Alternative system of medicine herbal drug technology syllabus

Mrs. Pradnya Wadekar Bapat,
Assistant Professor,
Appasaheb Birnale college of Pharmacy,
Sangli

3/25/2024 Pradnya Wadekar Bapat, Asst. Prof, ABCP
2

 The term “ Ayurveda” is derived from two Sanskrit
words , Ayur and Veda .
 Ayur means life and Veda means knowledge or
science.
 Therefore Ayurveda means science of life or way
of life.
 Its is upveda of Atharveda.
3/25/2024 3
Pradnya Wadekar Bapat, Asst. Prof, ABCP

Contributors
 Charaka-
 oldest text of Ayuurveda------
 Is edited from Agnivesh samhita
 Agnivesh-desciple of sage Atreya
 Sushrut-Father of surgical medicine
 Nagarjun- phylospher, physician, alchemist and
Buddhist monk.
 Application of chemistry and alchemy to the
medicines
 Rasa ratnakar, Rasa kanchputa and Yoga sataka
4

Theory and basic
principles
Gun ras
virya
vipaka
Tridosha Panchmahabhuta
sindhanta
5

6
Prithv
Body
form &
Shape
Akash
• Vacul
oles
• Trans
porati
on of
nutrie
nts
Aap
Maintai
ns
moistur
e &
lubricati
on
Tej/Agn
Produce
heat &
energy
Vayu
Prana

Tridosha
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Are the 3 basic governing factors of pathophysiology
of body

Vata
• Akash + Vayu
• Light and mobile
• Imbalance due to cold weather, vatta food
Pitta
• Tej + aap
• Acidic, bright and hot
• Imbalance due to hot weather, spicy food
Kapha
• Aap+ Prithvi
• Watery and heavy
• Imbalance due to cold weather, heavy metal, too
much rest
8

Rasa Gun Virya Vipakaprabhava
 These 5 principles are Panchsheel of Ayurvedic
 Indicates characteristics of dravya (drug
substance)
 Rasa- therapeutic active ingredient
 Gun- quality
 Virya- active principle by which the potency is
characteerised
 Vipaka- end product of digestion
 Prabhava- actual therapeutic activity of drug in
indivudual
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Tridosha dhatu mala sidhanta
 8 dhatu- rasa, raktam, mansa, meda, asthi,
majja, shukra and oja
 3 mala purisha (feaces), mutra and sweda
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Satva
goodnes
Raja
aggresive
Triguna
Tama
dullnes
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Diagnosis
 Charak samhita describes Nidana sthana  nadi
(Pulse),tongue , skin, physical features, stool, urine
etc idea about Prakruti of patient
 General history is also recorded
 Systemic examination like functional nature of
respiratory tract, GIT, circulatory systems, etc are
also done
 Mala is also taken into consideration
Ayurvedic practitioner can tell about the
dominance of the particular Dosha
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Treatment
 The importance of treatment is to restore the balance and
harmony of doshas with proper diet and drugs
 Charak Samhita describes Chikitsa Sthana
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Types of chikitsa treatment
Kayachikitsa General medicine
Shalakyatantra Treatment of diseases abovr clavicular
region by shalaka
Shalyatantra Acute and chronic diseases caused due
to foreign bodies
Vishgaravairodhika chikitsa Toxic substances
Rasayan chikitsa Promotional health
Vajeekaranam Diseases of genital organs
Koumaryabhryatya tantra For pediatric diseases
Bhutvidya For diseases which have no logical
causative factor

Types of drugs formulation in
ayurveda
Powders Liquids Semisolids Tablets
Churna Swaras Kalka Vatika
Bhasma Putpak Ghrita Gutika
Satva Manda Malam vati
Rasayan Kwath Avaleha
Pisti Phanta rasayoga
Mandur Hima
Parpati Taila
kshar Asava
Arishta
Arka
Drawana
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15
Panch
karma
Snehan
swedan
vaman
Virechan
Basti
Vaat
Swed mala
Kapha
Pitta
Cleanig of
urinogenital tract

 Eg of ayurvedic preparations????
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Siddha system of medicines:
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Siddha system of medicines:
 Dates back pre-ayurveda poeriod
 Developed in Indus valley but transported into
south india with migration of dravidian people
 Migration led to addition of few more plants in to
this system
 Siddha vaidya has studied thousands of herbs
and have arrived at tangible solutions for health
problems
 It is effective in managing chronic health
problems, digestive conditions, viral and heart
diseases.
18

Contributers
 Boagar- a Taoist chinese has done extensive
work on alchemy and medicine
 Pullppari- Chinese, good knowledge in
medicinal alchemy
 Turumular- founded Siddha schools
 Atreya- also contributed for schools. Agattiyar
charaku
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Basic theory
 According to this system the human body is the
replica of the universe and so are the food and
drugs irrespective of their their origin
 Based on principles of Triguna
 Vata, pitta and Kapha
 Believed as its origin itsellf in foetal developmental
stages in mothers womb
 These imbalanced due to nutritional, physical and
environmental conditions
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 Predominance of triguna according to time in a
day is as below-
 6.00 am to 10.00 am-Vata
 10.00 am to 2.00 pm- Pitta
 2.00 pm to 6.oo pm- Kapha
 Same order of time followed by body in night
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 Vata Guna:
 Chr‟s- stout, black, cold &
inactive personality
 Increased vata develops
flatulence, acidity,
dysentry, obesity,etc
 Individuals show arogent
behaviour, partial
paralysis, heart attack,
neck & chest pain, etc.
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 Pitta Guna:
 Chr‟s: lean, wheatish
complexion, hot
personality
 Increased pitta results in
early greying of hairs,
reddish eyes & more
sexual desire
 Individuals suffer from
anemia, burning chest,
mental derangement, etc.
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 Kapha Guna:
 Chr‟s: well build, good
 complexion, good behaved
personality
 More afiinity towards sweet
food &
 sex
 Incresed Kapha develops
diseases like
 jaundice, heart
 attack, fever, anemia,etc.
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Diagnosis:
 Nadi
 Dwani (speech)
 Twaka (tongue)
 Deiham (body)
 Neeram (complexion)
 Malam (feacal material)
 Mutram (urine)
 Vizhi (eye)
25

 Nadi: balance of triguna  change in pulse
 Full nadiasthematic condition
 ½ or ¼ nadi gases, pains, arthritis, swelling
 Abnormal nadi TB
 Propagates to left loss of self control
 Propagates to right sign of death
 Dwani:
 High sound pitta, hyperacidity
 Low sound low BP
 Tongue:
 With boils imbalance of vata
 Bitter taste pitta imbalance
 Slimy indigestion and low BP
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 Deiham (body)
 Vibrations vata imbalance
 Hot pitta imbalance
 Cold kapha imbalance
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 The Siddha Physician has thorough knowledge
of herbs and their effectiveness in specific
composition and formulation
 Drugs are prepared from vegetable, animal
and mineral origin
 Hg, Au,Ag, S, Zn, Cu, alum, borax, mica,
asbestos, and Ar are also used
 Drugs from animals secretions like civet, musk,
shells, bones of aquatic animals, deer horns,
animal flesh
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Treatment:

29

30

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 Restricted- chicken, mango, cocconut, tamrind,
asafoetida, fenugreek, mustard, black pepper,
sesame, almod, garlic, groundnut, etc
 Restrictions- intoxicant, tobacco in nay form,
day time sleep, etc
32

33

Hridaya Renjini - Pain Reliever Ointment
34

35

Unani system of medicines
 Unani system originated in Greece
 Unani system of medicine was developed during
Arabian civilization
 In Europe its known as Arab medicines
 It has its origin in concept of Hippocrates in 460 BC
 Aristotle, Dioscorides & Galen contributed further
 Greek medicines were further added in Unani
system
 It was introduced in India by the Arabs and
Persians sometime around the eleventh century.
 Indian ayurvedic system of medicines were further
added in Unani system
36

Theory and basic concepts:
 Its is based on the Hippocratic theory of 4 humours
and Pythagorian theory of four proximate qualities
 Hippocratic theory of 4 humours- blood (khoon),
phlegm(balgham), yellow bile(safra) and black
bile(sauda)
 These are end product of digestion
 Known to regulate functions of body.
 Pythagorian theory of four proximate qualities- ie state
of matter-
 cold, hot, wet, dry
 Associate with each other to give combinations
 Earth and water develop organs
 Air and fire produce energy
37

•These four qualities are inherent in elements and their
interaction with each other gives rise to the quality of the
person ie. Mijaz or temperament
9 types of Mijaz- 4 qualities+ 4 combinations+ euable (Motadi)
As per temperament, personalities-
Hot moist Air
Hot dry Fire
Cold moist Water
Cold dry earth
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Hot Mija-e-har
Cold Miajaz-e-barid
Dry Mijaz-e-yabis
Moist Mijaz-e-rath

 The humour (put into a good mood) is also
assigned temperament as blood is hot and wet,
Phlegm is cold and wet, Yellow bile is hot and dry
and Black bile is cold and dry
 Phlegm is cold and wet: Thick, sticky, stringy
mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the
respiratory tract, as during a cold or other
respiratory infection.
 Yellow bile is hot and dry: A yellow, or greenish,
viscid fluid, usually alkaline in reaction, secreted by
the liver. It passes into the intestines, where it aids
39

 Black bile is cold and dry: a humor that was once
believed to be secreted by the kidneys or spleen
and to cause sadness
 Health: 4 humours in correct proporation
 Diseae: due to humour deficiency, plethora,
imbalance in humour, or external factor eg infection
ie Tadia
40

Diagnosis
 Hakeems and physician diagnose patients by
observing- pulse, sputum, urine, stool
 Patient’s psychology, age, sex, habits, family
history, hobbies, occupation working conditions
can also be considered
41

Treatment:
 Treats root cuase of disease, not the symptom.
 Treament is divided into two parts-
 Attempts to remove cause of disease
 Strenthening of natural deffence mechanism and prevention of
relapse
 Disease imbalance of humours homours is end
product of digestion
 Hence, diet is regularized in order to remove
accumulated toxins and restore homour balance
 Body might be cleaned by purgation, vomiting,
bleeding followed by suitable treatment
 Physical, mental emotional exercises promot inner
health
 Massage for tonning of nervous and circulatory
system
42

43

44

45

46

INTRODUCTION
Homeopathy = homois (similar) + pathos
(suffering)
It's based on the principle that substances that
cause symptoms in healthy people can be used in
extreme dilution to treat illnesses that cause the
same symptoms (likes cure like)
Basically homeopathy allows the body to heal itself
by triggering body’s natural immune response
Eg: caffeine can treat insomnia
3/25/2024 48

Samuel Hahnemann
 Founder of Homeopathy
1755-1843
 Picture from the London
Homoeopathic Hospital
3/25/2024 49

HISTORY
Homeopathy began in the late
1700s, developed by a German
doctor named Samuel Hahnemann.
Hahnemann was dissatisfied with
the often-severe treatments that
were being used and was looking
for a more natural way to treat
illnesses
Homeopathy achieved its greatest
popularity in the 19th century.
The first homeopathic schools
opened in 1830
3/25/2024 50

Discovering homeopathy
 While translating William Cullen's A treatise of
the materia medica into German, Hahnemann
was struck by a passage that deal with
cinchona bark, which was used to treat malaria.
3/25/2024 51

• He concluded from this experience that
effective drugs must produce symptoms in
healthy people that are similar to the diseases
they will be expected to treat.
• Today this principal is known as the
"Law of Similars" and is the basis
for the use of the term
homeopathy ("similar suffering").
3/25/2024 52

• Cullen described its mechanism of action as a
function of its stomach-strengthening properties.
• Hahnemann did not accept this explanation and
took "four good drams of Peruvian bark, twice a
day for several days" to attempt to characterize
the action of the quinine-containing bark.
• Hahnemann reported that he began to develop
symptoms identical to those of malaria.
3/25/2024 53

Experimental stage
 Hahnemann and colleagues began to test various
substances to determine the types of symptoms they
produced.
 These results suggested to
Hahnemann what the drugs
would be useful to treat.
 He published an essay on new
principles of ascertaining the
curative powers of drug and
some examinations of previous
principles
 It was crtisised by scientific comminuity
 But he was sure about it and stated its not new but
discovered long back by Hippocrates as Nature’s law of cure
3/25/2024 54

Experimental stage
 With reduction of the dose to infinitesimal levels by
multiple serial dilutions of ten or hundred fold .
 Soluble compounds or liquids were diluted in alcohol;
insoluble materials were serially diluted by grinding with
lactose.
3/25/2024 55

Experimental stage
 Hahnemann practiced Homeopathic medicine
for almost 50 years until his death in 1843
3/25/2024 56

Theory and basic concept
 Similia Similibus Curantur- Let like be treated
by like
 Emphasises on root cause of disease and
naturer’s law of it’s cure ie Similia Similibus
Curantur
 Uniquie feature – small dose and methodology
of serial dilution
 Serial dilution causes liberation and transfer of
energy to meidum used as base ie sugar or
alcohol
 Proving of drug
57

 7 priciples-
 Individualization
 Principle of Similia
 Principle of Simplex
 Principle of minimum dose
 Law of proving
 Law of dynamisation and vital force
58

Causes of disease
 Hahnemann believed that the
cause of disease is the
disturbance of this vital or life
force.
 Disturbances in the vital force
manifest themselves as specific
symptoms.
3/25/2024 59

Causes of disease
 The Law of Susceptibility deals with the
invasion of the body by diseases.
3/25/2024 60

Law of Susceptibility
• The Law implies
that a negative state
of mind attracts
disease entities
called miasms to
enter and/or invade
the body.
3/25/2024 61

Diagnosis
 History
 Symptoms- location, sensation, modality,
concomitant
 patient’s mood, behaviour, likes, dislikes,
response to stress, personality, etc
Symptom picture
Drug picture
62

Treatment
 Two patients may receive different treatment for
same symptoms
 Single medicines
 Only 2 or more dose
 Or daily regular dose for 2-6 weeks
 Progress is reviewed
 If patient is fine stop treatment
 If recurrence of disease repeat same
treatment or high potency
 If symptom picture changes change
prescription but diagnosis remains same
63

 Serial dilution , succession and triturations
 Potentiation of druglatent curative power of
drug are activated
 Scales used- Dicimal, Centisimal, millesimal
3/25/2024 64

HERBS
VALERIAN
THUJA
GARLIC
ROSEMARY
3/25/2024 65

 AESCULUS PENTARKAN
66

Herbs as raw
 Definition of herb: It consists of entire plant or
any part of the plant. Or It can be defined as,
any plant which has leaves, stem, flowers, roots
and seeds; used for 99iiiiidifferent purposes like
flavoring, food, medicine or perfume. Or
Botanically, herb is any seed-bearing plant
which does not have a woody stem and dies
down to the ground after flowering or
completion of life cycle. Eg., Botanically, Tulsi
(Ocimum Sanctum) can be considered as herb
while Neem (Azadirachta Indica) is tree not
herb.
67

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