notes of Ent for fgme june 2024

1. otorhin olaryngology
(ent)
By-
Dr. Omkar Sangita Diliprao Sonawane

2. LARYNX
Unpaired Paired
It extends from ___________
It is made up of
Embryology-
4th Pharyngeal arch- 6th Pharyngeal arch-

3. Types of Cartilages-
a. Hyaline-
b. Elastic-
Thyroid-
Cricoid-
Epiglottis-
Arytenoids-

4. 2 membranes on external surface of Larynx-

5. Methods to examine Larynx-
a. Indirect Laryngoscopy-
Structures Not Seen on I/D Laryngoscopy-
b. Direct Laryngoscopy-
Indications-

6. Adult Male-
Adult Female-
Vocal Disorders-
a. Puberphonia-
RxOC-
b. Androphonia-
RxOC-

7. Normal Lining of Larynx-
Q. A male smoker presents with hoarseness of voice and was diagnosed with
Keratosis Larynx. Rx?
3 Divisions of Larynx-
a. Glottis-

8. Phonasthenia-
Reinke’s Edema-

9. Laryngeal Web-
Subglottic Stenosis-

10. Supraglottis-
Subglottis-
Q. A patient while having meal, suddenly started having choking
sensation with c/o aphonia and respiratory distress. Cause and
Rx-
Dysphonia Plica Ventricularis-

11. Laryngocele-
Lymphatic Drainage of Larynx-

12. Muscles of Larynx-
a. Extrinsic Muscles-
1. Elevators-
2. Depressors-
b. Intrinsic Muscles-
1. Abductors-
2. Adductors-
3. Tensors-

13. Innervation-
a. Motor-
b. Sensory-

14. Vocal Cord Paralysis-
Relations-
Right RLN-
Left RLN-
Common-
MCC of VC Palsy-
Ortner’s Syndrome-

15. Bilateral Abductor Palsy-
Cause-
C/C-
Immediate Rx-
Definitive Rx-
Other Rx-

16. Bilateral Adductor Palsy-
Cause-
C/C-
Definitive Rx-
Other Rx-

17. Q. A 30 year old singer, underwent thyroid surgery few days ago and now
presents with poor quality of voice. Cause?
Differences in Larynx- Paediatric Adult
Position
Shape
Narrowest Part
Edema

18. MLS-
Stridor-
a. Inspiratory-
b. Biphasic-
c. Expiratory-

19. Laryngomalacia-
C/C-
Rx-
Paediatric Laryngeal Infections-

20. A. Acute Epiglottitis-
MCC-
MC Age Group-
C/C-
Dx-
Rx-

21. B. Acute LTB-
MCC-
MC Age Group-
C/C-
Dx-
Rx-

22. Juvenile Papilloma of Larynx-
MC Age Group-
MCC-
Source-
Exam-
C/C-
Rx-

23. TB Larynx-
C/C-
Signs-
Rx-
Lupus of Larynx-

24. Vocal Nodules-
MCC-
Site-
C/C-
Rx-
Vocal Polyp-
MCC-
Site-
C/C-
Rx-

25. Intubation Granuloma-
Cause-
Site-
Rx-
Mogiophonia-
Rx-
Functional Aphonia-
Exam-
Rx-

26. Functions of Larynx-
Tracheostomy-
Indications-
Site-
Incision-

27. Tubes-
Decannulation-
Complications-

28. Cancer Larynx-
MC-
RF-
3 Types-
a. Glottic Cancer-
C/C-
b. Supraglottic Cancer-
MC Site-
C/C-
c. Subglottic Cancer-

29. IOC-
Tumor Staging-
T1-
T2-
T3-
T4-
Rx-
T1 and T2-
T3 and T4-
T1N0M0 Glottic Cancer-

30. Structures removed in RND-
Modified RND-
Type 1-
Type 2-
Type 3-
Vocal Rehabilitation-

31. PH ARYNX
It is fibromuscular tube and extends from ______________
It has 3 parts-
It is made up of 2 group of muscles-
a. Outer-
b. Inner-

32. Laryngopharynx-
MC Site for Hypopharyngeal malignancy-
Plummer Winson Syndrome-
MC Site for Hypopharyngeal malignancy-
Laryngeal Crepitus-
In Post-Cricoid Ca, laryngeal crepitus is absent and it is known as- ___________

33. Zenker’s Diverticulum-
MC Site-
MC Age-
Type-
C/C-
O/E-
Rx-
Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring-

34. Nasopharynx-
Landmarks-
Thornwaldt Disease-
Adenoids-
Adenoid Hypertrophy-
MC Age-
Cause-

35. C/P-
Rx-
Method-
Complications of Sx-

36. Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma-
MC Site-
C/P-
IOC-
Rx-

37. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma-
MC-
MC Site-
Cause-
C/P-
Triad-
Rx-

38. Oropharynx-
Styalgia-
C/O-
Rx-
Tonsils-

39. Tonsillitis-
MCC-
MC Age-
C/C-
DOC- Recurrent Tonsillitis Rx-
Complications-
Whitish membrane over tonsils-

41. Hemorrhage-
1. Primary Hemorrhage-
MCC-
Rx-
2. Reactionary Hemorrhage-
MCC-
Rx-
3. Secondary Hemorrhage-
MCC-
Rx-

42. Hypernasality-
Hyponasality-
Quinsy-
MC- MCC-
C/C-
O/E-
Rx-
After 6 weeks-

43. Quiencke’s Disease-
Hot Potato Voice-
Parapharyngeal Abscess-
MC-
C/P-
O/E-
Rx-

44. Retropharyngeal Space-
Acute Retropharyngeal Abscess-
It is close D/D of ______________
MC Age-
C/P-

45. Dx-
Rx- Emergency-
Definitive-
Pre-Vertebral Abscess-
MCC-
Dx-
Rx-

46. Oral Cavity-
Pre-Malignant-
Oral Cavity Cancer-
RF-
MC Site-
IOC-
Rx-
Ludwig’s Angina-
Source-
Bacteria-
C/P-
Rx- Emergency- Definitive-

47. Foreign Body in Throat-
MC Age-
C/P-
Rx- Larynx / Trachea / Bronchi-
Esophagus-
Disc / Button Batteries-
Rx-

48. N O S E & PARANASAL S I N U S E S
External Nose-
Upper 1/3rd -
Lower 2/3rd –
Diseases of External Nose-
a. Rhinophyma-

50. Rhinolith-
MC-
C/C-
Rx-
FB in Nose-
C/P-
Rx-
Nasal Myiasis-
C/P-
Rx-
Foul Smelling Conditions-

51. Methods to examine nose-
Trauma-

53. Zygomatic Fracture-
C/P-
Rx-
Lateral Wall of Nose-
It has 3 bony projections known as ______
Concha covered with mucosa is known as ________
In some people, an extra turbinate is present above
superior turbinate known as _________________
The space below the turbinate is known as _______

54. Nasal Cycle-
Duration-
Choana-
Choanal Atresia-
C/P-
Rx- First Line Mx-
Definitive Mx-

55. Paranasal Sinuses-
a. Maxillary Sinus-
b. Frontal Sinus-
c. Sphenoid Sinus-
d. Ethmoid air cells-
Largest and Most Constant anterior ethmoidal air cell-
Anterior most anterior ethmoidal air cell-
Ectopic ethmoidal air cell-
a. Inside Middle Turbinate-
b. In Orbital Floor-
c. Along Optic Nerve-

56. Structures draining in Nose-
1. Inferior Meatus-
In Dacrocystitis, we perform Dacrocystorhinostomy in which new opening for
NLD is made in ____________
2. Middle Meatus-
All these sinuses drain into _________________
These structures all together are known as
3. Superior Meatus-
4. Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess-

57. Sinusitis-
MC Type- Adults- Children-
C/P-
Dx-

58. Best Investigation-
Rx-
Complication of Sx-
Complications-
a. Orbital Cellulitis-
b. Mucocele Formation-
c. Pott’s Puffy Tumor-
d. Aspergilloma-

59. Development of Sinuses-
MC benign tumor of sinuses-
Malignancy of Sinuses- MC-
RF-
C/P-
Dx-
Prognostic Evaluation of Maxillary Sinus Ca-
Rx-

60. Ringertz Tumor-
MC-
Origin-
Rx-
Rhinitis Medicamentosa-
Rx-
Allergic Rhinitis-
a. Seasonal- b. Perennial-
C/C-
Lab- Rx-

61. Vasomotor Rhinitis-
C/P-
Rx-
Nasal Polyp-
Cause-
2 Types-
a. Antrochoanal Polyp-
MC- MCC-
Rx-
b.Ethmoidal Nasal Polyp-
MC- MCC-
Rx-

62. Sampter’s Triad-
Mucormycosis-
MC-
C/P-
Dx-
DOC-
RxOC-

63. Olfaction-
Esthesioneuroblastoma-
IOC-
Rx-
Hyposmia-
Anosmia-
Causes-
Kallman’s Syndrome-

64. Nasal Septum-
a. Major Parts-
b. Minor Parts-
DNS-
Sx-

65. Septal Hematoma-
Cause-
C/C-
Rx-
If left untreated 
Septal Perforation-
Cause-
C/C-
Rx-

66. Atrophic Rhinitis-
MC-
Cause-
O/E-
RxOC-
SxOC-

67. Rhinoscleroma-
Cause-
MC-
3 Stages-
Biopsy-
DOC-

68. Rhinosporidiosis-
Cause-
Mode-
MC-
MC Site-
C/P-
RxOC-
DOC-

69. CSF Rhinorrhea-
Cause-
MC Site-
Dx-
Best Radiological Inv-
Gold Standard Inv-
Rx-

70. Blood Supply of Nose-
a. Above Middle Turbinate-
b. Upto Middle Turbinate-
Epistaxis-
MC Area-
Cause-

71. Mx-

72. EAR
Embryology- External Ear-
a. Pinna-
b. EAC-
c. TM-

73. Middle Ear-
Middle Ear, Eustachian Tube and Mastoid antrum-
a. Ear Ossicles-
b. Muscles-
Inner Ear-
Structures of adult size at birth-
Mastoid Tip-

74. Congenital Conditions-
Incisura Terminalis-
Inner Ear anomalies
Complete absence of inner ear
Incomplete development of
inner ear
Cochleo-Saccular aplasia
Membranous Cochlear aplasia

75. Pinna-
Main nerve supply-
Q. A patient post surgery complains of loss of sensations over the angle
of jaw while shaving. Likely nerve injury? ____________________
Pinna Hematoma-
Cause-
Rx-
If left untreated  Ischemic necrosis  Post traumatic deformity of
pinna 

76. EAC-
Length-
Lining-
Direction-
Natural Defects-

77. Nerve Supply of EAC-
a. Roof and Anterior Wall-
b. Floor and Posterior Wall-
c. Posterosuperior Part-
Ear Wax-
C/O-
Rx-
If we use Cold Water-
If direction of syringing is AnteroInferior-

78. Diseases of EAC-
a. Localised Otitis Externa-
b. Diffuse Otitis Externa-
c. Malignant Otitis Externa-
MC-
MCC-
C/P-
DOC-

79. d. Otomycosis-
MCC-
C/C-
O/E-
Rx-
e. Exosteosis of Ear-
MC-
D/D-
Rx-

80. Tympanic Membrane-
2 Parts-
4 Landmarks-

81. Eustachian Tube Blockage-
Myringitis Bullosa-
Traumatic TM Perforation-

82. Middle Ear-
Main Function-
3 Parts-

83. Sensory Innervation-
Referred otalgia due to irritation of __________________
Causes-
6 Walls of Middle Ear-
a. Roof-
b.Floor-

84. c. Anterior Wall- It has 2 openings-
1. Upper-
2. Lower-
d. Posterior Wall-
e. Lateral Wall-
f. Medial Wall-
It has 2 windows-
It has 2 projections-

85. Eustachian Tube-
Length-
Functions-
To check patency of ET-

86. Middle Ear Cleft-
Largest and Most Constant mastoid air cell- _________
Antrum is connected to epitympanum (attic) via a tube known as _______

87. Diseases of Middle Ear Cleft-
a. ASOM-
MCC-
C/C-
O/E-
Rx-
If ASOM is not treated for 3 months- Perforation becomes permanent 

88. Safe CSOM-
Source of Infection-
C/C-
Inv-
Rx-
a. M+I+S- 
b. M-I-S+ 

89. c. Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis-
Unsafe CSOM-
Origin-
MC Site-

90. C/C-
Inv-
Rx-
Complications-

91. Q. A patient k/c/o Unsafe CSOM is brought to ER with c/o headache, fever,
vomiting, altered sensorium, FND. What is the Dx?
All complications of unsafe CSOM are treated by _______
Except-
Abscess Formation- Origin-
1. Postauricular abscess-
2. Luc’s abscess-
3. Bezold’s abscess-
4. Citelli’s abscess-
Rx-

92. Labrynthine Fistula-
C/C-
O/E-
a. False Positive Fistula Sign-
b. False Negative Fistula Sign-
Petrositis-
Rx-

93. Acute Mastoditis-
C/C-
Signs-
Inv-
Rx-
Surgical Landmark-
Boundaries-
In some people, it is difficult to find antrum due to presence
of __________

94. Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis-
C/C-
Tests-
Inv-
Rx-

95. Otosclerosis-
MC-
MC Site-
C/P-
O/E-
Inv-

96. RxOC-
Other Rx-
a. Schwartz Sign +ve-
b. Unwilling for Surgery-
Van Der Hoeve Syndrome-

97. Head Injury-
Glue Ear-
MC Age-
MCC-
C/P-
Inv-
Rx-

98. Inner Ear-
2 Parts-
Endolymph-
Perilymph-

99. 3 Parts-

100. Cochlea-
Otolithic Organs-
BPPV-
Dx-
Rx-

101. SCC-
Bithermal Caloric Test-

102. IAC-
Ototoxicity-
Ototoxic Drugs-

103. Audiology-
2 Types-
a. CHL-
a. SNHL-
PTA-
AC-
BC-
Symbols-

104. Tuning Fork Test-
False Negative Rinne-
Normal CHL SNHL
Rinne
Weber
Absolute BC

105. BERA-
Principle-
Auditory Pathway-
Indications of BERA-
OAE-
Principle-
Hearing Screening Inv-

106. Stapedial Reflex-
Absent In-
Tympanometry-

107. Noise Induced Hearing Loss-
PTA-
Rx-
Maximum permissible limit-
Age Induced Hearing Loss-
PTA-
Rx-

108. Barotrauma of Ear-
C/C-
Rx-
Facial Nerve-
3 Segments-

109. Branches-
Head Injury-
Bell’s Palsy-
C/C-

110. DOC-
Facial Recovery-
Herpes Zoster Oticus-
Cause-
C/P-
Rx-

111. Aberrations in Nerve Recovery-
a. Frey’s Syndrome-
MCC-
C/C-
Rx-
b. Crocodile Tears-
MCC-
C/C-
Rx-

112. Causes of B/L Facial Palsy-
Melkersson Rosenthal Syndrome-
Acoustic Neuroma-
MC Site-
C/P-

113. Ear Exam-
Inv-
Rx-
Meniere’s Disease-
Cause-
MC Age-
C/P-

114. Phenomenon-
Inv-
Rx- a. During Episode-
b. Between Episode-
c. Definitive Mx-
Residual hearing present-
Residual hearing absent-

115. Glomus Jugulare-
MC-
C/P-
Signs-
Inv-
Rx-

116. Hearing Aid-
Types-
Classification of Hearing Loss-

117. Cochlear Implant Surgery-
Indication-
Pre-requisite-
Electrode Placement-
Auditory Brainstem Implant-
Indication-
Electrode Placement-
BAHA-
Indication-

118. THANK YOU!