بالطبع! يبدو أنك تبحث عن معلومات حول الأمراض المعروفة باسم Leishmaniasis و Trypanosomiasis. إليك نبذة عن كل منهما بالإنجليزية:
1. **Leishmaniasis:**
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. It is transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. The disease manifests in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis presents with skin sores, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form, affecting internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms include prolonged fever, weight loss, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. Leishmaniasis is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in countries with poor socioeconomic conditions.
2. **Trypanosomiasis:**
Trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals, is a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus. There are two main types of the disease: African trypanosomiasis and American trypanosomiasis, also called Chagas disease. African trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected tsetse flies, while Chagas disease is transmitted by triatomine bugs, also known as kissing bugs. The symptoms of African trypanosomiasis progress in two stages: an early stage characterized by fever, headaches, joint pains, and itching, followed by a late stage where the parasites invade the central nervous system, leading to neurological symptoms such as sleep disturbances, confusion, and poor coordination. Chagas disease can cause acute symptoms such as fever and swelling at the site of infection, followed by chronic symptoms affecting the heart, digestive system, and nervous system. Trypanosomiasis is endemic in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and Central and South America.
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2. 1- Habitat blood and tissues of Man (hemoflagellates).
2- Heterogeneous: life cycle alternates between vertebrate (Man) and
invertebrate (insect vector).
3- Using flagellum (mastigote).
4- Transmitted to man through arthropod’s bite.
5- Morphological forms:
6- Include: Leishmania & Trypanosoma.
Blood Flagellates
Amastigote
Promastigote
Epimastigote
Trypomastigote
4. DH: man.
RH: Dogs, fox, rodents.
IH: female sand fly, genus Phlebotomus in
Old world and Lutzomyia in New world.
Habitat: intracellular in Reticulo-
endothelial cells (macrophages) in organs
and monocytes in blood.
10. Diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
1- Clinically: Ulcer with sharp cut indurated margin
To detect amastigotes at the edge of
the ulcer by aspiration or biopsy
2- Microscopy:
Necrotic tissue
Amastigotes
Aspiration
Scrape or take biopsy
Leishmania amastigotes
(Giemsa stained)
11. 3- Culture: 4- Montenegro test
5- Serological tests
On suitable medium to
detect promastigotes
Positive in ˃ 95% after 3 days
+ve in early stages EXCEPT
diffuse type
Appears as indurated area
12. Treatment
A- systemic treatment
- Antimonial compounds (Pentostam and Pentamidine)
-Amphotericin B
-Miltefosine (recent drug)
-Allopurinol
B- local treatment
- Surgical removal, applying Co2 snow or X ray
- Antibiotics with bandges
13. Prevention and control
1- Treatment of the patients.
2- Proper dressing of the ulcer.
3- Control of the sand flies.
4- Vaccination in endemic areas.
19. Trypanosoma brucei causing Sleeping Sickness
West Africa East Africa
T.brucei gambiense T.brucei rhodesiense
Reservoir host: goats, cattle , dogs, cats
& monkey.
Reservoir host: wild game animals
Transmitted by: G. palpalis Transmitted by: G. morsitans
Nucleus is
shifted posteriorly
25. Prevention and control
,
1- Treatment of the patients.
2- Destruction of insect vector..
3- Using skin repellents against vector.
4- Chemoprophylaxias in endemic areas.
