-;r. • $/}f"'A., 'box' is
rendered by Rll"m.. 1 --.:1'-l-.
Or, the English 'draw' can be rendered in Amharic by 40 I "'A I .,.~ I 1mnJ J +nlllld 1 hfl.'lq I

4. Vlll
A+t!d. t .,.lh I DfiiiH, and probably by other expressions. Here again, only the context helps the
reader to choose the appropriate expression. Thus, "The horses draw the wagon" ~t:.l'lti • 1'h~1~ 1 f.h
rur; "He drew a picture ofhis teacher" .t"il.,...,tk&"t • P'6A • "''ll; "The boy drew water from the
weU" A)l: • h.,.~~ • (1)<:.0 • 4'.';; "He drew his hands from his pockets" ~!Ji'J • htuo • AmtiJ;
"They drew lots to see who should go first" OJJ'1,.a-t;,.t • ...,., • ll't~··tz~ • l)tfJ • -r-nl"'fto; "You
should draw fresh air intO your lungs" 1A-ih • l'lfC • CDR. • ,..,..qp •"'7lrJil·l- • AMltJ; "His speech
drew long applause" 't~<G- • t:.H,.. • J!it • 1,•11"'-11 • .1.,..t:.LA-l-; "Her elegant dress drew the eyes
of all onlookers" .til'O<l..,.ID' • AilI). • f.,._Alt¥1fi"t • 'H'·"t • fJoh- • •U.h; "He drew his sword and
nm at the enemy" .,.,t..F.,(&'} • _,. • mF. • mo41 • t"m.
The ambiguity of meaning applies to many English lexemes, and it therefore dictated the principle
of using the lexeme in context.
The various meanings of the same English lexeme were taken from the existing English dictionaries.
Sentence~ were chosen to illustrate the various meanings. Nevertheless, not all the meanings of the same
lexeme were always considered, since to do so would have greatly increased the bulk of the dictionary.
Occasionally, a sentence is limited to a specific situation. St:e, for example, 'incidence' where the sen-
tence refers to 'a high :incidence' only; or 'going, get going' is limited in reference to holding a con-
versation. The verb 'adulterate' (no. 2) refers only to adulteration of meat, but of course in Amharic
for other kinds of food the verb 'adulterate' has to be translated differently.
In other situations, a main entry has to supplement a subentry or the other way around. Thus, in
the entry 'inhospitable', the sentence of the subentry 'be inhospitable' refers only to the desert, but
if the reader needs to translate 'be inhospitable' speaking of a host in relation to his guests, he must
choose the translation of the main entry 'inhospitable' hh-K.?~t!'t •f.,..Xrm- andconvert the relatiye
f.,..XI into the verb 1-M. Or, in the entry 'reasonable', it is evident that the subentry 'be reasonable'
illustrated with the sentence "chicken is reasonable this week" refers to a specificsituation. Thetransla-
tion of the verb 'be reasonable' in any other context is made possible by using any of the five adjectives
translating 'reasonable' by the addition of tm- 'he is'.
There are sentences illustrating a lellCme in which the context does not seem to vary from the
standpoint of English, but nevertheless require different Amharic translations. See the entry 'attitudC',
or 'uncover', nos. 3 and 4.
It is true that some Iexemes have only one meaning and an illustrative sentence may not have been
necessary. For other entries, the sentence may be considered supcrl)uous since it is not meaningful, .u
"my father left for Harar" to illustrate the noun 'father' t,q:,O. How~er. it is interesting to see that
the same Amharic ~<.q.'f- is also used in the sentence "God is called Our Father," but in the sentence
"I talked with Father Giyorgis about the church", 'father' is rendered by hq.
For the sake of consistency I therefore thought it advisable to illustrate every word with a sentence.
An additional reason for doing so was to provide the learner of Amharic as well as the Ethlopian
:;;tudent studying English with concrete illustrations.
An exception has been made for a few categories, such as the numerals (outside of the numerals
1 to 12 referring to time), certain animals, and a few isolated words.
INFORMAL USAGE, SLANG
The English usage is mostly that of American English. Likewise, the orthography isthatof American
English.
Expressions that are considered informal in a dictionary such as ''The Holt's Intermediate Dictionary
of American English" are occasionally included. Thus, 'close call'; 'easy' in 'take it eMy'; 'fancy' as in
'fancy rate$,' and so on.
Slang expressions are not given.

5. IX
TECHNICAL EXPRESSIONS
Technical expressions in the fields of technology, mechanics or exact sciences arenotincluded since
normally Amharic would use the foreign word. Thus, 'electrodynamics, electron, helium, hydrogen,
biopsy, biochemistry' will not be found in the dictionary. However, the everyday expressions dealing
with electricity, cars, and telephone are included even though most of them are foreign loanwords.
TRANSLATION
The translation of each sentence was checked with several translators. The main objective was to
have a correct translation oft~ English sentence in idiomatic Amharic. Needless to say, because of
stylistic preferences, various translators rendered the same sentence differently. Only one translation
wu chosen in order to keep the bulk of the dictionary within bounds.
For many words, Amharic offered only an approximate translation and thus the translation proved
to be pale.
Since the main objective is a «~rrect transJation in idiomatic Amharic, stylistic and syntactic diver-
gencies between the English sentences and the Amharic translations arc inevitable. Only a few examples
illustrate this point.
"He banged his fist on the table" m~A..IIID-1' • Ofl<m, • -:1-m- (English bang on, Amharic -:J-
with the direct object).
"Under the ~ulse offriendship, he plotted treachery" m.ll~ • tN{tfr> 1 hihf..+'t 1 hl'lR (lit. "looking
like a friend").
"Donations are welcome" "'-C~;f- 1 "'-'+RII.il.") (lit. "we accept help" or "donation").
"It is evident that he cannot come" il.-9'""1:,.• h.il.tN~Ir • '1Ait 1 }m- (lit. "his not being able to
come").
"His briefwas printed in the newspaper" fl'lmiD' 1 h"PC • ou1fl.-.. 1 n;n1"1 • ;J-TDB (lit. "the brief
that he gave").
"Can you discriminate gMd books/rom bad?" ,...,.l::.c; • 'No • or>A'.rhi:!~'J • A,..il.f:,. 1 T";flil.11?
(lit. "bad and good books").
"You will be surprised how he changed" "'-').J.'..T 1 "J'.")f..+ilmm • 11.:1'~ • Y/JCf"''A (lit. "if you
see how he changed").
"The boy•s apology conciliated the angry father" fl"K, • f.rt>c:l" • oumf'-l» 1 _tq·J:'J 1 ')I...)- 1 Adt:~
(lit. "appeased the father's anger").
"What is the frequency of the Addis Ababa statiOn?" fh4,n 1 t.nq 1 o!..4,f'" • "'RJ 1 ~71
9""t 1 .ttJA 1 ~mo? (lit. "how much?)".
"SM is in the work heart and soul" P~,.., 1 hA9.. ' -l-w.&-A~ (lit. "she does her work").
"He is thirty years of age" u>ota 1 'l-..z 1 t.,. (lit. "his age is").
"She waited at the street (".()mer for a bus" (1-')1.(- 1 .I;C 1 .fo"7 1 hd)o.fortn 1 mR+:Y. (lit. "standing
at the street corner").
GEEZ AS SOURCE OF NEW EXPRESSIONS
Geez morphological patterns as well as the Geez vocabulary are occasionally used for the creation
of new expressions. Thus, the passive participle q<Jtul is used in : 'th-1'1 • J>D't-t 'subcommittee',
Jtth.llj: 'article' A_,. 'axiom'
Verbal nou~s with -o1, -o; ni • h..l':"&-iT 'welfare'. h¥:l;.,.:,. 'admiration', hlMlC"+ 'respect',

6. X
h"tK"C'+ • JI'A (in the so-called construct state) 'abbreviation', 1~IA, 'bias', ..,At' 'theory',
.,..;JY:tr- 'campaign', +:lrll'i" 'influence', AM..,...,.. • +4'RA 'acquiesce'.
Geez construct state : htj:A • h1C 'region', h'i!A • II,..'J 'century', Pl. • UC 'bottom of
things', hill. • Rtt-A 'celebration'. A reversed construct state, that is, the Amharic word order with
the -ii of the Geez construct state: ID"lam • ~")ofl 'bylaw', m-{lm • 'ltl."i" 'subconscience', .,1M • A
Rc 'accomplice', h"t~n.,. • Cirl'IH· 'eloquence'.
With an adjective as second element: ou,.,.t:..+ • O.h 'baseless',""'""~'~' C.,. 'calm', q.,.e.t • I'UD·C
'blir~O.'.
CALQUE TRANSLATIONS
With the spread of foreign languages, and particuJarly of English, it is to be expected that calque
translations are being used in Amharic. Examples : 'weekend' fltM-l- • -~t:.Ti; 'cross-c;amina-
tion' ou{I4"A~ • Tl'<t; 'slide rule' +'Jil"~;t-';f • or>ptPJ~I'. and others.
Of particular interest is the usage of the verb m(IJ'. 'take'. The example of lllf"RC • m-ilS: for
'take a seat!' is recognized by most Ethiopians as a calque and is frowned upon. The verb mtV..
'take' seems to be extended in usage. however, and it is at times qifficult to decide whether we are
faced with a calque translation or a correct Amharic expression. Thus, for instance, 'take' is idiomati-
cally translated by 4.'£ in the sentence, "it took the firemen two hours to put out the blaze" .4'mi'P,.
') 1 ll"""'J"'...-,. • f1.4..-,. 1 h}!.;Ji.D< • .,~.,.if* •fl./l:t 1 lt<H- 1 4.)!;4:fiD"', However, 'take' is ren-
dered by m(IF. in the sentence "the wound took a long time to heal" -l:l'IA- 1 :lo..llh.1ic 1 11ft< • 'LH. •
IDfl'-. The question arises whether this is a calque translation or whether it is idiomatic Amharic.
Another important question is the plural marker. Amharic does not normally use the plural marker.
Thus, "there are many trees in this park" is normally rendered by OH.U • ~4.7( r (l;J- 1 -nu· • ~~~ 1
hit There is, however, an increasing tendency to use the plural marker -oCC, a tendency that is proba-
bly due to the influence of foreign languages. The above-mentioned sentence is translated by DH.U 1
lP'fiL'l'i • 11;1- • ofllfo • lf~l- • h&. Or, in the sentence "they raise fine cattle in this country" OH.U •
h1C • ID"'llT r '1"~ ' hofl.,.* 1 J'C:Qh-, 'cattle' has the plural marker. Whether the tendency to use the
plural marker is due to the influence of a foreign language or whether it is a naturul development
within Amharic itself can be ascertained only by examining the writings of authors whoarenotfamiliar
witb a foreign languase.
CULTURE-BOUND TRANSLATIONS
Many English expressions cannot be translated into Amharic because the object or the institution
does not eJr.ist in Ethiopian culture. Thus, there is no way of translating 'jury' or 'cheese' in Amharic,
since: the institution of jury does not exist in the legaJ system of Ethiopia, and Amharic hiAI is really
not 'cheese'. The method adopled in the dictionary is to give an explanation in brackets (see 'ale,
allergy, delta, galley'), or to use an existing loanword as in the case of 'cheese' rendered by S:C...,;£,
Italian 'formaggio', even though some loanwords are rarely used outside the confines of the literate
class of Ethiopians.
Likewise complicated is the rendering of lexemcs that are not equivalent in English and Amharic.
Thi9 is the case of 'winter' and 'sununer'. Neither the time nor the character of the continental winter
or summer corresponds to the seasons in Ethiopia. The only recourse was to translate 'winter' by
ho~..,-:,. (ac.tually 'the rains' from July to September) and 'summer' by U,.!) (actually 'the dry season').
It is due to the culture-bound phenomena that no literal translation can be given for certain English
expressions. This is the case of 'temperate climate' in the sentence "we live in a temperate climate"

7. XI
rendered by ff"'fCOT I fl;f- I tD,.t; I S!;J I ~dl'o, but IDPi ' 1.;J (the intermediate region between
highland and lowland) applies only to Ethiopia.
The sentence, "write the alphabet in reYerse order" is rendered by AJ.~') • h:l'"f. • tJJJ/.. • l!,.f,. •
0.,.&-•~ because the Ethiopian student when studyiog the alphabet mites it from top to bottom.
The expression 'period' is translated by AM • )'1'-n 'four dots' in the sentence, "you forgot to put
a period here" ).ff_p • .l'tt.-l- • 1-'1'11• "''I:.f.., • il.IJV because Amharic uses four dots where English
uses a period.
The sentence, "I did not get your last 1fat!le" rendered by .fQ>lolJ • ll9"' • h.Ad"''IJof'" means literally
"I did not get your father's name., because the last name in Western culture is in rea1ity the father's
name in Ethiopian culture. •
The cxprc!l.'!ion 'bang out' is rendered by hitll 'spread out on the ground' in the sentence "she was
hanging out the wash when 1 came" il"""llf • f:J-mn • A:flil • :l"'i'to1J • ~nc because the Ethiopian
woman spreads out the wash near the river instead of hanging it out. The verb d+A 'hang out' couJd
probably be used in the sentence, but the verb h(I11J 'spread out on the ground' is a more natural
expression.
Anothcc interesting lexeme inherent to Amharic is the verb 'borrow' or 'lend'. While English uses
the same verb for borrowing money or objects, Amharic differentiates between borrowing money or
grain (+O~l) and borrowing objects (-I''PI). The same differentiation is expressed for lending money
or grain (h!U.C::) and lending objects (h'Pn).
English 'empress' expresses both the wife of an emperor or a woman who rules an empire. Amharic
differentiates between the two meanings using 1..-t-1. for the wile of an emperor, and 't"!P'+ ' ~"JI"':,..T
for a woman ruler. In the entry 'empress', in the first sentence the empress Menen was the wife of the
emperor (therefore 1.-1:1.) whereas in the second sentence Zawditu was empress in her own right (there-
fore 'l'1P'+ ' ~"JP':I-T).
LOANWORDS
The purist will probably object to the listing of loanwords in the dictionary. These loanwords
are, however, normally used in the language and no systematic attempt has been made to replace them
with Amharic expressions. There are about 300 loanwords in the dictionary from English, French
and Italian.
NEW EXPRESSIONS
There are many English lexemes for which there is no Amharic equivalent, mostly because they are
culture-bound expressions. An attempt was made to create an Amharic equivalent, as in the case
for 'dessert' ..,oTI"''"tf; 'dressing (for salad)' "'fiiJL~; 'lawn' f.,O. 1 -il.h; 'oasis' fOC::'Ii • "1~+.
and other.:;.
Other lexemes are ad-hoc creations, such as 'brochure' oP"'JAAf.' A'tft.'j:.; 'leaflet' Jt'b'i: (also 'article
in a newspaper'); 'diagram' P"M'I! • oo.,AAf.; 'dock:' f..,.Ch-11 1 .,6-"'tl.f; 'drain' f1t.t1Jil • """m-C::)f,
and others.
ORTHOGRAPHY AND PUNCTUATION
An important deciiion had to be made in the domain of the orthography of Amharic. The Amharic
alphabet has various leUer.:; representing originally only consonants, some of which have become iden-

8. XII
ticaJ in pronunciation. This is tho case of .h and 0 (letters that have lost their consonantal value
and serve mainly when a word must be written with an initial vowel); 0, dt and 'l pronounced h;
u> and 1"1 pronounced s; II. and Dpronounced ~· As a result of the identical pronunciation of these
letters, there is lack of consistency in Amharic spelling. There are three possible solutiOns in dealing
with Amharic spelling : 1, a radical reform of the alphabet; 2, the adoption of thecommonly accepted
orthography; and 3, the standardization of spelling through etymology.
In a radical refonn of the alphabet, wherever there is a choice of two or three letters for the same
pronunciation, one would have to adopt arbitrarily only one letter, regardless of the origin ofthe root.
Thus, if in the case oft. and o, one were to choose, say, the letter 11., one would have to write h(l'
'imprison', h.m+ 'know', ht.1' 'eye', all with the h, even though .1',10.,. goes back to Geez I+ (with 0),
and h.f..') likewise goes back to Geez O.&') (cognate with Semitic 'ayn). Similarly, if between"" and il
one were to choose il, one would have to spell ..,.IJA 'vow' and +IJA 'be painted' both with ll, even
though etymologically .,....A 'vow' goes back to Geez MA, and "''r 'paint' goes back to Oeez IPdfl..
The same arbitrary principle wou.ld ha.ve to be applied to the other letters that have become identical
in pronunciation. I did not feel that I could use this solution in a dictionary that is intended for
use by Amharic speakers.
The orthography currently and commonly accepted is highly unsatisfactory. Indeed, not only
different speakers of Amharic. but even the same speaker will spell indiscciminately Mol- and :r.o:,.
'sister', ~'1111 and .(.tJ'i" 'well', fJtJA and fJifiA 'culture', rh+l1 and v+l1'just', om+ and 11om+ 'know',
and so on. In this connection it is interesting to mention two authoritative dictionaries published by
Ethiopian scholars. Abba Yohann~ Giibtii Egli'a~her (JI.Q 1 "'rh")h 1 Hit: 1 2"'tU.ofl:.r..C) in his
..-,,n 1 .+o'-1- J -1-"'K?l-hf"rhC,_, (a Tigrinya-Amharic dictionary) spells the Amharic verbs hOC:
(p. 46), h.(.C:: .(p. 47), hrL (p. 49), all with h., whereas Kidana Wa.J.d K::~Oe (h.-'1~ • mA~ • h'AA.)
in his OUK'rhL • fl'I"Rm- ltDOU'tJ1R • J>o'T• hJth (A Geez-Amharic dictionary) spells the same words
withO; thus, one: (p.470), ou (p.473),andPA"-(p.478).Incidentallythewordfor 'Amharic' is spelled
h....,C~ (with h) by Abba Yohann;)S Giibrii Egzi'abQher, but D"7Cii" (with II) by Kasate B:u-han
TAsimma (h"fir •-flcn • Tl"7) in his f0"7Cii'-• -1t10 • ?11-l- (Amharic-Amharic dictionary),
p. 979. On the basis ofthis evidence it seems to me that it is not practical to follow the normally accepted
speUing.
I decided to adopt the principle of standardization through etymologies even though this principle,
too, presents certain pitfalls. In the case of h and D, Geez as well as Tigre and Tigrinya and the other
Semitic languages could be used as guides for oorcect spelling. In the ca!le of V (h), .h (b) 01 -1 (b),
only Geez (and Arabic) could serve as a guide since Tigre and Tigrinya retain only 0 h and dt b. this
last sound representing a merger of th b and.., !J. For w and (I as well as foe ~ and I, Geez alone
could serve as source of information, since in both Tigre and Tigrinya IP and (I ace represented as
(I s, and " and 6 have merged into " I· It is on tho basis of this principle that I adopted spellings
such as OCD4' 'know' (Geez 1+), UFC 'ten' (G. dFC), 7.1-l- 'sister' (G. 7..'1-l-), rM· 'three' (G.
wAn-tt), ift'tlt 'building' (G. ifa'l~)• .nn 'baby' (G. .nn), :r..+ 'things, baggage' (Tigrinya lt_.da),
bi:A 'fortune, luck' (Tigrinya IJ.Rr), and so on. Less generally accepted spellings ace those of om.t.
'double', a~ 'mow•, IJ")Q-:,0 'wood', and 'tCD-1'<' • ~<f.n 'whirlwind', but here again the speJling
with o was adopted be<::ause these roots have an fl as first radical in Geez : om.t. I IJP.R J /JiJ and
IJID'tr, re'!pectively.
Special mention shoUld be made of w6- 'work, do', and its derivatives F~ 'work' (noun), V"&-+11
'worker', ""'Yf/.f 'tool', all with~~'. It is true that this root is the closest connected with Geez flCdl
'labor, endeavor' (with ll), but it can also be connected with Oeez u•co 'arrange, dispose' (with 1.1").
If one adds to it the fact that the most frequently used Amharic spelling is,~ (with 1P), I thought
it advisable to spell it with IP.
The Amharic verb for 'to take a rest, to die' is spelled 1C:I. (with h) even though the root is DU•.
The spellinj: with h is justified since Amharic hU comes from hM.L becoming hU., the h ofwhich
is that of the prefixed morpheme of the 1-stem. The noun 'rest, vacation' is spelled,. however,
M~+ (with o) going back to its root.

9. xm
Etymological spelling is also used in Arabic loanwords. Thus, .h.llil 'bill', Arabic ~,.,.~I_.; rhh.f'"
'doctor', Ar. ~; O,o'"7 'aim', Ar. -;_.~; 1-ol., 'object, purpose', Ar-l...:N.. and sO on. It-is like-
ly that ).:,OJ!' 'plan' comes from Arabic~ but since its origin is doubtful and it is normally written
with ilt., I adopted the spelling :P..lt~.
The standardization of spelling through etymology is not intended to conflict with actual pro-
nunciation of a lexeme. Thus, for instance, the verb 'be went out' is pronounced wdtra, with J,
and is therefore written tatiJ (with "1), and not m~ as it would he if one adhered strictly to the origin
ofthe verb, namely Geez OJirlt.. Also, the verb 'he is' is pronounced a/Iii, with an initial a. It is therefore
written hi and not PI as it would be if one adhered strictly to the etymology, namely Geez 1.11...
The samecoosideration applies to 'new' addis, written h.ll.n and not rhJI,h as the etymology would have
required.
In roots for which there is no corresponding Ethiopic or Semitic ctymoloJY, I have adopted h
for an initial vowel, fJ for h (except in lit? 'water'), 1 for s, and Afor ~·
A labiovelar with the vowel ii is often reduced in pronunciation and in writing to a velar followed by
o. Genetally, I kept the spelling with the labiovelar; thus ojLm.l. (and not "'m4 This spelling is,
however, not consistent.
In the verb forms of the 1.2.2. verbs in which the last two consonants are in contact I have adopted
the spelling with one consonant; thus, -+(pronounced marro) for ,..:t+ (from ,..:"').
Jn forms in wbich there is a meeting of the vowels tl-tJ I have no:rmally adopted the system ofeliding
the vowel a; thus, /1C for fA1C. In entries, however, I also keep both vowels; thus, fMC (see
'airlincs'). In the meeting of the vowels 11--a I ha.ve normally kept the two vowels; thus n.~ (and not
f~J, but Ml'lo (and not hl':l'!.{t).
Tile conjuoctions are not separated from the verb5l; thus, RAI»>IJ, The prepositions that have more
than one letter- are written separately; thus, ilr 1 11"i"il. They are not separated from a pronoun;
e.g. 111'll- (for ilA"Il-), or occasionally in combination of nouns in which the f of the first noun is
omitted as in ilrtJ')P.':f- 1 ).~forM 1 (f)tnJl.olC • >c.
The end of the Amharic sentence is not marked by •. Only the question mark(?) is given wherever
required, and occasionally the exclamation mark (!).
PRONUNCIATION
No pronunciation is given for the English Iexemes. The student will have to know that the pro-
nunciation of 'entrance' (n.) is different from that of 'entrance' (v.). Only in exceptional cases where
the swne part of speech is pronounced in two different ways is there an ind.ication for the pronuncia-
tion; see 'row' (n.) rhyming with 'low' or 'how'; or 'tear' (n.) rhyming with 'pear' or 'fear',
As for the Amharic lexemes, it would have been hJghly desirable to indicate the gemination with a
special symbol, but this would have increased the cost of the dictionary considerably.
ENTRIES AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT
In the enumeration of entries, the verb is given before the noun.
Withineach entry, the arrangement is alphabetical. Example : 'close. close down, close in, close in on,
close out'. A word in parentheses does not count for alphabetic arrangement; therefore '(be) closed
up' is not placed under 'be', but after 'close out'.ln the subentries in which the word of the main entry
is at the beginning, it is treated first. Thus, under the main entry 'near', the subentries 'near at hand.
near here', are listed first. Only then follow the subentries in alphabetical order where 'near' is not the
first word, as in •as near as. come near, get near, nowhere near.'

10. XIV
An English entry is occasionally translated by two Amharic entries. In this case the symbol J
is used to separate the equivalents; see 'anger' (vt.) h.'iU I lt.lt...IIJ; 'abduct' mill. 1 .l't'i=IIJ" • m(l,_
The second Amharic lexeme is either illustrated with a different sentence (as in the case of 'anger'),
or is used in the same sentence. The second lexeme is then put in pareotheses (as in the case of'abduct').
Wherever there is only one meaning for the English entry, the Amharic equivalent follows imme-
diately after the English entry (see 'ail'). ff the English entry has more than one meaning, no Amharic
equivalent follows the entry directly, but the Amharic equivalents are below the entry and are
numbered according to the various meanings o£ the entry (see 'aim').
The English verb entry is normally rendered by the Amharic verb in the perfect, singular 3rd
masculine; e.g. 'build' w&., lit. 'he built'. The Amharic verb is cited in a verb form other than the
perfect wherever the perfect is not used; see 'not bad' (under 'bad') Mf" • Af.l since in this idiom
the verb is used only in the negative imperfect.
The Amharic verbs translating the English verbs with the prefix un- are also occasionally given in a
verb form other than the perfect; SEe '(be) uninhabited'.
The 3rd person singular, masculine is alro used if the Amharic entry is a gerundive or a relative
imperlect translating an adjective. This is the case of'late' (adv.) !MIA-, but one ofthe cited sentences is
'she arrived late' Jl..,,.;f- • f.~(l"f where the fonn is that of the Jrd person, singular, feminine. Or,
'favorite' (adj.) f"'l.tD.Rm-, lit. 'that he likes it', but the cited sentence is 'my favorite' f'/"tJJf.ID"
lit. 'that I like it', that is, the first person.
The Amharic impersonal verbs are cited in the perfect, singular, 3rd masculine followed by the object
suffix pronoun of the singular, 3rd masculine in parentheses; thus '(be) thirsty' m"7(tD-); 'under-
stand' 'l'l(ID').
An Amharic verb that is used with prepositional suffixes is cited with the prepositional suffixes in
parentheses. Examples: 'rage' Qf'(O·'f-); 'rally (to)', 2. Ufi(RT).
While the Amharic verb entry is cited in the perfect, singular, 3rd masculine, the verb of the trans-
lated sentence can be used in any verb form. Thus, in 'base' (v.) -.,.~.,., the verb of the translated
sentence is likewise in the perfect <-.,.~Thm-); in 'backbite' (h."'J), the verbal noun ("7..,-fit) is used
in the Amharic sentence; and in 'benefit' (m+"-), the imperfect (,_m't'"YA.) is used.
Occasionally an active or a transitive verb is illustrated with a passive in the English sentence.
In this ca..«<:, the Amharic verb is cited in the active with its passive form in parentheses. Thus, for
'announce', no. 6, the sentence has the verb 'was announced'; the Amharic entry is therefore i'l~ (+i1
"),
At other times, the cited English entry is in the passive rather than in the active; see '(be) imprinted',
without the active 'imprint'. This procedure was adopted for cases where the p&SSive usage is more
frequent than the active usage. When an active form is required, the reader will then use the Amharic
active verb of tho cited verbs ++"a and~. that is •a and li+o-.
Whenever a stative verb is expressed by 'be + adjective', it may occasionally have a special entry
beside the adjective entry. Most often, however, this kind of verb has no special entry. but can easily
be translated by using the cited Amharic adjective followed by irD< 'he ill'. Thus, the adjectives 'curious,
nasty, hollow' and others can serve as bases for the stative verbs ('be+ adjective') by the addition
of idt- 'he is' to the adjective: 'be nasty' h.llm~lo • t•, or _.,6:. •t~~to,
The passive of an English vecb is not cited as subentry since normally the passive is formed in Am-
haric by the -f<-stem. For instance, only 'betray' h-'1 is cited, since 'be betrayed' would normally be
expressed by .,.M, However, in verbs in which the passive is not rendered in Amharic by the +-stem,
but rather PY the basic stem or by another root altogether, the English passive is cited as subentry.
Examples : 'demolish' ltoXrno (expressed by the h.-stem), but 'be demolished' m~- (expressed by the
basic stem); or 'lift' ht.., J h~ • AU1, but 'be lifted' i9 translated by other roots (lR..+ I +li~H).
See also 'affoct' and 'be affected'; 'form' and 'be formed'.

11. XV
Verbal nouns ending in -ina (•weeding') or abstracts (such as 'oondemnation') are usually not cited,
since they are expressed either by the Amharic verbal noun that can automatically be formed from the
verb or by a verb form.
Phrasal or complemented verbs such as 'go in, throw away' are listed separately as subentries since
the tnmslation cannot be inferred from the main entry. More complicated is the question of a method
for listing those verbs which are followed by a complement, but the combination is not a phrasal verb.
Thus, for instance, 'deal with' in the sentence "how shall we deal with this problemT' is not a phrasal
verb. This combination is, however, listed separately because the proper Amharic equivalent for
'deal with' could not be inferred from the equivalent of 'deal' followed by the Amharic preposition
'with'. Besides, the Amharic equivalents -f'~fi>,.. (no. l) and SH (no. 2) are not even used with a pre-
positional element, but are combined with the marker -'1 of the direct object. Combinations of that
kind ace, therefore, listed separately. See also 'contribute' and 'contribute to'; 'bore into' (under
'bore'); 'zip through' (under 'zip').
A good illustration of separate listing of nonphrasal verbs is 'ask after' (as in "he asked after your
hea.lth")or'askfor' (as in "did anyone ask for me?''). It is true that in both these case; the.verb 'ask'
is translated mf'-t which is the translation of English 'ask'. However, since Amharic does not express
'ask after' or 'ask for' by a combination of mf'-t 'ask' with the prepositions 'after' or 'for', but by the
direct complement, the separate listing seemed advisable.
Occasionally the preposition is put in parentheses, as in 'account (for)', 'adhere (to)', 'answer (for)',
'cut (through)', 'depend (on)'. A preposition placed in parentheses after the verb indicates that while
the combination is not a phrasal verb, the preposition is required for the special meaning.
The Amharic key word does not always indicate the syntactic structure of the sentence which is
conditioned by the key word. The reader should, therefore. read the whole sentence to familiarize
himself with the function of the key word in the sentence. For instance, 'make believe' (under 'believe')
hll-M does not indicate that it requires the verb lo be in the relative. Indeed, the sentence "the boys
made believe they were fighting the enemy" is translated AF,:P 1 ml_.,., 1 f<"t'P1- • t..h-i'l.fto
(with the relative verb f"t,.....).
The functioning of the key word ~IJA for 'about' (no. 4) is understood only through the whole
seiJtence "this house is about as high 8S that tree" ,f.-IJ I 11.-l- I .f")') I lflj! I ~tJ/Jtt. I .E~1f"T/Jtt. Where
it becomes clear that the compared object 'that tree' has the suffix -1' (in ~'J't).
Or, the position of O.ll 'devoid of' after the noun in the construct state is evident only from the
sentence "she is devoid of shame" :h.'i!~.,. • ll.h • ...-......
LABELS
An English verb is labeled transitive (vt.) or intransitive (vi.) according to the usage in the existing
English dictionaries. A verb is considered transitive if it has a direct object; it is intransitive if it does
not have a direct object. Thus, •read' in the sentence "he reads a book" is transitive, but in the sen-
tence "he reads well.. it is intransitive.
The labels vt. and vi are used only when the same verb can be either transitive or Intransitive; see,
for instance, 'dutter, read'.
Most nonna11y an English transitive verb is translated by an Amharic transitive, and an English
intransitive is translated by an Amharic intransitive. At times, however, this is not the case. An
example of this is 'circle' (vt.) in "the moon circles the earth" translated "'~.4> 1 o-&.:r- 1 ,,.tJ' 1
."f-PU:f (where ~~~ is used with the preposition :and postposition 0 ~ - - tt-t.f). Or, 'bang at' (an
intransitive usage) in "he banged at the door to be let in " is translated ADIO"J(J:T • 0{-'J 1 J!~O (that
is, a transitive in Amharic).

12. XVI
The labels vt. (transitive) or vi. (intransitive) are not indicated for the Amharic verbs. It is through
the translation that the reader wiU be able to deduce whether the Amharic verb bas a transitive or
intransitive USa&e-
The label n. (=noun) or v. (=verb) is used only for entries that could lend themselves to con~
fusion when taken out of context. Thus, 'abuse' out of context can be either a noun or a verb. The
label 'abuse' (v.). 'abuse' (o.) is therefore necessary. But there is no need for a part-of-S);'JeeCh label for
'accessory' or 'accommodate'.
INFLECI'ED FORMS
Plural of nouns. The most frequently used plural marker ·S, -es (dog-s, match-es) is not indicated.
Any other plural marker is given in parentheses; thus 'calf(calves), child (children)'. Besides, the special
plural fonn is found in the appropriate place with a reference to the singular; thus 'children, see child'.
Past tense. The most frequent marker for the past tense -ed is not indicated. Any form of the past
tense that deviates from the regular form is given in parentheses; thus 'come (came), carry (carried),
commit (committed)', These forms of the past tense (except those of the 'carry' and 'commit' type)
are also found in the appropriate places with the reference to the main entry; thus 'came, see come'.
CROSS REFERENCES
The cross references are indicated as [See also...] placed at the end of the entry; see such entries as
'advance' [See also 'pacific1; or 'advantage' [See also 'operate']. The choice of p1aciog a subentry
under one or another main entry is arbitrary. For instance, 'make pacific advances' could have been
entered under the main entry 'advance' rather than under 'pacific' where it is placed.
There are no cross references to the verbs 'get, keep, make, put, take' since they are frequently
combined with other parts of speech. Nor are there cross references to tbe prepositions used in phrasal
verbs, such as 'come in, come out, come by' and so on.
The symbols used are : ', +, ( = ), and [ ].
The symbol ',
SYMBOLS
11Ds symbol is used wherever there is no exact Amharic equivalent fOI the English entry. For iiJ..
stance, there is no precise Amharic equivalent for English 'afterthought'. Themeaning of'afterthought'
can, however, be rendered in Amharic in a sentence such as "the idea came to me as an afterthought"
t1{., • f+1t1Hlh-+ 1 lrlfJii 1 hD-, It would, indeed. be misleading to translate the entry 'afterthousht'
by any of the Amharic Iexemes in the above-mentioned senteoce. It is the traoslation as a whole that
renders the idea of 'a.ftertholiht'. Or, the idea of the noun 'adhesion' in the sentence' adhesion of the
intestine to the muscles requires surgery" 1'1.1)!-l- • bm-1!f= • ;~c. 1 1.I"IJR."t 1 +1!- 1 '1'1'1 • 1~A
is undoubtedly und,erstood in the verb form 1."'R~ 'whenit adheres'. It would be misleading, however,
to translate the noun adhesion by 1.I'IJR."t. The symbol' is, therefore, used.

13. XVII
A sentence preceded by " is not necessarily the first sentence following the entry. For example, the
first sentence followins: the entry 'advent' hu the Amharic equivalent ....,,.."1-l-, but in tj:le second
sentence 'since the advent' is translated by bor>Rt • ID,ILtJ, It is the whole unit 'since the advent' that
is translated and not tbe isolated word 'advent'. The sentence is, therefore. preceded by •.
When the English entry has neither an Amharic translation following it nor a *~sentence, it means
that the key word equivalent is lengthy and is shown only in the translation This is done in ca9eS
where the sentence that illustrates the entry contains only few additions to the entry. See, for instance.
'false alarm' (under 'alarm') illustrated with the sentence "it was a false alarm" fm-'ft'.-,. • "1hm"t<M:
' • ~D"ll!T • ~nc. I adopted this procedUJ'e for the sake of economy.
The syffi.bol +.
This symbol indicates that the Amharic sentence has a different subject from that of the English
sentence. This symbol is used if the difference in gubjects affects the entry. This is the case in the soM
called impersonal verb of Amharic; see, for instance, 'understand' no. 1 +1Q(m-).
The subjects may differ between the English entry and its Amharic translation in many other verbs.
Thus, for instance, 'be bored' (under 'bore') where the subject of the Engliili sentence is the person
whereas in the Amharic sentence the subject is the speech. See also 'absolve, be absolved'.
The symbol {"").
Occasionally a specific part of speech of the English entry is not rendered by the same part of speech
in Amharic. In this case, the Amharic entry is preceded by the symbol (= ). Examples : 'advance'
no. 3 (= adv.); 'literal' no. I(= adv.); 'oddJy' (=adj.).
This is likewise the case when an active verb of English is rendered by a passive; or when a passive
of English is rendered by an active o.r transitive; or when an intrami.tive verb of English is rendered
by a transitive verb in Amharic; see '(be) knocked down'(= tr.); 'lean over', vi.(-= vt.); 'bark', vt. 2
( = passive).
For many sentences an equivalent part of speech could have been obtained by forcing the Amharic
translation, but the more natural way oftranslating the English sentence was through a different part of
speech in Amharic. The Amharic part of speech preceded by the symbol (=) was therefore kept
Incidentally, the adverb(= adv.) in these cases refers not only to regular adverbs, as under 'vain'
(-= adv.) Rh't-1>, but a1so to adverbial or circumstantial expressions, as under 'twofold' (= adv.)
IN-l- • ~~;'token'(= adv.) M- • fUA, or tti'l- • +'t'i'i.
The bracket symbol [ J.
An English lexeme that has no equivalent in Amharic is explained by a definition. The definition
is placed in brackets; see 'ale, allergy, delta, galley, jury'. and so on.
ABBREVIATIONS
act. active intr. intransitive
adj. adjective ~'· masculine
adv. adverb n. noun
com. common pl. plural
0001. conjunction prep. preposition
fern. feminine pron. pronoun
Jie'. aerundive resp. respect

14. ...
tr.
trans.
singu]ar
transitive
transitive
(zero)
XVIII
v. v"b
vi. intransitive verb
vt. transitive verb
indicates that the English lexeme is not translated.
The motto at the head ofthe introduction is merely intended to express my own feelings while work-
ingfor the last six years on the compilation ofthis dictionary, I am well aware ofall the pitfalls inherent
in a work of this kind. There undoubtedly are occasional im:onsistencies in the arrangement of the
subentries and even in the orthography. For some readers the material offered in this dictionary may
be too abundant, for others too scanty. As for the translations themselves, in many cases other render-
ings could have been used. Notwithstanding the difficulties of aU kinds and my own occasional hesita.-
tion5, I thought that the time had come to put at the disposal of the student ofAmharic as well as of
the Ethiopian student learning English a dictionary that would prove helpful in furthering Amharic
studies.
Many persons and institutions were involved in the preparation of the dictionary. The technical
execution of the work was made possible through the financial support of the Office of Education
of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Additional financial aid came from different
parts of the University of California, Los Angeles, namely the Near Eastern Center, the Afrlcan Studies
Center, and the Committee on lnternational and Comparative Studies. The printing expenses were
partly covered by the Agency for International Development (AID) which purchased a certain number
of copies and made them available for distribution to the Haile Sellassic University and to the Ethio-
pian Ministry of Education. The publication of the dictionary would not have been possible, however,
without the enterprising spirit of the publisher Otto Harrassowitz. I wish to thank in particular
Dr. Helmut Petwlt whose extraordinary attention to detail and sound advice in publica.tion matters
helped me in many stages of my work. The Imprimeric Orientaliste in Louvain was cooperative and
very patient in accepting the many changes that [ had to make as tbe printing went along.
Many Ethiopian students were involved in the translation of the sentences. I would like to mention
in particular Tesfaye Shewaye and Girma Walde Sellasie who were very helpful thanks to their excel·
lent knowledge of Amharic and their perseven::nce. Abebe Bekele also helped me greatly in solving
problems oflanguage usage. I am especially grateful to my student Dr. Thomas Kane who participated
in many stages of this work, including proofreading. His thorough familiarity with Amharic as well
as his exceptional understanding of translation problems proved to be of considerable value from
beginning to end.
I take once more the opportunity to express my profound admiration and my sincerest thanks to
my teacher Marcel Cohen who initiated me into the study of Amharic and whose spirit guided me in
my scientific endeavors.
The completion of this dictionary would not have been possible without the wholehearted coopera-
tion, patience, understanding, sacrifice, and encouragement of my wife. My deepest gratitude goes to
he<.
Los Angeles, December 1972
Wolf LesliLU

15. a
a
I. (zero). A boy came. A~ • "'""
2. 1>11:. A boy came. 1>11: • A~ • "'""
aback, be taken ~ f.t.,.(IIJo)
I was taken aback by my friend's refusal to
lend me money. aJ-'1:(_ • ~1H-II • 1>10f:CU
.,. • fl.ll't • f.t.,.'t
abandon (v.)
I. .,.dl. He abandoned his efforts to achieve
his goal. h'ti"711Jo • II""1:~11 • Yf.C.*I • f
tO~BJo1 • '1'~'1- • _,.dl
2. 'I'll- • 1f.. The man abandoned his family.
l'tiiJo1-BJo • IL_,. • 1'111-1 • 'I'll- • 1f.
3. 'I'll- • lflf. The captain gave the command to
abandon ship. trt1:l- • l'tl"'ll • DDChll-1 • 'I'
IIIIJo • l1-'l.lflf. • 'l-l~11 • l'tm
abandon (n.)
*The students cheered with abandon waving
their arms and shouting. -f-"7t:.l"'ll • ll!f'I'BJo
1 • 0"7dl~dl11<; • 0DD'""1i • 0?11 • 11"'1.'1- •
f.ll;I-'I'BJo1 • 111Jt.
abandoned (adj.) f_,.,.,ll
The abandoned child was begging in the
streets. f.,."'IIBJo • A~ • 0foP1~JI. • Y.ll
.,., • tnc
be abandoned +l.
The prosecution will he abandoned if the stolen
money is returned. f.,.l't~.,...,. • 11Hil • h.,.,..
111'1 • hl't- • Y..,.&-A
abase 1>'1'~
A man who betrays his friends abases him-
self. aJ'I.l('ll1 • f"''..h-'1 • l'tiiJo • &-l't-1 • Y'I'C'IA
abash l>ltol..~
The rebuke abashed him. t.,.ll..:J-BJo • l>o'ioi..~IIJo
be abashed hoi.~
The little girl was abashed when she saw the
room filled with strangers. h'i'll- • Ol1"1'1 •
l'tl":f' • _,.'I"A.f • flf:f' • '1..11 • A~;l: • l>L~:f'
abate (vt.) .,.tl't
The city administration abated local taxes. f"7
ll?!f • IL1: • fh-f-"711Jo1 • "lilt: • .,.M
A
abeyance
abate (vi.) .,..,.tl't
The ship sailed when the storm abated. "76
011- ......,.til • DDChR- • -MH
abbreviate
I. l>o'im~. He likes to abbreviate long words.
~lf~!l" • :1'11'1-1 • "7o'imc • f.aJ'IA
2. l>'lK"f!'.,. • :I'A • 1>1'.~1. How do you ab.
breviate 'doctor'? 1'-h.,.c • f"'1.1111Jo1 • :I'A •
l1.<'.'1- • l>'lK"f!'_,. • :I'A • :J-f.C~'I'IIU l
abbreviation l>'lK"f!'.,. • :I'A
'Dr.' is the abbreviation for 'doctor'. fP..h.,.
C • l>'lK"f!'_,. • :I'A • 1'-C • tiiJo
abdicate lf"l.l-1 • 11.,..,.
Why did the king abdicate? 1.,.,.. •11!1"1 •
,.of.<;'f'IIJo") • 11.,.411
abdomen IFf:
The sick child's abdomen is swollen. f01i.,.
;;- • A~ 1 rrf: • l>iltll.A
abdominal rrrf:
Abdominal pains may he caused by eating
too much. h""m1 • 01Y. 1 DD-1111'1- 1 IliFf: •
,,...,. • DDtIf • (I.IF") • Y.:f-1A
abduct milL I l>'i''l' • aJI'tf.
The rebels abducted his daughter. ODDD'l''ll •
f(t.1 I A~ I mii~'J- I (l>'i'tiiJo I dl~'J-)
aberration fl>ll!l"f!' 1 u-h'I-
He stole the watch in a moment of aberration.
(t't1:1 I f(t~.,.,. I fl>l!f"f!' I rJoh'J- I f.C{I
0'1- I OtO~O'I- • dl~'l- • tBJo
*His speech was full of aberrations from the
main subject. 01"1"1'1- 1 1f. • 1.?"1'1" 1 h'l'
....... l>Cll/1'1- • f.dl"' I )OC
abet (abetted) l>l'.of.L~
Only one man stole the tire but his two
friends abetted him. i"7BJo1 1 fl't~.,.,. • h
11: • ....... I -11!1' I llrF1!1" • Yf.of.L-1-'1- • u-11'1- I
l'tl":f' • 1>11-
abeyance, be in - "'""'"
His interest in stamps has been in abeyance
for weeks. 1:!l"iiC • fDDI'tofll'tofl • 'i'li1: 1 11oft
,. I '1!1"1;1-'l- I YUA I T'll~fl • )01:

16. abhor
hold in abeyance O+mt!" • h.f.t'
The judge held the case iri abeyance until
additional witnesses appeared.........76 • V"il
hl!':f • l.ilh.of>Ctl- • J:"~il ' Jl'f.,. ' '1--'ll''t '
Oof>ml!' • h+f.,.
abhor (abhorred) m'l
He abhorred cruelty to animals. Ol.'til(:f •
'If. ·• """"h't't • m'l
abhorrence 'l''lil'
I cannot hide my abhorrence for her. Ajl. •
.fA'h • 'l''lil' • Milof>.,. • ht>.:f-t>.V"
abhorrent hilmll.
Treachery is abhorrent. hdi-'l.H· • hilmA.. •
) ....
abide (abode, or abided), vt il'A
I cannot abide loud noises. ""l"'i:J- • ht>.:f
AVO
abide (vi.) hJ'.of>CV"
Even after disappointments hope still abides.
'1--'l.f:f-'t • qf.<IJA'tV" • l.'t>, • ...il4- • ..,J:-
~;>:f't • hJ'.of>CV"
abide by
!. hhO~. You must abide by your promises.
f1q1i.,.'t • :J>t>. • ..,hOC • hAilU
2. 0 • • • ao;. I abide by what I said qf>.b-l- •
M<;AU·
abiding H'l<l:
He manifested abiding devotion to his country.
'11~ • H'l<l: • '1'11-C't • h<f
ability (abilities)
!. ":ftt-:J-. He has ability to swim like a fish.
l.'tf.. • 'i"f • fOD'I'"f'l- • :ftt-:J- ' hll"'"
He is a man of great abilities. h'i! • .fA •
":ftt-:J- • '""'" • II..... )....
2....11'1'9'. Musical ability often shows itself
early in life. fDDoiL-"' • ...11'1'9' • hilq'f~ •
'1..11. • 01>.)!')'1- • J'.:J-11J-"'1>.
abject M-"'4:
Abject poverty is visible in the beggar's tat-
tered clothes. hA.,"f' • R--Io+ • t>.ilil • hll-"'4: •
J:-1i)'l- ' l.'t"'AO'I- • J'.:f"W-"'1>.
abjure !Jf..
He abjured his religion. ,,.._..,,N•'t • !Jf..
(be) ablaze
!. ...'tll1fl1. The streets were ablaze with
lights. 1-f-<;"9''fl ' QODilt-'J- 0 -l"'tfl1(1-1'ff>.
2 aboard
2. 01.<'1- • ....f.fH. The whole building was
ablaze. .b'ta.,. • QDDoll- • 01.<'1- • ...,,.,. •
)QC
3. -1:"1 • hA. I was ablaze with anger when
he kicked my dog. .,.lftlo't • 0~1m • '1..11. • 0
't...'l-•-ll"'•ht>.h-
able
!. ":ftt-:J- • .fA.,.. He is an able speaker. ":ftt-
:J- • .I'll"'" ....<;;>& • )....
2. '""'· An able speech won the king's favor.
f...f-~1"'" ' '""' ' 't"'"'C ' fi'I-P'-'t • ODI>.IJV" •
hil....ff'l- • hil1"f
be able il'A
Will you be able to come? 10DV""''I- • '1-":f
'IAU!
able-bodied , ....,_,. • 11.,.)'1- • .fA.,.
Only able-bodied men will be accepted into
the army. wf.. • fllC • llt-'E-11 • 1oP"'q'J- • f
"t.:f-11- • , ....,_.. • 11....)'1- • '""'"'" • ilil' •
<;,.,.
ablution OD:J"mil
Ablution must be performed by Muslims
before prayer. l.M1":f • h""all.f,.,. • R.I.
'1- • oP:J"mil • t.Aq'f.,.
abnegate 'i'of>
He abnegated his family fortune and became a
monk. fiL-J- • liM • Uil'l- • 't+ • OD)h-11
abnegation (= adv.) F;>~ • OJ:"tt-
A hermit lives a life of abnegation. q;,:J-0£ •
F ;>~ • OJ:-tt- • J'.'ft-1>.
abnormal
I. h....I.'I'C' • f...Af. It is abnormal for a
man to be seven feet tall. n J:- • II.... • ...
OD'J- ' llq'J- ' ""1.., ' ODif't ' h....I.'I'C' ' f...
Af • )....
2. Ohl.V"C'.,. • 1111- • .I'll. Abnormal children
require special teaching. Ohl.V"C''I''I'"'" • 1111- •
.fA- • A~ • AI' • f..,il...._,C • H... • .fil.l.l>.
;>'1''1'1>.
3. 11-'1' • .f"' I .fi>....AODS'... His abnormal ac-
tions show that he has been drugged. 11-'1' •
.f"'"'" ' (.ff>....IODf...,.) o h>,:). o ODJ:-'1~'1- •
OD1jooPI-'t o .f<.ff>.
aboard, go~ .......,~
We went aboard an hour before the boat
sailed ODCh!l • 1>.'1-~J:- • h'tJ:- • ll'i'l- • 11.4'
t-'1- • ...<.I,C't

17. abode
all aboard floPCb11 • aJol)'f' • f)ofl"- • 11-fto
When the ship went under all aboard were
drowned. ""Ch!J. • 11~11'1'11" • fliD-IItjJ. • f)fl
tt- r flo/r • llm.,...
all aboard I .,.114.'1- I
All aboard! The bus is about to leave. .,.114.
-1-1 h,..,_fl'll- • ii.'U: • ~,.
abode (n.) ou<;&Y
His abode is far away. OD'f&YID- • -1-:J> • ~,.
abode, see abide
abolish hi14'&
He abolished slavery. qc~~'t • hil4'~
abolition "'1'1'4-~
The abolition of poverty was the main pur-
pose of the bill. fa,.,. • 'I'<; • 'ill"'' • .l:''lh
~'t • "'1'1'4-~ • ~flC
abominable
1. hllh.L. The weather this year is abomina.
ble. flll.ll • 'l""~ • Yf-1- • mq,e • hilhol. • ~,.
He finds this music abominable. Y.ll • ,....11.:1' •
hilh4. • lf'f • Y.II"'''I'A
2. hll:l'of:. The abominable cruelties of Nero
are well known. f~ • hll:l'of: • "l"IJ~ • fl"''.
~q • f;ND4' ' ~,_
abominate mil
He abominates strict discipline. 'J'Il:J> • .,....
'I'C • Y.miiA
abomination (= adj.) hllh.L
The man's cruelty is an abomination. f{UD·f
,. • "l"IJ~ • hilhol. • ~,.
aboriginal f'l"t~ • lll":Y.
Traces of aboriginal dwellings can still be seen.
f'l"t~ • lll":Y. • OD'f&Yl":Y. • C'll&-'l'r • h
11-'tll" • Y.:t-YA
aboriginal Inhabitant '"""-""&Y • ~'I'&
The aboriginal inhabitants of Ethiopia are the
Agaus. fh.~f"kY • '"""-""&Y • ~'l'&l":Y. •
h~l":Y. • ""'"'"
aborigine '"""-""&Y • ~'I'&
The Agaus are the aborigines of Ethiopia.
Ml":Y. • flh.~f"kY • f"""-""&Yl"'li • )'I'&
l":Y.. ""'"'"
abort
1. 111).~~4.. When a pregnant cow is iqjured,
it will abort. hofl.l:' • flf~:Y. • 1111" • 11'1-7-JI •
o}-111).~"14-11:y.
2. hlf4.. The attack aborted because of a
3 about
breakdown in communication. hoo1'i~ • -flA
'li~ • N·~"f • f_,.f..~~,. • '1':1'~ • hifol.
abortion 6'tll't • "''llm~s:-
Is abortion a crime in Ethiopia? 6'tll't • "''ll
ID~.I:' • flh.~f"kY • dl't"-A • ~,.?
abortive
I. P'C • YAIIf..f... An abortive case of small-
pox will leave no scars. P'C • YAIIf..f.. • fol.
"JIIJIIJ • O'li:t- 1 mq/1 1 hY.-1-m-11"
2. 'i!ol. • 11.11. The early attempts to fly were
abortive. 4'1..11" • II.A • 10Dofi~C 1 f.,.f..~.,.~ •
.....h&-l":Y. • 'i!ol. • 11.11 • ,~,. • "'""
abound '1"11
Animals abound in this forest. flll.ll • ""liJ •
ID-11'1' • h&-'£~ • 'I"A:1:A
The river abounds with fish. m'tlf< • ID-11'1' •
'l"' • 'I"A:1:A
about (prep., adv.)
I. 1111. They were talking about the war.
1111 • ,..c~-1> • ym-1- • ~flc
What is it all about? Y.ll • 11-lr • Ill • ll"'t
.~:"). ~,.!
2. fl--- IIY.. There is something queer about
him. 1111- • IIY. • h't.l:' • 7.'t"'JI • ~~c • .e:r
YA
3. h't.l:'. There were about thirty people present.
h't.l:' • P'll/1 • lll":Y. • ~~~-~-
4. YIIA. This house is about as high as that tree.
Y.ll • IL~ • Y't't • q'i' • YIIA • Y.~11"'1A
5. flll.ll • hiJqfl., Are there aoy wild ani-
mals about? flll.ll • hiJqfl. • f-'I.C • h&-'£~ •
hM
6. fl - - - lf<&Y. The dog capered about its
master. m-lf,. • fl'l.;t-m- • lf<&Y • 11~4'
*John is adept at repairing things about the
house. ]('t • fiL~ • 7.:l'l":Y. • faam~'t • :Y.
11-:t" • hiID-
0He is about my age. flcl.l:""'. • 7.11-Yf· • ~,.
about face I 4''{ • :11 • 11-CI
The officer roared, "about face"! ODho'tOo • 4'
"{ • :11 • lf<C • oflll- • hHH
be about A + imperfect + )0>'
The pail is about full. q/:I,JI,m- • 11.'1"11 •
~.,.
Lunch is about ready. 11"11 • il.f..CII • ~,.
be about the same f.,.4'&-~fl • ~,. I f.,.OD/1
{II I )tJJo
Is the weather in Addis Ababa better than
in Harar? It is about the same. fhJI.II • h

18. above
Rfl • ,ffC • v-~;1- • bm<:C • J'.lfiiAt f.,.-1'&-
<:R • (f.,.oPfl(lA) I ~liJo
*It's about the same. ~· • )m--
be about to A + imperfect + ~w-(~nc)
He is about to leave. fl.'t1: • ~"'"
I was about to send for you. AAb11tl • ~nc
have about enou1h of fl:J"(tD-)
+I bave had just about enough of your argu-
ments. ,.,... • 1."~'1> • R'l>.f'i'A
how about It l :J-JU'ill
[See also 'somewhere, up, wbat']
above (prep.)
1. b - - - RIIJ'.. They live above the store. bll-
"'. RIIJ'. I J'.'U
..tr
The water came above our knees. tD-;)tD- •
b.,_olR;J-:Y..1 • RIIJ'. • ID"'
The temperature was above I00 degrees. ..,.
-t-lo I boP.P. • -'1."16 ' RIIJ'. ' ID"'
His bravery was above all praise. )';"11H• •
b!l"il:>., • RIIJ'. • ~ nc
2. b. A father should not favor one child
above the other. hfJ."f- • h1JI.1 • ol~ • t,
1-'1. • .,RIIII'I' • fiiR."f-!1"
*The book is above me. ""K".hf. • b:fll-:1"
jl. • RIIJ'. • ~w-
*He is above suspicion. 'tl{t-· • fli):K.or • h.~
m<:mC!I"
above (adv.) b'IJ'.
Seen from above, the lake looks like a mirror.
biiJ'. ' fi.;J-J'. ' m.J'."' ' OD{l.,.'l'."f- ' J'.oPilllol
As mentioned above, the letter clarified the
matter. b'IJ'. • l11..,.m-tilw- • 1.11'1tLw- •
"1-.111'1 • h11&-e.f;J-ol
*The bookstore is just above. foPl.h"i'."f- •
""'-11~ • ."f-111 • b"i' • 1111- • ~"'"
above all bll-fl-11" • J'.RA'I' ! bll-fl-11" • J'.ol:,0
Above all, remember to be on time! ho-A--
!1" • J'.RA'I' • R'l.ll. • oo~T."f-1 • hil;l-w-{1
Above all, don't get discouraged! bll-fl-!1" •
J'.ol:,0 • .,.il'i- • h."f-.,..<:'1'
[See also 'far, over']
abrade
1. lim. The stone abrades theskin.1:1;JJ'. • 41'1 1
J'.ol"'A
2. ( = pass.) .,.lim. +The boy abraded the skin
of his knee when he fell. ol7!: • m!:oll • .,.ol
R-Jo•~m
4 abrupt
abrasion
•Abrasions of the skin are painful. f.,.llm •
oii'I•Y.,A
abreast mt. • 1-1
The soldiers walked three abreast. m;t-t.r:'ll •
,,. • 1-1 • V'll."f- • V'il."f- • lfll'). • 'tJI.
keep abreast (of)
I. n:,Oc11 • .,.b:J-.,.11. He keeps abreast of scien-
tific developments. f<'IJ'.1il1 • ,.~..,. • n:,.c
11 • J'.b;J-.,.IIol
2. b --- ;JC • .,.&-.,..1.. He keeps abreast of
the times. b'l.ll.liJo • ;JC • J'.&-OD'IA
abridge hllm.:
The book was so long he had to abridge it.
""K"mf. • o'.'fr!l" • ilii~R.: • .,lime • ~n.:n."f-
abridged (adj.) ,fm<:
This is an abridged version of David Copper-
field. J'.ll • ,fmo'.w- • fF..li.f: • b-TC.I.ol1: •
l."f-!1" • ~"'"
be abridged .,.~t,
The rights of citizens must not he abridged
without proper cause. Yll • ~IL • !l"h1Y."f- •
f.h1111 • ou11."f- • OD~t,."f- • fiiR."f-!1"
abridgment
• This book is an abridgment ofa three-volume
history. J'.ll • ODK".h"i' • V'il."f- • '1'&-11 • f:J-&h •
DDl.h"i'."f-1 • R.,llmc • f.,.l.1. • ~"'"
abroad w-op • h~C
He studied three years abroad. V'il."f- • 'OD."f- •
w-op • MC • .,..,<:
abrogate lfo'.
The Emperor abrogated all laws permitting
slavery. 1.,.,.. • ~~1"-lo • fJC~."f-1 • f"''..oi.:,O.t~-."f-1 •
.n-t:f • ll-fl- • lf~
be abrogated Ll..ft.
A binding contract cannot he abrogated by
only one signatory. X".,. • m-A • Q'l~ • 1..6-
"'1.. • 11!1' • hJ'.oi.Cil!l"
abrupt
1. .1!-1~.,..,. The road is full of abrupt turns.
""1~-'1. • 1:1~.,.:;' • '1'9"119"11 • J'.RqR;J-ol
We noticed an abrupt change in his attitude.
nv-~:t-w- • 1:1~.,.., •""II'I'ID'I' • .,..,.,llb."f-1
2. (= adv.) R1:1~."f-. The abrupt awakening was
caused by a noise. R1:1~."f- • n -"'"'" • R<Qo
1i."f- • !l"h"iY."f- • ~nc

19. abruptly 5 absolve
--~~------------------------------------~
•The road made an abrupt rise up the hill.
OD't"J-'1- • -""'"" • 'If. • {IJ'.Cil • OIIJII" • h lj":,0(1 •
f.a>IIJA
abrupt manner
He has a very abrupt manner. OIIJII" • "'ilt.
'i'-t-'1' • )....
abruptly 7.'tS'.)"Joi-
He treated me rather abruptly. 7.'tS'.)"Iol- • Jill
1-'i"IS'.'S
abscess 7.fi"P
The doctor had to cut the abscess. .hh.... •
7.'1""-"t • h.C.<:mll-r
abscond, - with IIC.f' • 1>01111
The clerk absconded with the store's money.
~~.....~..... ' fODS'-11-1-'t ' "l'tH11 ' IIC.f' • 1>01111
absence hll""'l"C
The absence of water keeps plants from
growing. f..,.;) • hiOD'l"C • 119'1'-r't • l.'t-'1.1'
Y:.,. ' .I'S'.C:>'I''I'IIt.
•In the absence ofthe director all work stopped.
'l.~h* ' ill# ' 1"6-,. ' IHt- • .f'oo
*Please be my attorney during my absence.
M • 01.1o-O.r • '1.11. • )"1.1: • .C.)';. • o-"t
[See also 'leave']
absent (v.), - oneself <!'<:
Why did you absent yourself from school?
h-r11"11c-r • o.-r • liM • -1'<:11!
absent (adj.) f-1'<:
The absent members could not vote. f~
:,. • httll-l- • Y:M'I'~ • 1.llm- • hllt.il'll-9"
be absent
I. .,.<:. Three members were absent because
of illness. O.ftou!l" • ll"h't.l':,. • 1"11:,. • hfl
11-l- • _,C-1',. • )OC
2. hllt.1'1"fll". Snow is absent in some countries.
fl't-'l'tY: • h1r:l- • O<:P.. • h!'-1"19"
in an absent manner IJ1llfl
She was daydreaming and answered in an
absent manner. O.h/111 • 1',."1 • 111)0C • II
:f"il-11 • ooiJt.il • llm:Y.
absentee
I. f"''...,.C • 1"'7t:. A careful teacher keeps
track of absentees. m't.+.+ • OD!I"IIC • f"7...,.
o~-.r"t ' 1'"7t:l":Y. ' J'.WO!m6-llt.
2. Ooo~-J> • 'lj'. • f"7J'.'l"C. The problem of
absentee landowners is a serious one in this
country. ooo~:f"'l',. • 'If. • f"7J'.'l"-l- • ttl
oot.+:f • o-~;1" • 1ILII • h"IC • h/1110. • :f"'
c' .C.'J'lf'.llt.
absently 01.'1 • .h/111 • ,.11'1' • 1-,.tn • 1111
She absently nodded in response to the
question. 01.'1 • .h/111 • ,.11'1' • 1-,.IIJ • Ill
:f. 0 1'J'f.,.... 0 ODIJt.il 0 6-!}.'t 0 ) ...) ...:f.
absent·minded 111.,.
He is always late to appointments because
he is absent-minded. 11't.,. • 111lf) • o-llt.'l.
H. • 1_,ml!' • H"'U • J'.S'.CIIIIt.
absolute
I. 'i'll-11". That's the absolute truth. !'-II • 'i'
l.9" ' 7.fllo),. ' )fllo
The dictator excercised absolute power. 11.9'"
fl • 1H• • 'i'l.9" • Olf) • 1"/lt.IIJ't • 1~
2. .C.'I"P • '11.6-"P. He has been an absolute
ruler. .C.'I"i" • 'll.6-"i" • 11C • )OC
3. 'i'l.9" • 7.C"'ml;'. It is an absolute fact.
'i'l.9" • 7.C"'ml;' • )1C • ),.
4. 1S'.11 • fl.1fllo. The absolute authority of
the director was burdensome for the teachers.
"JS'-11 ' fl.11.... ' f'l.~h* ' l"llt.IIJ't ' 1aD!I"
116-'t • h'IY: • )0C
5. 'tll-.ft. Absolute alcohol has no water in it.
'tll-.ft • hllt.l>llt. • fllo;) • fllo-rll"
absolutely
I. O'i'll-9". He is absolutely right. 7.11- • O'i'
l.9" ' llt.h ' )tJ>o
2. O"i"6-'1i (with negative verb). He is abso-
lutely dishonest. O"i"6-'11 • :1""7"1 • hJ'.S'.I9"
3....11- • o-11-. Do you agree with me? Abso-
lutely. h~ • :>C • -rll"7"71lll -11- • o-Il-
absolution 'i':,..h:,. l 'i':J"-r
The priest performed absolution. .,,... • 'i':,.
...,. ' ('i':J"-r) ' hS'.<:.,.
give absolution L:'"
"Give me absolution' he said to the priest.
.,....'t ' j'.'i'-J>'S ' h'l'l'fllo
pronounce absolution 'i';f":,. • hll"7
· The priest pronounced absolution. -ttr • fi:
:J"-r ' hll-
absolve
I. )II • hS'-<:1. The judge absolved him of guilt
in the accident. flF...? 1 ~t;{UD· 1 ...-4-+ •
-""'"'" ' )1 ' hS'..1:1tJ>o
2. II<:H(II-r). He absolved me from the promise
I made. 111'1111-r • f)O.I:fllo't • .+A • II<:HIIt.'S

20. absorb
be absolved 1-l'la(ll'l-)
+He was absolved from his sins. ~m.h.1: • ..,.
(It:fil-l-
absolve (someone) of his sins L:Jw
The priest absolved him of his sins. -t(l. • I.
.,.,.
absorb
1. oomm. The sponge absorbed the water
QUickly. (tlj:~.,.. I 8Jo;'}oli.Jo") I fD.IlJtD- I ODffi
mtiJo
2. }'II. You cannot absorb all that material in
a Single }CSSQfl, n1- I flo/r I f)")S: I :,.,..-
IJC'I- • A'I-.1'-UtiJo • 1'1->fAI"'
3. tf'm. Large companies absorb smaller ones.
'1-AA:,O • &q1}'l">f • 'I-1'Jll"'ll1 • }'.tiJot!llf'I'A
4. .,..,.1111. The United States absorbed millions
of immigrants. 1"'UIJ • 11"7.11.1'"1 • f"7.4-.m~ •
111.1-'l'>f ' 1-+llll'f
5. 11'11. The company will absorb all the
research costs. b-Q1'ym- • fT'i"-IJ') r mQ;a. • ,.
11-•J'.>flt.A
6. a>l'lf..(fl'l-). This job absorbs all my time.
}'.II • .1"&- • "1..11.11.1 • 11..,.11- • }'.dJ{l.I!-11>;'A
7. "7t:h. The circus absorbe!l the boy's atten-
tion. I'ICh(l. • fA)I:1 • ""11..11 • "7t:ht1Jo
be absorbed +oo(lm
He was so absorbed in his book, he did not
hear me come in. noox-mf. • OIIJ,.. • +ou
iltn • iiii~IIC • 111q • IA1'1"7't9"
absorbent, ~ paper DP9"m""'. • m.:·H-
Absorbent paper is used to dry hands. .,..,.
m""'. • m.:.,.:r- • 1)('1 • 11"7.(-t::,O • }"11"lit.A
absorbing f"7.DPil'l'
He told me an absorbing story. f"tooil-r •
;hlh • ~~.:'t
abstain
I. 1-4-.mfl I 1-mfl.,.. The doctor ordered him
to abstain from meat. mh...,. • hP':> • 11
-'1,4-.mil • 1UUtiJo
Athletes usually abstain from smoking. liT
C1-'1'>f • lit~>;'..,.1 • "1..11. • h"7..._1l • J'.m
11:1'11-
2. .1:-9"6 • IAI'Im9". Three nations voted for
.the proposal and two abstained. 1Pil'l- • 1~
~>f • r.,..:n..,.1 • m'lil • II.Y-"14- • v-1i> • .,
1 • 11;9"6 • 1AI'Im-9"
abstention
I. ""mfi:,O. His abstention from alcohol kept
6 abstraction
him healthy. hiAI>A • ""mil., • lim.1~'1- •
1'1'.:....
2..1:-9"6 • 11DPilm'l-. The meeting acljourned
after a vote of three for, two against and
three abstentions. IPil'l- • floPf..~'i! 1 v-11'1- •
IIDP:I'm!"' 1 IPil'l- • .1:'9"6 • qiDPilm'l- • llil
(lq..,.. 1-111-~
abstinence ODmfi:,O
Abstinence from liquor is good for health.
h"t}'l'lhC • ""m'l' • ""mfi:,O • lm.1~'1- • J'.
fl)fA
abstract (v.)
1. hmar. They abstract iron from ore by
smelting it. 1I..C • 11"7:,011'1' • ilt:'l- • }'m
"111-
2. 1'lm.:. The student was asked to abstract
the book. 1-"7tlt1Jo • ""!l;m#-1 • 11-'I.J'il'l'C •
1-mf.,.
abstract (n.)
I. 1"111;~1- • ,.,.<;:.He published the full speech
as well as the abstract of it. 1"1"1~1 • 11..,.11-
<; ' 1"111;~1- ' 11;....#-1 ' 1/11-DP
2. f~1C 1 i19". Sweetness is an abstract; sugar
is concrete. IIJ4-?~T 1 r~1C 1 il'l"" 1 )m- 1
ll'>.C • "11 • f-1'/l.,.._{l • ill"' • ~..,.
make an abstract lt.ll"l'l:' 1 "-L
He made an abstract of the book on Ethiopia.
Ill ' 1.'l-'"ti:}' ' f1-ll..t1Jo1 ' DP!I;mt;! ' 1fi'J'
C' I "-Lm-
abstract (adj.)
I. <:4::,0. Only advanced students can under-
stand the abstract theory about the nature
of the soul. Ill • ~'i!ll • q,"hCJ'. • <:4::,0 • 1
111-'ll'lil • ll.t:-'1- • f"7.>fll- • fi'I-9"11C;f-'ft1Jo •
f~4- ' 1-"7tll">f • ilil' • <;'fmo
2. f"7J'....,fl'l'. That is an abstract question.
y • f"7J'....,fl'l' • ~~c • ~..,.
abstracted (adj.) f1-""iltn
He gazed at me with an abstracted look.
fl1-oP{ltf1 ' 1{11-}'f'l- ' 1'l-h-~ ' 1-0DIh1-'t
abstraction <:4::,0~'1-
The abstraction of philosophy contains the
essence of human experience. ft;:Ailt;:li" 1 ~
4::,0~'1- • fl'lt~Jo'J • A)(' • 6.....,.'1- • <;:.:, • ~
~c • .1'-JI.A
*In a moment of abstraction he grabbed the
wrong hat. Oth/tofl 1 +m-tn ' lJ!d • fA.I a (l!m- '
qc~"' • m(lf..

21. abstruse
abstruse
I. f"7f.""R'I'. What he said about the matter
is abstruse. ilo • "I-'ll< • fof-<;~t.m- • f"7f.
Q;l.fl'l' I ~CD-
2. oODt."'."J- • h."';J:f. +His ideas are abstruse.
.hO(J-") 0 oOD(."!."J- 0 h."!;J:f 0 ~OJo
absurd DO-l-
It is absurd to think I would steal. 7-.~ • 7-.11
C:J'o11- • oflll- • "7/lofl • DO-l- • ~m-
absurdity ;1!'.1H
It is an absurdity to wear shoes_ on your
head. """.•tl":f"t • 7-.&-il • ~f. • "7Y:t."' • ;1!'.1~
."1-' ~"'"
abundance ofi~."J-
The abundance of fish will develop the factory.
f'i"' • ofi~."J- • of.ofl&l)m-"t • Yf.t."P;A
in abundance
I. R~<;:. Food and drink in abundance are
to he found here. ODoflol<; • ""m'l' • 7-.H.II •
0~<;: ' f.~"ifol •
2. OY:II-."1-. Since the end of the war they have
lived in abundance. ,nc~1: • I}O:J' • mJI..tJ •
OY:II-."1- ' <;t.'I'A
abundant
I. fOoK~. Is Ethiopia abundant in minerals?
t..."J-I'"kY • 0"7bY:"t • fRoK~:f • <;."J-?
2. 11ft'. We have abundant evidence to convict
him. fl(to I /tf. I jODij.':~_e- I 1Jit' I OD~)f I
h.o"t
abuse (v.)
I. t..1-o't-to. The mother abused her child.
7-.<;."1-1'"'1' ' A:(."t ' h.1-o't-to:f
2. 1-"1. My brother abuses his eyes by reading
in dim light. m"tY:"" • Rf.ofl~~ • -ocn •
0"7"t0ofl • 'if.l-"t • f.1-"'A
3. Yo • t.."'qofl • w&-(0."1-). The manager abused
his authority. F&- • t..ilh.J')I: • OFA"'l- •
Yo • t.."'Q-R • w&-O."J-
4. t.mh. The demonstrators abused the
speakers with their shouts. 11~"7'1! • IIA.C.'l"'ll •
of-<;;J&l"'ll"t ' 0""1i;f''fm- ' t.m>,'l'm-
5. 111.0 I Oh"t1: • m&-. He sinned by abusing
God's narne.fl'."'H.h.ofi.J.C"t • ilr • oooilf.-R •
(Oh"t1: • OOD'J'&-."1-) • "lm.t..."J- •~"'&-
abuse each other +MY..O
The candidates abused each other during the
campaign. -1-0J"'"'&l"'ll ' om-s:-~ ' 1.11. '
-1-Mf..ll-
7 academic
abuse (n.)
I. iiR:-R. No one likes to listen to abuse.
i~R:-R"t • ""ii"'."J- • f"''..mY: • 11m- • fAr
2. -1-~R. • YAII'~ • t.Y:&-~."1-. We hope to put
an end to abuses. -1-~R. • Yol11'~ • t.Y:&-~
."1-"t ' o..,il...~Y: ' -1-ilof.. ' h.o"t
3. Y~"'qofl • ""m4'r. The abuse of power
corrupts the official who does it. P'A"'"t"t •
Y~"'Qofl • oum<tr • f.ll"t • f"'L.f'f.~m-"t •
qiiP'ol"'"t • oflollf. • Y~'l'ol
4. 0 - - - oom4'r. Abuses of public office such
as taking bribes are punishable by law.
"1-11 o ODo(I~."J-"t o oOD0/11-."J- ' h.Y:&-~ofo:f '
0"""t"'FT • FA"'"t • ""m4'r • Om"' • Yil
4'"1.1
abusive fBo4.
He showed me an abusive letter. fHo4. • f.ofl
"111. ' h.o'tf'S
abut (abutted)
I. -1-YYH. The two houses abut. o-o1: • 11.-fo
:f • f-1-YYrt- • <;'l'm-
2. 1-"t • ~m-. The street abuts against the rail-
road. OD"t1-'l- • hqiK- • .h.II..Y: • 1-"t • ~"'"
abysmal
I. h<;: • Yo. The people of this region live
in abysmal poverty. fH.II • h.I)QR. • lll":f •
h<;: • Qo • :f"'c • m-ilT • f.'f&-11-
2. OJf.C • fll.om-. He showed abysmal igno-
rance of Ethiopian conditions. ilo • t..."J-I'"kY •
o-~;1' • mf.C • f/l.oOJo • t.~'I'4:~."J- • ;f'fO."J-
abyss 1!..1
The bus crashed into the abyss. hm-ofo!l-(1. • 1
f.A • m-il'l' • mY:.J • -1-/IQOt.
acacia "1&-C
academic
I. f<tor • ."1-ruc."J-. We should have an in-
stitute that can grant academic degrees.
A4'Ar • ."1-ruc."J- • Y:"'& • f"'-11'1' • Y:c;l!'
."1- • 7-."t.ll..'ft."t • Y"ifA
2. ohil-1-0llofl • oflll' • f"''..m:J>r. Whether or
not to have a language academy is now an
academic question. f:lrt* • t..l)"'"''.. • f.-C •
hf.1-C • f"''..om- • 'I'Y"' • qo-"t • 1.11. • At..
il-1-o'tllofl • ofl!l' • roy_m:J>r • ~"'"
academic preparation .rruc+
He has sufficient academic preparation for
the job. oF&-m- • 04: • fll'~ • ."1-ruc."J- •
hoOJo
[See also 'year1

22. academy
academy lOJ-'1"'1.
There is an urgent need for a language aca-
demy. r!t'l* • lOJ-'1"'1. • 1111'1'>..1'. • YII~IA
accede, ..... to
I. .,.+1111. He acceded to my request. TJI.,IIo
., ' .,..,.011
2. JIH. He acceded to the chairmanship after
the incumbent died. f-l'.l:"'l"fll- • 11.-1' • OD'I
OC • 11.'1"'1- • l1- • II.+ • OD'IOCt_,'l • JIH
3. fD~il. When the king died his son acceded
to the throne. .,...,.. • II.'1"-1: • lA)I: • lIA;Jfll-
'1 ' fD~II
accelerate (vt.)
I. 'i!'l't'l- • .......~. The drivers accelerated
the motor by stepping on the pedal. tl["''ll •
o.'Ill.'I • ""ll""lfD-'1 • o-c..T • f'I"-K-'1 •
'i!'l't'l-' """""-
2. l'1-mt. Foreign aid is needed to accelerate
Ethiopia's development. fl.'1-I'"A:JI'I • IA"'I'I- •
11"'1'1-m'l • ffll-.,_.. • lC-'1;1- • l11.1.1'1. • tfll-
accelerate (vi.) fi:.'I')-T • Q;t.oo~
The stone will accelerate as it rolls down the
mountain. J!"1,."J'- ' +&o&-tJJo"t • (l.mcJ!" r tt:
'l't'l- • 1lf""""~ • Jl.lt'IIA
acceleration
*Stepping on the gas pedal causes the acce-
leration of the car. 0.'Ill.'I • ""ll"'ifll-'1 • 11'1-
~"'mfll- • f""ll_""'" • 'i!Tt-1: • JI....'/"6-IA
accent(v.)
I. M"'. Accent the first syllable of this word!
fll.ll'l • :l'IA • f"""Y..""&JI • h'i!ll • :l'IA • l'1"1
2 l1-1. Her scarf accented her blue eyes.
JI'I"J:t • G:"' • II"'IJI'Efll-'1 • 'iJI.'f!l!'l • l1-1'ffll-
accent (n.)
I. ~.,-.-,..,- • .(--1-'J-. Where is the acoent in this
word? fll.ll • :l'IA • ~.,-.-,..,- • .1:"-1-'1- • f'l- • 1JI. •
tfll-!
2. ..,_..~.-,.. The French alphabet uses different
acoents for the vowels. f .I.~'IfiJI. • .I.S'.IA •
11.1:"'1"6 ' 1..IJil"':r- ' 0.,.111'- ' .,...~.,.:r- ' Jl.
m+"'IIA
3. M;J"JC. His foreign accent betrayed him.
f..,.. I ft1C I {liD' I Jrt),;>1"- I 1,."J/ltnlD-
*He still speaks with an accent. M;>"Jol- • ll
'IS'. ' 1"Jol- ' .,....1~ ' 1JI.S'.II'F'
accentuate l1-'1
Her black hair accentuated the whiteness of
8 acceptance
her skin. '1"1!'1- • 1!.'1-<:: • f.,.-'1'1''1 • '1"1'1- •
l1-1fll-
be accentuated +out-
The rhythm of the dance was accentuated by
drum beats. f.,_...l.&-fll- • fD-11'1'11. • f"'l.""6-fll- •
OhOI!' • 'F''I- • tfll-
accept
I. .,.-1'011. Will you accept that position?
Jl"n ' F 6- • '1-+0IIIIIJ!
She accepted the gift. lltn;J-fll-'1 • .,.+Oil:r-
They accepted our invitation for dinner.
JIS'.~"''I'I:ffll-'1 ' fl6-'1- ' "111"1f ' .,..,.011-
2. lllf. • l11. He asked her to marry him, and
she accepted. li'I.I:";J-11Jfll- • mJI.*+ • toe •
lllf. ' lII:J-fll-
3. 1'I""S'.. The children immediately accepted
their new classmate. A}(:ti • J.Jl.ll-1 • fh
'i!IA • 'IS'.'>''f,_., • fD/!Jfll-'1- • l'1""'1-'1-
be accepted
I. 11_.,11'1- • !I'll. Only able-bodied men are
accepted into the army. m~ • lPC • {l,t..
'£-1: • 11"""111'1- • r"'l.:J-11- • r.,.~~~ •llfll-t'l- '
Jl'l'ffll- ' 11!1' ' tfll-
2. :J'""t. It is now generally accepted that
the world is round. ~~ • 'ill'/" • h11t:t •
Om~l1fll- • :1-'I").IA
3. .,.-I'IJJI.t'l- • M"f. Einstein's theory was
widely accepted. flJI.'III:J-JI.'I • 6'111 • dall11 •
Oll.l.fll- ' .,..,.IJJI.t'l- ' l1"f
acceptable .,.11"'1"'1.
His behavior is acceptable. mill'- • .,.11"'1"'1. •
tfll-
be acceptable ++Q,..)-l- = h17
The plan was acceptable to everyone. l~
'1- • Oli-11-'F' • .,_+IJJI.t'l- • M"f
acceptance
!.""+RIA. Her acceptance of the flower they
brought delighted the children. Jl""m-'1'1-'1 •
lOIJ • ""+0~ • IA}('Il'l • lIIS'.II;J-'1'111-
The acceptance of responsibilities is a sign
of adulthood. "1'1.1.t'l-'1 • """'""' • lOJII • oum
'I • f"".l:"~ll • 'F'IAh'l- • tfll-
2. .,.+IJJI.t'l-. The invention found widespread
acceptance. l'lll • f.,..l.llll.l.fll- • t1c • 11.1. •
.,..,.IJJI.t'l- ' l1"f
*She was delighted by her acceptance into
the club. fhnn- • lIJIA • l'1.1:"'1-.r'l • 1111.,.+0
~'I-' S'.ll' l'1'1-

23. access
access oo..e-~l'l
Access to the mountainous towns is often
difficult because of poor roads. h""'t~P..'f •
OD'J'G:H· ' f•N"f ' hofi~'?CD-"t ' "1.11. ' .,.&-
&-"'/ • mF. • rr1- • hi-"'',.'f • -~.:n • t.h'f':>
6 I )fDo
gain access A."IQ 1 !J=Il J "IQ
They gained acoess through a back window.
h'il!" ' 11111>• ' ount>+ • II.~~~- • il'tr
The queue was too big and I couldn't gain
access to the theater. I'IAf. • hiO~ofl'{ • -t:f
+c • ""~" • -t<:v-
have access to
I. 11.....,11+ • !1'11. All children have access
to the library during the afternoon. hl'l't+ •
0:11 • A}('li ' IJoflo • ODlih'i''l- • o.+ • 1oo>"IIJ
+ • f.'flltr
2. 1"":,0<:o(l • !1'11. Only high officials have ac-
cess to the Emperor. h1'?-1P r )"IP'-1: • H1'.f.': •
1oo>:,O<:ofl • f"'L'fll-'1- • h'i'_,.'? • 111P'A"''l"'f •
oflil' ' ""'""
3. 1"''f'l- • !1'11. He has acoess to the files.
P..ll.jP'fi't • 1"'/f'l- • f.'fiiA
have an access of
He had an access of coughing. ,..,_ • f.fi:J-A
accessible 0-tlltr • f"'LF.<:h
Debre Bizen is an accessible monastery.
F.ofl<: ' lln't • 0-tllflo • f"''.F.<:h • ~'IIJ" • )fDo
•A telephone should be put where it is acces·
sible. hAh • 0-tllflo • II.F.<:hO'l- • O"''.ii'AO
+ • h'i'&- • ou-tou'l' • hl0'1-
be accessible to T+Oil
An open-minded person is accessible to reason.
.,...0 • 1'1.1. • fiT) ' (lfDo • fl.11-'f't • hh.,....l'lofl '
,1'.4'011A
accession oo"-loooC
The school was increased by the accession
of fourteen new pupils. OF&- • t.&-+ • h-'1.
h • i-"76jP'f • 0""""""<!-'ffDo • '1-IJ"IIC'l- • 0.
"' • t.F.~
accession to the throne frt'-i-'l • 1l,m&ot.lt
The constitution defines the accession to the
throne. .n~ • ""'t"IF1> • fit-of.'t't • h<»&-<:h •
,I'.F.)"I;>A
accessory (acoessories)
I. .,....,...,6 • l:J>jP'f.'Duty has been imposed
on automobile accessories. nooh.'i" • ..,."'-
"'16 • l:J>jP'f • 11,1'. • +<:'1' • _,.F.C11J'f1>A
9 acclamation
2. "'.IIJ 1 1.'1'. A woman likes her accessories
to be of the same color as her dress. ll.'l- • 'l
"' • '1'1' • hAofiP, • :>C • _,._,..,....... • +Ill>" •
ll'l'&-'ffDo ' 'I-<»'Ill'f
accident
I. t.F.;J. When did the automobile accident
happen? foo>h.'i" • t.F.:> • """' • F-<:1'11
2. ( ~ by accident) l'.'t-'1:>"1"'1.. Our meeting
was an accident. f.,.~'i"T)fDo • 1.'t'l:>"l"'L • )
oc
by accident "-1'~;JliJ""l..
I found it out by accident. l'.'t'I:>"'"'L • F.<:h
h-0'1-
[See also 'overt, prevent']
accidental (= adv.)
I. .-.,r.;J-I'Iofl. An accidental discovery of oil
was reported in the paper. "J.'.:J-I'Iofl • HJ.'.
'1- ' .,.,~,., • 0.;>11."1 • .,.)~<:
2. O~'t~'l-. Breaking her doll was accidental.
t.7I"t.,./l.:l:'t • fi'IO<:fDo • O~'t~'l- • )fDo
accidentally O~'t~+ l l'.'t'I:>"'"'L
I dropped the plate accidentally. .-..nl-'t •
0~~'1- • "'Ah-'1-
I accidentally learned the truth. l11Jo)1>'t •
l'.'t-'1:>"1"'1. ' F.<:hh-0'1-
acclaim (v.) f:>ll • h~'i".,..,'t • ~1111(11'1-)
The crowd acclaimed the fireman for rescuing
two people from the burning house. fl'..-.'1- •
t.F.;> • .,.hii!JI< • h.,.:J>mlfDo • 0.'1- • fDoh'l' •
fo-11'1- • l'ljP'f • ihf.m+ • M.,.<:of.. • ih1111- •
f:>ll • h~'i".,.1>'t • ~1KII'l-
be acclaimed i-oflll- • .,....,0...,0(11'1-)
He was acclaimed winner of the race. Aft. •
fl11:,0~1>"~- • t.lf'i".l. • .,.oflll- • .,.....0....
Oil+
acclaim (n.)
I. T"ofi""IJ'i" • l'.AA;J-. The Emperor was
greeted with acclaim. 't.,.,.. • )~P'.,.'t • O"i'"
ofi""IJ'i" • OlAA;J- • _,.+011-'l''ffDo
2. IT:1-. The birth of the new nation was greeted
with acclaim. f-'1.1'1-'t • Me • ououp><;'J- •
OIT;J- • .,.+011-'l-
acclamation t.~'i".,.+
A shout of acclamation was heard when the
winner was announced. hif'Jd.(l)o • "71 1 7t.
'tF.IT) • 0_,.)~<: • "1.11. • ft.~4l'l- • "i'"off""
II' _,.1'1"7

24. acclimate 10 accord
~~~----------------~~------------------
by acclamation ~tr/1 • il.t.il'l" • 0"?11"'-Q
He was elected president by acclamation.
!1:'1"6 • ltJ.'.h'l' • O"i"f'.U.fJ 1 "f'MVI")+ 1 II'
If I ..,.ODl,tn
acclimate 100Y..
The dogs acclimated quickly to the colder
country. tJJol"'li • 11C'I....., • h1C • D.P.II- •
10DJI.+
acclimate oneself flODI..
Tom acclimated himself readily to the new
town. .P.V" •h-'1.(1-") • h+"'/ • D'i''l')+ • 10DY.
acclimatize hll.,ouY.
They acclimatized the plants to the dry
region. 68'1'+") • bJ'.G"' • h'i'll • 01C • ;JC • h
1.,0DJI.
accommodate
I. MI.,.,. I will accommodate my plans to
yours. f~") • M•.1:" • It").,. • ;JC • hil.,.,'l'llv-
2. hil.,.oum. This table easily accommodates
six people. ,I'.IJ • mGA.~ • il.J:-il+ • (ltJJo • f
ll"f--C • fil.,.9"11J/.
3. hHG;J. The big bedroom will accommodate
six beds. """'"' • ou'S;J- • n.:,. • il.J:-il+ • h
/.;J?l":f • fHG;J/.
4. G-'1. He accommodated his friend with
money. 'IY.'i'tJJo") • D1")H11 • G.lltJJo
5. h1"f(ll+). He wanted change for a quarter,
but I could not accommodate him. 1il.,..t •
V"")~& • .f./.1 • )DC l "I") • 111'S11+ • h/.;1'
Alt-V"
accommodate oneself &-fl-1 • Jtil'"ID'f
He accommodated himself to the circum-
stances. hv-~;1-tJJo • ;JC • &-(1-") • hil.,.,
accommodating .f.:I'Y.'i'
The man was accomnlodating enough to lend
me a dollar. {ltJJoftJJo • -nc • I..I'D.I:"G'S • .f.:l'
Y.'i' • )DC
accommodation
I. .,il.,.,+. The accommodation of old ideas
to a new plan was possible. f .l:"~tJJo") • hil.,.
lt(l1J • lt-'1.(1- • fi~.1:" • ;JC • _,II_,_,,_ •_,.;I'll
2. V"¥+. The hotel has a restaurant for the
accommodation of its guests. 11'-1:11- • llfi")"l
J'.":f • V"¥+ • f.,.H;J}! • f9""111 • n,:,. • hllm-
accommodatlons '7~~y
They· finally found accommodations in a
small hotel. nouou.Gif • lt")-'1.+ • :,.-,11 •
11'-I:A • ,.11'1' • .,u.y • t.."f.
accompany (accompanied)
I. lf"f. His friends accompanied him to the
railroad station. 'IY."l''li • 1ilh • fJii-C • "10.
f • .~:"Gil • lr"f.+
2. .,.h+ll- • """'·Evangelists accompanied the
Spanish colonizers in South America. BJ"t'lllD"
n • r7.il;r'S • h1c • h~'tl".,.., • .,.h+11m- •
lOY,. I ,g{Ml I Jr..Oit'.ft I OD1fto
3. o;t!n. The orchestra accompanied the singer.
t.cb.M·&-IIJo • H<f."f.") • o}!OIIJo
The nobility accompanied the Emperor to
church. .,.,.,. • )11"1: • n,.,. • hciltn • fl.~
Jl. • OD>,")")1: • o;t!!l.:f"'"
4. .,..,.11.,.11(0+). Wind accompanied the rain.
)<f,(l- • 11o;11 • _,..,.11~11-D+ • )OC
*He accompanied his speech with gestures.
")"I"IC • {LfY.C"I • b{liiJo):,. • 7.")~11:1'<'1. •
.,_.,-c • )DC
accomplice "111G • hOC
Who was his accomplice in this plot? Dh.l:"
"'"'" • "111G • hO-I- • _,-, • )DC!
accomplish
1. l..:t.oo. For one day he accomplished quite a
lot. fJ").1:" • .,.., • 1111' • uoo
2. hbo;ro). Did he accomplish anything?
Nothing to speak of. fbo;aJ)IJJo • )1C • hill
f"'U1CII+ • h,I'.Y.IIV"
3. .U.G(l. With their work accomplished the
boys went out to play. A]l;'li • P'&-:ftJJo") • h
.U.G(l- • 0:11 • 10D"'idl:,. • ~JI.
accomplished (adj.) faJ"'II+
He is an accomplished speaker of English.
fdl"'ll+ ' 7.")"111.11... ' .,.o;;.& • )IIJo
accomplishment P'<l- l fP'&- • "'"""""
His mother is proud of his accomplishments.
1o;-J: ' DP'ci-IIJo ' +ll-&-1:f
These accomplishments are merely collateral
to his primary goal. Mli.IJ • fP'&- • IIJom..P.":f •
f'l'o;IJJo • 'til.,,. ' ~C")"'i£::f ' o;:f,.
accord (vt.)
I. hY.G1. They accorded him a warm welcome.
+A~ • h.,.fJOA • hY.G1-II+
2. hm. We accord praise to those who deserve
it. 9"ll;.o; • 11"7.1fJ:ftJJo • fi"){lt1JII")
accord (vi.) .,.il.,.,
His account ofthe accident accords with yours.
ill ' hY.;JIIJo ' DPJ:"Gil ' 1.(1- • ,.,.o;1G11Jo ' h
-,_,. • lt/.hiJJo • ;JC • J.'.il.,_,A

25. accord
accord (n.)
I. """IQQ'I-. Theyactedincompleteaccord with
him in releasing the prisoner. l'.II<:"'IIYJ • 11.
.I..,. ' hi- • :>C • 0"""11- • .,...,qq'!- • )UC
2. 119"9")'1-. France and England reached an
accord over certain tariffs. .1..<:'11'11-<; • 1.'1"1
11.11 • 1111 • h'1-'1'1Y: • 4'<:tn:Y. • hll9"f")
'1- • .1'.<:1-
be In accord Tll"7"7
Their opinion of war was in accord with his.
1111 • tnC)'I- • 11'l'm- • hiiTI'lll11 • 1.1- • 1J
1tJ>o • hiiTil/111 • :>C • Tll"7"7
of his own accord 0"111 r L:J'/1..
He did it of his own accord. n~q • L:I'JI. •
h.l'.<:~..,.
accordance, in fO<J with
I. l'1.1'. + (noun). We tried to live in accor-
dance with the customs of the country.
l'1.1'. • h~-1- • A"7Y: • ll""'l'C • 'l"hC'1
2. fl ~ ·- ouavt:T. In accordance with your re-
quest we are sendingyou three books. R'I'1•111J •
"""'<:'!- ' 1"11'1- • ""ll"m'i: • l'.'1AhAYII'1
according to
1. l'1.1'. + (noun). He will be punished accor-
ding to the seriousness of his crimes. J1'~ ;
m'1)':11- • hQY:)'I- • f.4'"1A
2. n - - - """'<:'!-. Everything was carried out
according to instructions. v-~t--,.- r ~1C r o
our~~m- I ODU.I~T • TUOD
3. 0 - - - oum'}. He spends according to his
income. f'"'t,.fmnJm- • 01flaJo 1 oPm"J r )m-
4. (~ conj.) l'1.1'. + (verb). According to
the Bible, God created the earth in six days.
""~~""'"' • :,.,~~.11 • 1.'1.1'."'1.1tJ>o • l'."IH.h11m.c •
9"Y:C'1 • RIIY:II'I- • n • .t.m<:
accordingly 011.1 • """'<:'!- 1 l'1.1'. • .1'.'111-
I have told you what to do, so act accordingly.
9"'1 • 1.'1.1'.9";1-.I'.C"I • )"1"-YIIrr l 011.1 • """'
<:'1- • P'&.
I have heard the evidence and will judge
accordingly. oP<:]ffDo'1 • 119"!1'1rr<; • l'1.1'. , .1'.
'111- • tJ>o{)~..,., • l11"11IJo
*He felt unwell and, accordingly, left. m.'1H• •
1111;1-mh • 1!.1'.
accordion hi>CJI.M
He plays the accordion. hi>CJI.f"'1 •1-''"l.m;J-A
accost
I. M:>~<:. A stranger accosted me. f"7ilfDo4'
..,. • II..,. • h):n<:'S
11 account
2. T"7m). A beggar accosted him begging
for money. 11"7"t' • 1'1H11 • tl.llm'S • 1111- • .,.
"7m)
account (for)
1. 9"h'11-1- • ~llll. We must account for every
dollar spent. l1'1-'1'1JI. • 11C • fm"'n'l-'1 •
9"h'11'1- • """IIIli" • hl11'1
2. 9"h'11'1- •lim. How do you account for that?
1111.1 • ,., ' 9"h'11'1- • '1-11"111111
3. 9"h1'1- • hlfDo. How do you account for
your lateness? II""H"If'l-11 • f"'1 • 9"h'11'1- •
hiIll
4. f"h'11'1- • IT). His illness accounts for his
actions. 1..(-~-')i: • 9"h'l.r+ r ftriom-- r ;,.ouoo- ,
)fDo
5. "lilt. • IT). You will have to account for
your actions. 0~;1-.('.C'JaJo • )1C r ;1'L r ou
IT'1 • f.'l'C11YA
•A dry spell accounted for the poor crops.
h11""&."'" • fTRilifm- • hY:C4''1- • f-1")"1 •
)fDo
account (n.)
1. oP111. His account of the accident is
not clear. ill r h.F..;Jm- • fftmm- r 000"111 r
"lAX" • hf-.1'.119"
2. ;1-&h. Hegave acoloredaccountofthe battle.
1111 • tnC)-1: • 14'<:UfDo • ;1-&h • fTifQ • )tJ>o
3. .,..,..,11" • ..h.l'l11. I have an account in this
bank. 1.11.11 • IJ'1h • T4'"711" • ..h.l'l11 • hii'S
4. ..h.il11. You will have to give an account
of every penny you spend. 111'1-'1'1~ • 1m"l
Y'l- • 1'1'1-1:9" • rrll- • ..h.l'l11 • "7:,0<:11 • hl1111
5. 9"h'11'1-. I did not do it on this account.
f"'&.rr'l- • RH.I1 • 9"h'11'1- • hf-.1'.119"
•1 have an account to settle with him. h(t. •
:>C • l'.'1T1J'II'1
accounts r,.h,/111 t oP1f11l
The company's accounts were in good order.
fh-Q'11fDo • f..h.l'l11 • ""11~11 • 0.1'.'111 • )UC
by all accounts ~"'JF..BtQAm-
It seems, by all accounts, that Ras Ali was a
rival of King Theodore. l'.'1.1'."'l.QIIm- • &.II •
'til. • f'1"l-P' • -J:li'Y:c-11 • .,..,.<;:I''S • nn
-1-. '-""1111"'
call to account ?'"li"J.,f'-IJ"t r A'l.ll)""l~(l)o r mr
.,...,.
He called his secretary to account when he
found some money missing. 11'1111 • ootptf..
1:'1 • 1Jm4' • 1." • 9"h'111:'1 • l'1'1.)"1<:..,. •
K"'t.tJJo'1 • mf4'm-

26. accountable
of no account 'P;J • {lh
His advice was of no account. rtr • rhc •
'1':> • ILll • )0C
on account fl,.IJ..fl.
She bought her furniture on account. ro.:,. •
~:J>'I''t • f1'1:fa>- • O'l-0. • )a>-
on {one's) account Afo • -RA- i llA(to
Don't go to any trouble on my account.
Ill!. • .flllll • (lllll!.) • 'l"'t¥" • 1>:,.'1'1C
on account of
I. 0 - - - ¥"h't,1':,.. The game was postponed
on account of rain. 011.,.fl • ¥"h't,1':,. • ""
.,,...,. • ...'111.1.
2. 0 - - - f ...)..,. On account of that, he was
fired. 011.,1' • , ...).., • hP'&- .....,1,.
on no account OM?"' • r"h~1+
On no account must you open this drawer.
0¥"')¥" • ¥"h't,l':,. • ,I'.IJ')') • ov/111.,1' • ovh
.,...,. • fll.flll¥"
take Into account
t.Aov'fH). You have to take all the facts into
account. rNI·'t¥" • )1C • "''OV'fH') • l>ll.flll
2....ovllh.... The provisions of the law do not
take this matter into account. f.b'l- • A't+l<:f •
,I'.IJ') ' 141,1'. ' l'o,I'.OVIh-1>¥"
3. "'¥"t • a>-11'1' • l'of.G1. Before building a
house he took into account the increased cost
of materials. o.:,. • hovP'&--1> • oo~.:,. • f.b'ta •
OV"f&,l'fl':f • OVOJM'f'CD-'t • "1¥".... ' CD-11'1' '
l>f.G1
take no account of ~ • Jr..A
Take no account of his words. f"'L.,1Ga>-'t •
:f'l • 01CD-
(be) accountable for '1'1.1. • )a>-
Each person is accountable for his own work.
~JI')Jl. • lieD- • 1P'&-CD- • P'&- • '1'1.1. • )CD-
accountant th.ll.fl • O'Pof:
Since I did not agree with my partner, we
consulted an accountant. h1icll. • :>C • 0
th.ll.fl • MA...II"''"'''t • th.ll.fl • O'l!+ • 1>"'1
hC't
accredit
I. l>¥"'f • ...+011. The committee accredited
Parker's report of the events. ;rchc • 1111 •
Qo~;ND• I ffttnCD-") I OD"'IldJ. I "-C"J-. I JtJP'f I
#01CD-
2. .fill- • ...+011. We accredit the invention of
the telephone to Bell. O.A • IIAh't • f4.111'1
.1. • )a>- • .flll't • ...+oflll)'f'A
12 accurate
3. fif.ov:,. • f..flJIO. • l'l'l'.f • 'lha>-. The minis-
ter accredited him as ambassador to England.
"'1.111* • O~'t"'11.11 • l>1C • Arqllf.C • ~')
Jl..rn • fif.ov:,. • f.ofiJIO. • 1'1'1'.....,. • '111-l-
4.....,.q,l'.):,. • 1>11. +The committee accred-
ited the college. "II.)I: • Of.C1- • H'tY: •
MqM:,. • M"f
accretion f.,.Q;~.oul_
The last part of the legend is a later accretion.
f;f-t:!J. ' fOVIA(;lf • h<;:A • h'l.ll. • 0;'1 •
f ...,;Q,OV(; ' )CD-
by accretion 0'1':1'~ • l>IJII-:f • OV'I'.hY:
Some rocks are formed by accretion. l>'tJI't
Y: • !1/'l''l':f • f"''..,.o;.:,. • 0'1':1'~ • AIJII-:f •
OD'f'th.(" I ~aJo
accrue ,;u.oo~
Interest will accrue on my savings account.
7,q')h • ,I'll'S • ....,..,.,_.. • 1'tH.fl • OJIIJI. • ,I'.
""¥"&-A
•Benefits accrue to society from hetter edu-
cation. h...lf11 • :,.rue:,. • f...).., • '"r.flG... •
l'l.fl • ,l'.m+"''A
accumulate (vt.)
1. l>h"'''l'. By working hard he accumulated
a big fortune. m'thl!' • oovp&-:,. • ofltl- • II
-o:,. • l>h"'':f;tA
2. Am&-+ov. He likes to accumulate money.
1'tH.fl • "'ltn&--1'¥" • ,I'.OJ.IIA
accumulate (vi.) ...h"'''l' I ...m&-'i'OD
If you don't sweep, dust will accumulate.
IJAmG"'1ia>- • 1>!1.&- • ,l'.h"''!J'A
If earwax accumulates, it may hurt the ear.
11-h • 1}(1!' • l'l..m&--1'¥" • 11.'1-Jia>- • f.:f'IA
accumulation
•The accumulation of knowledge is a result of
reading. ba>-+:,. • f"'L.II.flGa>- • .fill- • O"'''t
"'" • )CD-
•His accumulation of old papers filled three
trunks. ,l'm&--l'"'''l'a>- • An • OJG'i'.f:f •
IPII.... • "''J'') • '1"11-
accuracy :,.hhl0::):,. 1 :,.hhl0:: • oo!l'')
I trust the accuracy of his story. f;f-t:!J.'t •
....hhl...).... • l>¥"..1n-
The attestations of all witnesses were checked
for accuracy. f¥"11hl!':f • :J>A • n-tr • :,.hh
II... • 10DIJ'). • ...OD(;UD(;
accurate :,.hhl0::
She is very accurate in her work. OP'&-'1' •
0"1¥" • ....hhl0:: .......