IN IVF SPERM PREPARATION PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS EMBRYO OUTCOMES IS 50% DEPENDENT ON ONE OF THE MAJOR GAMETE THAT IS SPERM. SPERMS POST EJACULATE SHOULD BE HANDLED PROPERLY AND MUST BE SEPARATED FROM SEMINAL PLASMA WELL ENOUGH THAT ONLY MORPHOLOGICALLY MOTILE HEALTHY SPERMS ARE AVAILABLE FOR FERTILIZATION. OVER MANY YEARS CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SPERM PREPARATIONS WERE CONSIDERED IN ROUTINE, MANY ADVANCED METHODS ARE STILL NOT EXPLORED WHICH HOLDS MORE EFFICACY OVER CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SPERM PREPARATION.
7. Disadvantages of conventional sperm
preparation
In spite of the simplicity of the method,
repeated centrifugations without the separation
of the sperms from leukocytes and dead sperms
can produce many oxidative species and the
damage of the sperms function (Aitken & Clarkson,
1988, Irvine et al, 2000; Zini et al, 1993, 2009).
8. Disadvantages of conventional sperm
preparation
- Inefficient to prepare sperms with Testicular samples/
surgically retrieved sperms
- restricted to ejaculates with sub optimal sperm count and
motility
- Collected sperms does not guarantee fertilizing ability
- Low yield in sperm with higher fertilizing ability
- Cannot be used to process severe OAT samples, complete
necrospermia, higher incidences of DNA fragmentation
9. • With the advent of ICSI, just a single competent sperm is
needed to achieve fertilization
• Currently employed conventional sperm preparation
techniques select sperms based only on their count,
motility and morphology, while neglecting other
important factors such as DNA integrity, sub cellular
organization, non-apoptotic cells. (Henkel, 2012 ; Said &
Land, 2011)
• Clinical data has shown association of DNA
fragmentation with reduced live birth rates
10. Therefore, there is a need to develop and
implement improved sperm sorting techniques
and protocols in order to separate sperm
containing normal DNA and lesser ROS, improve
ART success rates, and decrease birth defects.
New sperm sorting methods closely mimic the
natural selectivity just like the female genital
tract to ensure only the healthy sperm are
selected for fertilization.
11. • Based on motility – Microfluidics
• Based on binding – MACS
• Based on membrane permeability – Xanthine
Derivatives (Pentoxifylline, Theophyline)
ADVANCED SPERM PREPRATION METHODS
12. MICROFLUIDICS IN ANDROLOGY
• Sperm movement and function
Microchannel devices made of silicone were used to evaluate sperm
function via interactions with cervical mucus, hyaluronan, spermicide, and
anti-sperm antibody beads (Kricka LJ, 1997 JPBA)
• Sperm separation
separation of motile sperm from semen samples by passive gravity-driven
device where the hydrostatic pressure of two separate inlet reservoirs
drove media flow down a converging microfluidic channel (Cho BS et al. 2006)
14. QUALIS, Menicon Co Ltd., Japan ZYMOT, Dxnow Inc., USA
FERTILE CHIP, KoekBiotech, TURKEY
15. • Sperm-sorting methodologies based
on microfluidic procedures may be a
valuable option for ART, because
these techniques eliminate the
damaging steps involved in
centrifugation. Microfluidic devices
use micro-channels to sort sperm
based on motility and morphology
(Rappa et al., Biotechnol Adv).
• Studies on human samples have
suggested that this technique could
provide sperm with higher motility,
improved morphology, and less DNA
damage compared with swim-up and
DGC methods (Smith GD, Takayama S. Mol Hum
Reprod 2017)
16.
17. MACS (Magnetic Activated Cell sorting)
MACS is magnetic based selection system for sperm cells that can separate early
apoptotic from non apoptotic spermatozoa. Apoptotic cells have externalized
phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) on the sperm plasma membrane.
19. Couples dealing with male infertility due to teratozoospermia can
benefit from MACS selection of spermatozoa with higher percentage of
good quality blastocysts but only when the woman is older than
30 years.
Considering the cost/benefit ratio, MACS application together
with traditional techniques may only be preferred in certain
cases having higher concentrations of spermatozoa, but it
does not seem to be an ideal and practical sperm selection
technique for routine use.
20. Xanthine Derivatives
• Overall, Pentoxyfylline (PTX) is accepted as an
effective treatment for stimulating the motility
required for separation from dead sperms
• Pre-incubation of sperm in PTX is best known for
treatment of immotile sperm.
• It showed that 100% of immotile sperm from
fresh or frozen surgically retrieved or ejaculated
samples achieved sufficient motility (Terriou P et al., J
Assist Reprod Genet 2000)
• However, the data is conflicting and lacks in understanding of its effects on
oocyte & embryo development later, with obstetrical & neonatal outcome.
21. Ideal Sperm Preparation Technique
• be quick, easy and cost-effective,
• eliminate dead spermatozoa and other cells, including
leukocytes and bacteria,
• not cause sperm damage or non-physiological alterations
of the separated sperm cells,
• eliminate toxic or bioactive substances like
decapacitating factors or reactive oxygen species (ROS),
• allow processing of larger/ very low volumes of
ejaculates,
• Yield high number of sperms with good fertilizing ability
25. CONVENTIONAL PREPRATION
METHODS
+
ADVANCED MEHTODS OF SPERM
PREPARATION
SELECTION OF IDEAL SPERM
FOR FERTILIZATION
INCREASED CHANCES OF
GOOD QUALITY EMBRYO
FORMATION
INCREASED PREGNANCY RATES
&
DECREASED CHANCES OF
GENETIC ANOMALIES
CONVENTIONAL ADVANCED
METHODS OF SPERM PREPRATION
Editor's Notes
During in vivo process, sperms faces a series of environment changes from the male reproductive tract to female reproductive tract and finally recognizing ovum & when we compare it with in vitro in ART, the selection is not strict as in nature but till now in ART has managed to elute out normal sperms for the process of fertilization.
Semen composed of Mixture of secretions, other cells and many anti capacitating factors, Risk of oxidative & osmotic damage in vitro , Needed to separate best motile and morphologically normal sperm
Classical sperm preparation methods are based on motility & counts.
Microuidic devices, “labs-on-a-chip,” are a disposable, easy to use, and inexpensive method for sperm sorting. Our results show that IVF success rates might improve with the use of a microuidic
sperm-sorting chip for sperm selection in male infertility.
Another technique which is MACS that selected non apoptotic spermatozoa from the apoptotic cohert
There are the studies conducted on the use of macs in ART which are quite promising and providing good outcomes but large cohert studies are required for its clinical importance.