(No French Translation) The Incas partly inherited and partly developed phenomenal agriculture in the very hard conditions of the Andes: desertic areas, difficult water resources, high altitude, no real draft animal, no wheel, and yet the Andes before and under the Incas produced miraculous results that the Spaniards destroyed in a few years with epidemics and mass killing. It is easy to say the Incas were barbarians and that covers the genocide, the culturicide, the systematic uprooting and exposing of anything they could have believed or done, based on NO direct contact with them before the “conquest” that must have killed 50% of the population in two or three years with smallpox and other infantile and childhood diseases, plus a few sword killings when there was some resistance. Unluckily, Gordon McEwan does not really come to a clear vision in his book because he only bases his work on what has been collected by others essentially on the only source of some Spanish colonizers trying to justify the massacre and apocalyptic colonization. The real barbarians were the colonizers, and it is their testimony that is nearly only taken into account. Archaeology is about one century behind what it is in other regions of the world. Things have slightly changed over the last ten years, but we are still a long way behind what we should have done. That leaves the door open to some like Hunbatz Men pretending the Mayas, Incas and many other Indigenous Native Americans are the descendants of the humanoid people who were established in two continents that have disappeared without leaving any trace of their existence behind them, Mu and Atlantis. And then it is easy to bring in that the inhabitants of these two disappeared continents were extra-humans from some distant civilization who landed on earth and prospered and then found some humanoid animals there and civilized them. We are their descendants, I mean of these extra-humanly civilized humanoid animals from long ago. Maybe we could simply ask some questions about the origins of the Incas, the Mayas, and many other native American peoples of South and Meso-America. We know the Native Americans of North America and Canada up to Greenland came from Siberia. But that solution is not, feasible for the Native Americans of South and Meso-America. But we are so mentally colonized by North American Protestant Puritans who believe they are the center of the world that research about South America and Mesoamerica has scandalously been neglected. Some mental colonization of this type is also a genocide since it excludes millions of people from what these North American WASPs call the “human race” which is of course white, etc.

2. GORDON F. McEWAN – THE INCAS, NEW
PERSPECTIVES – 2006
This book is crucial for the researchers who want to understand anything about the Incas, but also more
widely on the Andean kingdoms and empires that prospered there up to the arrival of the Spaniards who
brought European diseases that killed at the very least 50% of the population, the same way as in the rest of
the Americas, and genocidally got rid of all those, males or females or children, who tried to resist. In the
same way, they probably also destroyed a lot of cultural artifacts seen as satanic. But I am not going to enter
this topic per se.
The Spaniards are the ONLY source of knowledge we have about the Inca society before the
colonization, and since they are supposed to be good Catholic Christians, they have to justify their ethnic
cleansing. The only argument is the one used by them, all over the Americas. The native population was
barbaric, and they had to prove it, not with hard evidence, but with their own testimonies, which was a very
biased approach to historical justice. They, in other words, justified their crimes by declaring the Incas were
barbarians who had to be gotten rid of. The present book is not going to go the way I am going to go, but it is
honest and gives the various testimonies, or tall tales, about the Incas without questioning the facts and
figures. I will consider the case of animal and human sacrifices in the Inca empire.
But before entering this topic, it is important to say that archaeology is extremely late on what is
required to be looked for and to be examined. The Incas, and other Andean people before them (how far
before them, we do not know), have not been explored and excavated by archaeologists: it sounds like, “One
Day, there were the Wari and Tiwanaku empires, but what about before?” Two estimations of the depth of
the past are given: 5,000 years of Andean civilization, page 51, and 12,000 years of Andean civilization,
page 52. But where did they come from? The question is not even alluded to. That leaves the door open to
the delirious hypotheses of Lemuria or Mu and Atlantis put forward by Hunbatz Men (The 8 Calendars of the
Maya, 1983, translation 2010, Rochester, Vermont, Bear and Company).

3. What’s more living at Andean altitudes requires a specific genetic adaptation like in Tibet, and we know
that in Tibet they have a special gene for that, and that this gene was integrated in Homo Sapiens by sexual
intercourse with Denisovans, pregnancy from Denisovan males or with Denisovan women, and delivery of
mixed blood children. The Denisovan genetic heritage is 2-3% for continental Asia including Siberia, but 6-
8% or more for Southeast Asia and the South Pacific islands. The question is not even asked, and the
biogenetic research has not been done or is not mentioned. The question is: What is the Andean people’s
biogenetic adaptation to living at high altitudes? Did the people arrive there with the necessary genetic
adaptation, or did they develop the mutation by themselves, or did they borrow it from people who were there
before them (who, coming from where, and speaking what language)? The three questions open very
interesting perspectives that are not examined in the book, nor, as far as I know, in the biogenetic or
archaeological field concerned by Andean populations, and Andean ancient civilizations.
This being said, I would like to turn to the question I am going to discuss here: animal and human
sacrifices. Without entering details, the population of the Inca empire is estimated to be between 6 million
and 14 million people (page 96), over an extremely vast territory with some important high-density urban
centers, and low-density rural populations around these urban centers. We do not have accurate numbers
for the population before the Spanish conquest. All figures are retrospective estimations of what the
population was after the Spanish conquest, or from the estimations of the means and resources the territory
could provide for a sustainable human population; All figures are then very difficult to just plainly accept,
hence the enormous distance between the minimum and the maximum, from 6 to 14 million people. One
calculation produced the staggering figure of 37.5 million for the preconquest Andean area (page 95).
“If you want to get rid of your dog, you kill it, burn it, and then declare it was rabid,” is a saying in my
country. The Spanish Conquerors who brought the European diseases that wiped out 50% of the local
population, and then massacred so many resisting survivors, had to justify in Christian terms this genocide.
They declared the native Incas barbaric and satanic, and they put forward, highlighted, and emphasized their
own indirect hearsay testimonies of regular mass sacrifices of people and children, children mind you, even
infants. The book gives some elements of these “reports” that are, in fact, ideological constructions. The
book is too old to know about the very recent archaeological discoveries in Peru particularly. These recent
discoveries prove there were some sacrifices of women and children, but the numbers have nothing to do
with what this book reports based on the various reports coming from the Spanish conquerors, at times one
or even two centuries after the conquest. But these discoveries seem to imply the bodies of the sacrificees
were not burned or scattered away for them not to be discovered or stolen away. They were buried, at times
with grave goods painted blue on the pictures of some of the extra resources I have given below, some of
the sacrificees had been mummified and were fully dressed, and some were even carrying pouches of coca
leaves to soften the trip over to the other side as if they had a mission to fulfill. In other words, they were
made sacred by their sacrifice.

4. But the main element is that the numbers do not fit, even if we consider that we only have
archaeological evidence for 10% of the sacrifices. But what are the numbers? First, in the recent discoveries
we are dealing with 25 people in Chan Chan, a pre-Inca Chimu site, 140 children, and 200 llamas in the
Chimu culture, a pre-Inca civilization, near Trujillo. The sacrifice is connected by the article to some massive
weather event. The excavation started in 2011 and the article covering the event was published in 2018.
Another case, north of Lima concerns 227 boys and girls, impressive per se, but these various events go
along with mass burial, which means if there had been more of these events, we should have found a lot
more of these mass graves. But we might have not looked for them or neglected them when we came across
them. More intriguing is the finding of three mummified children at the top of Liullaillaco Volcano, on the
Argentina-Chile border. But once again we are dealing with a sacrifice that is amplified by the mummification
of the sacrificees. If you want to get some more information on these cases, here are some connections.
We seem to forget that such events were happening in most older or ancient civilizations like, for
example, Agamemnon and Iphigenia in ancient Greece, before the Trojan War. And have we ever really
counted how many people were sacrificed in the various Roman arenas or Coliseums, prisoners of war,
rebellious slaves, simple prisoners, or gladiators who were slaves, not to speak of Christians or the bloody
celebrations for the emperor on various occasions, or only for his pleasure and entertainment. Think of the 9
worst Roman emperors: Nero (54-68 AD), Caligula (37-41 AD), Commodus (180-192 AD), Elagabalus (218-
222 AD), Caracalla (198-217 AD), Tiberius (14-37 AD), Domitian (81-96 AD), Honorius (393-423 AD),
Diocletian (284-305 AD). But what are the figures given in this book? In fact, we, from the very start, take a
biased stance that evaluates the facts we are presenting based on our modern ethics, which goes against
any possible historical assessment.
On Page 40, there is an allusion to human sacrifice in the Wari empire, a pre-Inca civilization. Note I
quoted the Chimu civilization twice, and it was another pre-Inca civilization. On pages 130-131, we find some
details.
“In planning a campaign, the most successful generals would be consulted for advice. Sacrifices
would be made, and omens read. If the emperor was to accompany the army an Itu Raymi ceremony of

5. human sacrifice would be held, with its associated fasting and sacrifices. Victory Celebrations. Upon
the successful conclusion of a military campaign, formal triumphal ceremonies were held at Cuzco.
Captured enemy generals and other prisoners were brought to the capital along with the most
impressive spoils of war and paraded through the streets. The emperor formally received these in a
public ceremony in the temple of the sun in which both the prisoners and the loot were placed on the
ground, where he symbolically walked over them, treading on the necks of the defeated enemy leaders.
This gesture sealed the victory. The prisoners were then executed, except for the common soldiers who
were sent back home to their native villages. The bodies of the defeated enemy generals and other
important men killed in battle or afterward were made into grisly official war trophies. Some were
skinned and made into drums; while others had their skulls lined with gold and fashioned into drinking
cups. The collecting of heads of dead enemy warriors was a long-standing practice in almost all Andean
cultures.” (pages 130-131)
That remains very generic. We do not know how many were executed or sacrificed, nor how they were,
after a victorious campaign. We can now get down into figures.
“The most important and solemn sacrifices were those of human beings. These were offered only
on very special occasions. In times of great natural distress brought on by natural disasters, a ceremony
called the Itu Raymi was performed. A ceremony called the Capac Ucha was conducted at the
accession of a new ruler, and when the ruler personally led the army to war.
The sacrificial victims were normally children who were considered physically perfect. Boys of the
age of ten and younger and girls of the age of sixteen and younger were most commonly selected for
sacrifice as part of the regular annual taxation by the state. Even, Infants could be included in the
sacrifice. The girls often came from the ranks of the acllas, and children of both sexes could be
volunteered by their families. The victims were feasted and made drunk before the sacrifice. They were
then walked around the cult object several times before being killed by strangulation, or having their
throats cut, or their hearts cut out. They were also sometimes buried alive. […] The bodies of the
victims were then buried near the shrine together with gold or silver objects in a grave dug out
with wooden tools since metal tools were forbidden. [My emphasis shows that the sacrificees had
been made sacred by the sacrifice. It is easy to imagine they had been sent to the other side to plead
with the gods for some favor. Note the word “victim” is a biased vision: we do not know whether they
were victims, or if they were selected in one way or another by some adult who had authority in the
question, thus granting them the mission of requesting from the gods the rain that was needed, or other
favors, thus becoming the saviors of the nation, just like Jesus Christ.] […]
One other type of human sacrifice involved war captives. Defeated rulers or generals were brought
to Cuzco for ceremonies of triumph and then killed. A selection of the most perfect men and women
from a newly conquered province would also be sacrificed to the sun as thanksgiving for a victory.”
(pages 150-151)
This confirms what we have already said and does not provide numbers, but the author gets to what he
calls “Principal Rituals and ceremonies of the State Religion / The ritual calendar” (p. 151) He asserts the
Incas were working on a lunar calendar with twelve months beginning in December. We assume the twelfth
month ends in December just before the first month starts all over again. But we know this is incorrect.
Unluckily the author does not give details and systematically compares the twelve lunar months with our
twelve solar months. The lunar year of twelve moon cycles is 29½ x 12 = 354 days, hence 11¼ days short
as compared to the solar calendar which is 365¼ days long. That has to be explained. I got this explanation
from the Encyclopedia Britannica’s site:
“Lunar calendar, any dating system based on a year consisting of synodic months—i.e., complete
cycles of phases of the Moon. In every solar year (or year of the seasons) there are about 12.37
synodic months. Therefore, if a lunar-year calendar is to be kept in step with the seasonal year, a
periodic intercalation (addition) of days is necessary.
The Sumerians were probably the first to develop a calendar based entirely on the recurrence of
lunar phases. Each Sumero-Babylonian month began on the first day of visibility of the new Moon.
Although an intercalary month was used periodically, intercalations were haphazard, inserted when the
royal astrologers realized that the calendar had fallen severely out of step with the seasons. Starting
about 380 BCE, however, fixed rules regarding intercalations were established, providing for the
distribution of seven intercalary months at designated intervals over 19-year periods. The Greek
astronomer Meton of Athens followed the Babylonian precedent of having 7 years out of 19 having an
intercalary month, which is known as the Metonic cycle.” (https://www.britannica.com/science/lunar-
calendar)

6. In Europe, we know about the fact that every three or four years we have 13 full moons in a solar year,
whereas all other years only have 12 full moons. 2023 was a very rich lunar year. 13 full moons, 4
supermoons, and 1 blue moon, and the Economic Times gives us the 13 full moons and their nicknames.
January 6 — Wolf Moon. February 5 — Snow Moon. March 7 — Worm Moon. April 6 — Pink Moon. May 5
— Flower Moon. June 3 — Strawberry Moon. July 3 — Buck Moon is also a supermoon. August 1 —
Sturgeon Moon also a supermoon. August 30 — Blue Moon also a supermoon. September 29 — Harvest
Moon also a supermoon. October 28 — Hunter’s Moon. November 27 — Beaver Moon. December 26 —
cold moon. (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/13-full-moons-4-supermoons-and-1-
blue-moon-2023-will-be-a-treat-for-night-sky-lovers/articleshow/96785682.cms?from=mdr) It would have
been a good thing to get such details for people who are not aware of the moon calendar could learn about
it, and that is crucial because in the Lunar calendar the author is going to quote, there are only twelve
months. What happens with the thirteenth synodic months every three or four years? That is essential for the
Incas who are living on such a lunar calendar within an agricultural society that works with the four solar
seasons and the moon phases dictating sowing, planting, harvesting, etc. But let us go back to the topic of
sacrifices established on this lunar calendar.
Illustration 1: Mummified Sacrificed Boy
“The First Month: Capac Raymi. […] marked by the summer solstice. […] “principal festival,” and
it was the most important event of the year. […] huarachicoy during which the boys of noble birth were
initiated into manhood by receiving their earplugs and breechclouts. […] quicuchicoy was held at the
same time for young women coming of age to be married. The girls ritually bathed in the Saphi River to
purify themselves. They received a new name from their kinsmen [ do these kinsmen include
kinswomen?] and a new headdress to mark the transition. […]
The Second Month: Camay. […] other festivities held at the new moon included [unspecified]
sacrifices, the drinking of chicha, and more dancing. […]
The Third Month: Hatun Puquy. […] a sacrifice of 100 chestnut-colored llamas. Three or four
of the animals were killed each day until all had been sacrificed by the end of the month. […] Twenty
large cuy (guinea pigs) were sacrificed and burned on twenty loads of firewood.
The Fourth Month: Paucar Huaray. No information is recorded for this month, which corresponds
to March.
The Fifth Month: Ariguaquiz. […] One hundred spotted llamas of different colors were
sacrificed, and symbols of royal authority were honored during ceremonies in the main plaza. […] A
pure white llama called the napa. This llama had been trained to eat coca leaves and to drink chicha
and was itself never sacrificed. Other animals were sacrificed in its name. […]
The Sixth Month: Hatun Cuzqui (Great Cultivation). […] 100 llamas of all colors were
sacrificed for the maintenance of order in the Inca world. […]
The Seventh Month: Aucay Cuzqui (Warriors Cultivation). […] One hundred brown llamas
were sacrificed to the sun. […] Only male Incas of royal blood could attend this festival, which
involved much drinking, dancing, and elaborate sacrifices [unspecified]. […]

7. The Eighth Month: Chahua Huarquis. […] 100 llamas were sacrificed. Additional sacrifices
[unspecified] were made to the huaca named Tocori.
The Ninth Month: Yapaquis. […] During this month, 100 chestnut-colored llamas were
sacrificed. […] A thousand cuy were sacrificed.
The Tenth Month: Coya Raymi (Queen’s Festival). […] 100 white llamas were sacrificed. […]
The Eleventh Month: Homa Raymi Puchayquiz (also called K’antaray). […] During this time,
the usual sacrifice of 100 llamas took place. If there were drought, additional sacrifices [unspecified
but there could be children among the sacrificees if the drought is severe and justifies an Itu Raymi,
see below.] were made to induce the gods to provide rain. […]
The Twelfth Month: Ayamarca. […] The usual 100 llamas were sacrificed, and offerings were
made. The boys made a pilgrimage to the sacred huaca of Huanacauri and spent a night there asking
permission to become initiates or knights [This implies the boys are of noble descent, like those of the
initiation rite in the First Month.]
Special State Rituals
Some rituals were held only on special occasions that were not tied to the ceremonial calendar.
The most important of these was called Itu Raymi and was used to get the attention of the gods when
help was needed. Generally, these ceremonies were reserved for severe crises, such as plagues,
droughts, natural disasters, or war. […] Those remaining then fasted for two days, avoiding salt, chili
pepper, chicha, and sexual intercourse. The images of the gods were then brought into the main plaza
and sacrifices were made. Depending on the seriousness of the occasion, llamas or even children
could be sacrificed. […]
Funerals, especially those of an Inca ruler, could require very elaborate rituals. […] For the funeral
of Inca Pachacuti, it is said that elaborate rituals were carried out in a month-long ceremony that he
himself had designed. […] Five thousand llamas were sacrificed and 1,000 children. […]
Another infrequent state ritual was the coronation of a new emperor. […] Lavish sacrifices were
made of fine cloth, gold and silver vessels, gold and silver statues of animals, a large number of
seashells of all types, and large quantities of colored feathers. A thousand llamas were sacrificed
and burned, and 200 children aged from four to ten years were strangled as sacrifices.” (pages
151-155)
Illustration 2: Mummified Sacrificed Girl
Let’s recapitulate the number of sacrificees.
LLAMAS: 900 over 9 months. The use of the adjective “usual” several times for these 100 monthly
llamas, would imply it should be every month and hence 1,200 over the twelve months. This presentation
implies it is happening every year which means the slaughtering of 900-1,200 llamas every year, and it may
be three or four every day to reach 100 at the end of the month, the author suggests. Note a lunar month is
only 29 days long which means 3 per day is too short (87), so it must be 4 on thirteen days and 3 on sixteen
days. It is such fuzziness that makes the source of the information dubious. More in a while. We have to add
the 5,000 for a funeral or the 1,000 for a coronation. These two events are connected so that in a normal
year with no catastrophic event, 900-1,200 llamas are slaughtered, and we have to consider the slaughtering

8. of 1,000-5,000 for a drastic event calling for an Itu Raymi. Can any society afford such a yearly loss of its
animal resources? Is it economic or is it foolish? The question has to be asked with on top of it, the years
that have a funeral and a coronation within a few weeks or a few months. In those years 7,200 llamas are
slaughtered. Does this figure concern only Cuzco or does it concern the whole empire? This question is not
asked. If the population of the empire is between, 6 and 14 million people, 7,200 llamas is not too bad. But if
it is only for the capital Cuzco, it is probably impossible since it would be one animal for just every two or
three people, maybe four. We have to think about the reasoning of these rulers of the Inca empire about the
slaughtering of all these animals and we have to remember there might always be extras and other animals,
particularly cuys, were slaughtered too.
CHILDREN: Exceptional practice, and on serious occasions connected with a special ritual, Ita
Raymi. Remember the suggestion that parents could volunteer some of their children as a payment of their
yearly tax. Sacrificing children then becomes a regulation of the population according to the resources.
Everything comes from the state (We could wonder if the Incas had not reinvented the Soviet system, and
that is not black humor?), but we do not know if this regular flow of resources is not regulated according to
the very same resources available every year. If one year the resources are low and require a topping of the
flow to the families, it might become useful to donate one or two children (Have we forgotten the Grimm
Brothers and their Tom Thumb tale?). This question is not asked. The fact that these sacrificed children
come in great numbers in exceptional situations and under out-of-the-ordinary conditions speaks for simple
demographic regulation that enables the Inca society to survive drastic circumstances. This was probably
true before and for a very long time. We can even wonder if it did not exist all along the phylogeny of the
Homo Sapiens species which is an animal species that regulate, like all other animal species, their
population according to the resources they have, otherwise nature would do it for them, and then it is called
starvation or famine. If we follow this line of thinking, we then have a rather wise policy, even if we may think
it is monstrously inhumane according to our 21st ethical values, to avoid the totally wild course and curse of
famine or chronic starvation. We are shocked, but are we shocked by the systematic starving, bombing of
Gaza and its territory, and the systematic depriving of the Gaza population of education, hospitals, plain
lodging, and all social services crushed down under bombs and blown up with dynamite, including
cemeteries bulldozed out of existence?
Illustration 3: Pouch with Coca Leaves for the Trip.
But there is one more argument about these facts brought up by the book. Since all sources are
Spanish and based on the situation after the conquest of the empire, it means after the two-year-long
maximum impact of all European diseases (smallpox and other infantile or childhood diseases like mumps,
measles, and others), a 50% loss of population, and this percentage is considered as a conservative hence
moderate estimation. Some researchers work on a demographic loss of 70-90% in some regions. The
Spaniards just executed on the sport all resisting individuals when they finally sent their troops in after the
sanitary epidemic delay that was made possible by a few scouts sent to Inca territory to deliver the germs
and the diseases. Even if killed on the spot, it was too late: the germs were in. Remember we have also to
think that an Itu Raymi could be decided against any plague, among others the plague brought by the
Spaniards, increasing even more the loss of population and this time mainly children. We must also keep in

9. mind that in those times infantile death was high, even if it might have been better in the Americas where
most of these infantile diseases did not exist.
The data we have is the data some Spaniards collected at times fifty years after the conquest, or even
more, from the local survivors at first and then the descendants of these local survivors who had not
witnessed in any way the life of the Inca empire. The motivation of these Conquistadors was to justify to the
King or the Inquisition, to the religious orders like Jesuits and the Pope their elimination of 50 to 70-80% of
the population or more, and this time it brought a lot of gold and silver in the coffers of the Europeans from
Spain, making them believe these people were nothing but barbarians, some would say animals without the
smallest quantity of soul and civilization. This was true in their own ideology since for the Spaniards there
was only one civilization, the Christian religion and ideology. It was obvious that the survivors of this
conquest were neither civilized in Christianity, nor education since they could not even write their names, just
like, at the time, the black slaves brought from Africa, which, by the way, was true too of 90% of the
population in Europe who were in the 16th and 17th century totally uneducated as for reading and writing.
This sticking to a biased philosophical and ethical conception of history among modern-time
researchers is regrettable and makes this book very short on the real discussions necessary on such
questions. But the honesty of the author makes him systematically give his sources specifically after every
assertion, based on a small number of post-conquest Spaniards and on the few next generations of Spanish
colonizers, hence always in Spanish. But He also used the work of a few English-speaking Americans who
translated these post-conquest Spanish indirect and even at times hearsay testimonies into a language and
a meaning they could understand in their own culture, religion, biased vision of the world, hence from
Spanish into English.
The present book does know this and at times alludes to it, but it does not discuss this bias of all the
sources the author may have come across. Archaeologically we have discovered mass graves of sacrificees
that contain a few hundred bodies altogether, but the figures given in the book are speaking of a regular flow
of hundreds, at times one thousand sacrificed children per year or climatic difficulty, drought, storm, flooding,
etc., not to speak of the ritualistic response to war and other man-made catastrophes. Some of the Inca
emperors were at war practically all the time since they were conquering new territories year after year. The
book is clear on this point: the property and estate of an emperor were purely personal and were inherited by
his own family. The new emperor had to go to war to carve some territory for his own wealth and power. So,
imagine the number of Itu Raymi for all these military campaigns. But that’s where a wise government in
such a situation of difficult survival would plan the demographic growth of the population and take wise
measures to avoid famines and starvation. That might sound brutal and uncivilized, but the alternative is to
have a community ruined by starvation or engulfing itself in a civil fight for food with direct neighbors down
the street or neighbors beyond the borders of this community. At the time in Europe, we were at the end of
the One-Hundred-Year-War, entering the various religious wars about reformation that were to last for more
than one century, and here and there developing some political strife for conquering the throne or the crown
of a kingdom, or The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
after 1512. Some phenomenal defeats or victories constantly enriched the daily lives of simple people when
they got the news, like with the Invincible Armada or the struggle in Flanders for independence. Check
Goya’s drawings on the disasters of war.
And what did surviving mean when confronted with a crusade led by the Inquisition of the Catholic
Church or the Spanish Crown? Remember the Cathars.

10. The questions that were not touched in this book in 2006 show how far today we have gone but it also
shows how far behind the needs of our present world we are. We are still biased on so many questions that
we cannot even envisage a fair and sustainable development of the post-imperialistic period we have to
enter when the USA will finally and democratically abide by the opinion of the majority of countries and
population on this earth. We have a lot of work on our desks or desktops, and we have so little time to do it.
And we still do not know how to interpret the quipus of the Incas, the data recording device.
Dr. Jacques COULARDEAU