QUARTER 1 PPT FOR 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

1. 21st Century
Literature to
the World

2. DETERMINE THE CONTINENTS FROM THE FOLLOWING JUMBLED
LETTERS.
1. HTNOR ECMIAAR ____________________
2. UROEEP ____________________
3. AASI ____________________
4. SLAARATUI ____________________
5. FCRAIA ____________________
6. TCNAACIATR ____________________
7. HSUTO REAMICA ____________________

3. • Asia
- the largest continent in the world, has a vast literary
tradition in terms of scope and length of existence.
- Literature in the Eastern hemisphere prospered and
mirrored the developments in religion, war, and politics.
- It is wise to study the Asian literature by geographical
region.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS IN ASIA

4. East Asia
China
 one of the world’s cradles of civilization, has started its unbroken literary
tradition in the 14th century BCE.
 It has retained its reputation by keeping the fundamentals of its identity
intact. Poets like Du Fu, Li Po, and Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty (618-907),
the finest era of Chinese literature, has produced world-renowned literary
works.
 Chinese writers in modern times are still creative and productive and have
kept the Chinese literary tradition prosperous.

5. • Du Fu (Tu fu)
he was the greatest Chinese poet of all time. He wrote the poem “The
Ballad of the Army Cats” which is about conscription
• Li Po (Li Bai)
a competitor of Du Fu as China’s greatest poet. He was romantic in his
personal life and his poetry. His works are known for its conversational
tone and vivid imagery.
• Wang Wei- He was the established founder of the respected Southern
school of painter-poets. Many of his best poems were inspired by the
local landscape.

6. • Mo Yan - He was a fictionist who won the 2012 Nobel Prize for
Literature. His first novel was “Red Sorghum”, and still his best-known
work. It tells the story of the Chinese battling Japanese intruders as well
as each other during the 1930s. It relates the story of a family in a rural
area in Shandong Province during this turbulent time.
• Yu Hua - He was a world-acclaimed short story writer and considered as
a champion for Chinese meta-fictional or postmodernist writing. His
widely acclaimed novel “To Live” describes the struggles endured by the
son of a wealthy land-owner while historical events caused and extended
by the Chinese Revolution are fundamentally altering the nature of
Chinese society.

7. More Essential Texts for Reading:
Thunderstorms (drama) Cao Yu
Family (novel) Pa Jin
Please Don't Call Me Human (novel) Wang Shou
Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
(short story)
Pu Songling
On a Gate Tower at Yuzhou (poetry) Zhang Chenzhi
Battle (poem) Chu’u Yuan

8. Korea
• literary tradition is greatly influenced by China’s cultural dominance.
• Hangul, Korean’s distinct writing system and national alphabet, is developed in
the 15th century that gave new beginnings of Korean literature.
• In contemporary times, the Korean War has made a significant mark on Korean
literature. In 1950, the themes present in the literary works are about alienation,
conscience, disintegration, and self- identity.

9. • Ch’oe Nam-Seon
He was considered a prominent historian, pioneering poet, and
publisher in the Korean literature. One of his works, the poem
"The Ocean to the Youth” made him a widely acclaimed poet. The
poem aimed to produce cultural reform.
• Yi Kwang-su
He was also the one who launched the modern literary movement
together with Ch’oe Nam-Seon. He was a novelist and wrote the first
Korean novel “The Heartless” and became well-known because of it.
It was a description of the crossroads at which Korea found itself,
stranded between tradition and modernity, and undergoing conflict
between social realities and traditional ideals.

10. • Kim Ok
He was a Korean poet and included in the early modernism movement
of Korean poetry. He wrote the first Korean collection of translation
from Western poetry “The Dance of Agony”.
Yun Hunggil
He was a South Korean novelist who won the 1977 Korean Literature
Writers Award. He wrote the classic novel “Changma” (The Rainy Spell)
that on a post-war family with two grandmothers and their shared
grandson.
• Pak Kyongni
She was a South Korean poet and novelist. She wrote the Korean’s
masterpiece and internationally acclaimed 21-volume epic novel T’oji
(“The Land”), wherein she chronicled the violent Korean history from
1897 to 1945.

11. Japan
• has a rich and unique literary history even though it has been influenced by
the Chinese language and Chinese literature.
• It has a world-renowned poetic genre called haiku ( a short descriptive
poem with 17 syllables) and the diverse forms of theatre Noh (traditional
Japanese theatrical form and one of the oldest extant theatrical forms in
the world) and Kabuki (traditional Japanese popular drama with singing and
dancing performed in a highly stylized manner).
• In contemporary times, Western influences take part in the Japanese
literature, specifically in the pioneering of modern Japanese novels,
translations of the poetry, and reinventions of traditional Japanese poetic
forms like haiku and tanka.

12. Abe Kobo
• He was a Japanese novelist and playwright and also known by the
pseudonym of Abe Kimifusa.
• He wrote the best-known play "Tomodachi" (Friends) which is a story,
with dark humor, reveals the relationship with the other, and exposes the
peculiarity of human relations in the present age.“
• He also won the 1967 Akutagawa Award and 1951 Akutagawa Award
for his short novel Kabe (“The Wall”).
Kimitake Hiraoka
• He is also known by the pen name Mishima Yukio, the most important
Japanese novelist of the 20th century.
• He was one of the finalists of the 1963 Nobel Prize for Literature and won
numerous awards for his works. He wrote the novel “The Temple of the
Golden Pavilion” translated into the English language by Ivan Morris,
based on the burning of the Reliquary (or Golden Pavilion) of Kinkaku-Ji
in Kyoto by a young Buddhist acolyte in 1950.

13. Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
• regarded as the Father of the Japanese short story.
• He wrote the short story “Rashomon” that recounts the encounter
between a servant and an old woman in the dilapidated Rashōmon, the
southern gate of the then-ruined city of Kyoto, where unclaimed corpses
were sometimes dumped.
• The Akutagawa Prize, Japan’s premier literary award was named after
him to honor his memory after he died by committing suicide.
Haruki Murakami
• won the international award Jerusalem Prize.
• won the Gunzou Literature Prize for his first novel “Hear the Wind Sing”.
It featured episodes in the life of an unnamed protagonist and his friend,
the Rat, who hang out at a bar. The unnamed protagonist reminisces
and muses about life and intimacy. Murakami’s work has been
translated into more than fifty languages.

14. Middle East
• Arabic literary tradition has been flourishing in the Middle East.
• Islam is the foundation of culture in this region - an essential component.
• Its literary tradition has grown and influenced others like Persian, Byzantine, and
Andalusian traditions.
• In return, Arabic literature has also been influenced by other literary traditions of
different countries. Even European literature followed and imitated Arabic
literature.
• In contemporary times, Arabic writers experience difficulties in producing their
literary texts due to the issue of freedom of expression and the tension between
religious and secular movements.

15. Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad
He was an Egyptian poet, an innovator of the 20th-century Arabic poetry and criticism.
He became famous for his Abqariyat series, a seven-book compilation that covers the life
of seven of the most important Sahabah (the disciples and followers of Muhammad).
•Taha Hussein (The Dean of Arabic Literature”)
An outstanding figure in Egyptian literature. He wrote the novelized autobiography “The
Days”, one of the most popular works of modern Arabic literature that deals with his
childhood in a small village, then his studies in Egypt and France.
•Ali Ahmad Said Esber (Adonis)
He is an award-winning Syrian-born Lebanese and a leader of the modernist movement in
contemporary Arabic poetry. He was the recipient of numerous honors, including the
2011 Goethe Prize and the 2017 PEN/Nabokov Award for Achievement in International.
Some of his famous poems are “First Poems” and “Leaves in the Wind”.
•Etgar Keret
He is an Israeli writer known for his short stories and scriptwriting for film and
television. His 2019 Fly Already (“Glitch at the Edge of the Galaxy”) published in
English won Israel’s prestigious Sapir Prize in Literature.

16. More Essential Texts for Reading:
Last Simile (poem) Abid B Al-Abras
Lāmiyyāt ‘al-Arab (poem) Al-Shanfarā
Cities of Salt (novel) Abdul Rahman Munif
That Smell and Notes from Prison (novel) Sonallah Ibrahim
The People of the Cave (novel) Tawfiq al-Hakim
A Love Poem (poem) Umm Khalid
Annumairiyya
Bin Barka Ally (novel)
I Am The One Who Saw (Saddam City)(novel) Mahmoud Saeed
A Thousand Splendid Sun (novel) Khaled Hosseini

17. South and Southeast Asia
India is the cultural giant over South Asia. Hallmark writings such as Veda, the
Brahmanas, and the Upanishads are the roots of Indian literature. As early as 1500 BCE,
the Veda written in the Sanskrit language introduced the birth of Indian literary works. In
the succeeding centuries of British colonization, English literature emerged that happen to
be the significant influence of Indian literary traditions until the 21st century period.
Kalidasa is a notable famous Indian writer considered to be the Hindu Shakespeare.
The literary traditions of Southeast Asia possess the influences of Buddhist, Thai, and
English cultures, especially in Burma literature. Malaysian and Indonesian literature reflects
a large part of the Sanskrit language and Islam culture. In contemporary times, India still
manifests the impact of colonial rule through the presence of the English language in
literary traditions.

18. Rabindranath Tagore (“the Bard of Bengal”)
He is a towering figure of world literature and the most famous modern Indian poet. He won
the 1913 Nobel Prize for Literature award for his book The English Gitanjali or Song
Offerings. It is a collection of devotional songs to the supreme.
Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (Prem Chand)
a famous Indian author of novels and short stories of his modern Hindustani literature. He
pioneered in adapting Indian themes to Western literary styles. He wrote the most popular
Hindi novel “Godaan” (Cow Donation), considered one of the greatest Hindi novels of
modern Indian literature. Its theme was around the socio-economic deprivation and
exploitation of the village poor.
Raja Rao
He is an Indian writer of novels and short stories in the English language. His famous novel
“The Serpent and the Rope”, a semi-autobiographical account of the narrator, a young
intellectual Brahman, and his wife seeking spiritual truth in India, France, and England,
recognized him as one of the fines Indian prose Stylists. It won him the Sahitya Akademi
Award.

19. Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan (R. K. Narayan)
One of the finest Indian authors in the English language, he wrote the Sahitya Award-winning
winning novel “The Guide” which was adapted for film and for Broadway. It was based on the
the fictional town in South India .
Chart Korbjitti
He is the most successful Thai writer. He was recognized by his publication of his novel
Khamphiphaksa (The Judgment). He was awarded the National Artist in Literature (2004) and
and was among the honorees of the inaugural Silpathorn Award, given to Thai contemporary
contemporary artists.
Nguyen Du
The best-loved poet and the father of Vietnamese literature, he was most known for his epic
epic poem “The Tale of Kieu” that recounts the life, trials, and tribulations of Thuy Kieu, a
beautiful and talented young woman, who has to sacrifice herself to save her family.
Tengku Amir Hamzah
He was an Indonesian poet and National Hero of Indonesia. His poem collection “Nyangi
Sunyi” is considered the most developed and shows the theme of God and His relationship to
to humanity, fate, dissatisfaction, and escape.

20. More Essential Texts for Reading:
In Custody (novel) Anita Desai
The Gods of Small Things (novel) Arundhati Roy
The Folded Earth (novel) Anuradha Roy
The Feather of the Dawn (poety) Sarojini Naidu , Subrahmanyam
(The Nightingale of India)
The Caged Ones (novel) Ludu U Hla
A Crazy Man's Shoulder Bag (anecdote) Hmawbi Saya Thein
Working Elephants (Essay) Kyi Aye
The General Retires and Other Stories (short
story)
Nguyen Huy Thiep

21. Central Asia
• Central Asian literature has different literary characteristics and political in
culture. In contemporary times, Russian influence continues to be present in
Central Asia literature.
• Some of the Central Asian writers and their literary works pave their way to
be known worldwide.

22. Abdullah Qodiriy (Julqunboy)
He was one of the most influential Uzbek writers of the 20th century and
Soviet playwright, poet, writer, and literary translator. His most famous
work is the historical novel O’tgan kunlar (Days Gone By), the first
Uzbek full-length novel.
Mukhtar Auez-uli
He was an early Soviet Kazakh writer and won recognition for the long
novel “Abay” which is based on the life and poetry of Kunanbay-uli.
Chingiz Aytmatov
the best-known figure in Kyrgyz and Russian literature. “Jamila”, his
first major novel was told from the viewpoint of a fictional character
that tells the story by looking back on his childhood. The story recounts
the love between his new sister-in-law Jamilya and a local crippled
young man, Daniyar, while Jamilya's husband, Sadyk, is "away at the
front" (as a Soviet soldier during World War II).

23. Here are some representative literary texts from different Asian countries.
CH'U YUAN (c.343 - c.289 BC)
• Chu’u Yuan, or Qu Yuan, was the greatest poet of ancient China and the earliest
known by name.
• Literary Piece Battle
KHALED HOSSEINI
 He is the author of the New York Times bestsellers The Kite Runner, A Thousand
Splendid Suns, and And the Mountains Echoed.
 Hosseini is also a U.S. Goodwill Envoy to the UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, and
the founder of The Khaled Hosseini Foundation, a nonprofit that provides
humanitarian assistance to the people of Afghanistan.

24. Africa, the “Cradle of the humankind” according to scientists, has a literature
that is filled with the human spirit, desiring for freedom and contentment.
African literature consists of oral tradition and written literature ranging from
local languages brought by the colonizers (English, Portuguese, and French).
The experiences of the colonization and post colonization shape the African
literature.
The oral literature of Africa such as myths, stories, riddles, proverbs, and
dramas document the exploits of the heroes of the communities, remind the
people about their culture and traditions, entertain and educate the youth
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS IN AFRICA

25. In the 19th century, African writers express their cry for freedom from
oppression through their poetry and narrative works. Though they use the
European language to produce their literary works, the cry for independence
has reached to the climax, so strong and effective, with the embodiment of
the spirit of nationalism, gained worldwide acclaim. Numerous notable
African writers are Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Kofi Awoonor, Ngungi wa
Thiong’o Okot p’Bitek, Nadine Gordimer, Dennis Crutus, Es’kia Mphahlele,
and Jacques Rabemananjara.
In the contemporary times, African writers experience new challenges
with their new and sovereign government. They still use their literary works
as a vehicle in expressing their voices against their government with a
constant theme of corruption.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS IN AFRICA

26. • Chinua Achebe
He was a Nigerian novelist honored as Grand Prix de la Memoir of the
2019 edition of the Grand Prix of Literary Associations. His first novel
and masterpiece, “Things Fall Apart”, is the most widely read book in
modern African literature. It concerns the traditional Igbo life at the
time of the advent of missionaries and the colonial government in his
homeland.
• Wole Soyinka
He was the first black African to be awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize for
Literature. One of his famous works is his first important play “A
Dance of the Forests” which was written for the Nigerian
independence celebrations. It parodies the emerging nation by
stripping it of romantic legend and by showing that the present is no
more a golden age than it was before.

27. • Kofi Awoonor
He was a Ghanian novelist and poet who wrote “This Earth, My
Brother”, a cross between a novel and a poem. It was told on two
levels each representing a distinct reality. The first level details a day
in the life of an attorney named Amamu. The second level filled with
biblical and literary allusions. These portions of the text deal with the
new nation of Ghana, which is represented by a baby on a dunghill.
• Ngungi wa Thiong’o
East Africa’s leading novelist, a Kenyan writer who wrote the famous
novel “Weep Not, Child”. It was the first major novel in English by an
East African. It deals with the Mau-Mau Uprising, a war in the British
Kenya Colony (1920–1963) between the Kenya Land and Freedom
Army.

28. • Okot p’ Bitek
He was a Ugandan poetwho wrote the three verse collections – Song of
Lawino (1066), Song of Ocol (1970), and Two Songs (1971). He achieved
international recognition for Song of Lawino, a long poem dealing with the
tribulations of a rural African wife whose husband has taken up urban life
and wishes everything to be westernized. It was followed by the husband’s
reply, the Song of Ocol.
• Nadine Gordimer
A South African recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She wrote
the joint winner of the Booker - McConnell Prize novel “The
Conservationist”. The story is a character study of a successful South
African industrial executive and, by extension, a critique of South Africa.
• Jacques Rabemananjara
He was a Malagasy playwright and one of Madagascar’s most prominent
writers. He wrote and published his play “Les dieux malgaches”, the first
modern Malagasy play in French. This play dealt with the pre-colonial past
and with the coup that unseated King Radama II in 1863.

29. • Es’kia Mphahlele
He wrote the South African classic autobiography “Down Second
Avenue” about the story of a young man’s growth into adulthood with
penetrating social criticism of the conditions forced upon black South
Africans by a system of institutionalized racial segregation.
• Thomas Mofolo
He was the greatest writer from the Sotho people in Africa. He created
the first Western-style novels in the Basotho language. His novel
“Chaka” became a classic. It was a historical novel about the story of
the rise and fall of the Zulu king Shaka. Dennis P. Kunene translated
the novel from Sotho to English.

30. More Essential Texts for Reading:
The Invention of Africa : Gnosis,
Philosophy and the Order of Knowledge
(essay)
Valentin-Yves Mudimbe
The Cardinals (novel) Bessie Head
Striving for the Wind (novel) Meja Mwangi
The Famished Road (novel) Ben Okri
Season of Migration to the North (novel) Tayeb Salih
To Every Birth its Blood (novel) Mongane Serote
The Palm-Wide Drinkard (novel) Amos Tutuola
Nervous Conditions (novel) Tsitsi Dangarembga
Mission to Kala (novel) Mango Beti
Up in Arms (poetry) Chenjerai Hove
Tales of Amadou Koumba (fiction tales) Birago Diop
Muriel at Metropolitan (novel) Miriam Tlali

31. Here are some representative literary texts from different African
countries.
Chinua Achebe
 was an Igbo Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic.
 His first novel Things Fall Apart, often considered his
masterpiece, is the most widely read book in modern
African literature.
George Moses Horton (1798 – 1884)
 is an African American poet who wrote sentimental love poems and
antislavery protests.
 He was one of the first professional black writers in America.
 Literary piece “On Liberty and Slavery”

32. ________ 1. Thomas Mofolo a. Changma
________ 2. Rabindranath Tagore b. Red Sorghum
________ 3. Chinua Achebe c. Fly Already
________ 4. Li Po d. The Temple of the Golden Pavilion
________ 5. Ch’oe Nam-Seon e. Ngayi Sunyi
________ 6. Abe Kobo f. Chaka
________ 7. Tengku Amir Hamzah g. Jamila
________ 8. Prem Chand h. The Ocean to the Youth
________ 9. Yun Hunggil i. The Serpent and the Rope
________ 10. Mo Yan j. Songs Offerings
________ 11. Kimitake Hiraoka k. Things Fall Apart
________ 12. Etgar Keret l. Alone and Drinking under the Moon
________ 13. Raja Rao m. A Dance of the Forests
________ 14. Chingiz Atymatov n. Godaan
________ 15. Wole Soyinka 0. Tomodachi
p. Last Simile
Directions: Match the literary author in column A with their literary work in column B. Write the letter of
the correct answer on the space provided.
F
J
K
L
M
G
I
C
D
B
A
N
E
O
H

33. _____ 1.) Who was the only Indonesian poet recognized internationally and a National Hero of
India who wrote the collections of the poem “Nyangi Sunyi”?
a. Nguyen Du b. . Chart Korbjitti c. Raja Rao d. Tengku Amir Hamzah
______2.) Who is an Asian Nobel Prize winner in Literature whose famous novel “Red
Sorghum” tells of the story of a family in a rural area in Shandong Province of a turbulent time?
a. Abe Kobe b. Li Po c. PremChand d. Mo Yan
______3.) What is the Japanese novel written by Haruki Murakami that features an episode in
the life of an unnamed protagonist and his friend rat who hang out a bar?
a. Rashomon b. The Days c. Hear the Wind Sing d. Leaves
______4.) Who is considered as the Hindu Shakespeare?
a. Kalidasa b. Tagore c. Javadeva d. Bezbarua
______5.) Who is the most famous Chinese poet?
a. Li Po b. Du Fu c. Bai Juyi d. Mao Zedong
A
A
D
C
D

34. _____6.) Who was the first black African who was awarded a Nobel Prize for Literature and
wrote the famous play “A Dance of the Forests” for the Nigerian independence celebrations?
a. Chinua Achebe b. Kofi Awoonor c. Wole Soyinka d. Thomas Mofolo
_____ 7.) What is the first novel in English written by an East African which deals with the Mau-
Mau Uprising between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army?
a. Chaka b. Song of Ocol c. Down Second Avenue d. Weep Not, Child
______8.) What is one of the three – verse poetry collection written by Okot p’ Bitek that deals
with the great troubles of a rural African wife?
a. Song of Lawino b. Song of Ocol c. The Two Songs d. The Two Poems
______9.) All of the following statements are true about African literature EXCEPT:
a. It is the cradle of humankind c. largest literary traditions in length of existence
b. Has awakened by colonization d. literature is filled with the spirit for freedom
_____10.) What is the major reason for the Africanwriters for using their literary works towards
their government?
a. To express their gratitude c. To enhance their talents in writing
b. To persuade others to write d. To express their disagreement with the corruption
C
D
A
C
D

35. North America
- is a mainland or continent totally inside
the Northern Hemisphere and practically all inside the Western
Hemisphere.
- It is the third biggest landmass by region. It incorporates the nations of
Central America, Mexico, the United States, Canada,
Greenland, and the islands of the Caribbean district
- Various writers from this continent are prominent for their works and
contribution to the body of literature.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS IN NORTH AMERICA

36. NORTH AMERICAN WRITERS AND THEIR WORKS
Title of the Literary Text Name of Author
Slow Dance (Poem) David L. Weatherford
When I Was One-and-Twenty
(Poem)
Alfred Edward Housman
The Story of an Hour (Short Story) Kate Chopin
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty James Grover Thurber
My Face (Essay) Robert Charles Benchley

37. David L. Weatherford
• a child psychologist with published poems in "Chicken Soup for the Soul".
• He was born on July 20, 1952 in Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, Illinois, USA.
• He died on January 7, 2010 at age 57. One of his poems is entitled “ Slow Dance”.
Alfred Edward Housman (A. E. Housman)
• was an English traditional researcher and writer, most popular to the overall population
for his pattern of sonnets “A Shropshire Lad”. Melodious and practically epigrammatic in
structure, the sonnets contemplatively bring out the fates and frustrations of youth in
the English countryside.
• He was one of the premier classicists of his age and has been positioned as probably the
best researcher who ever lived. One of his works is entitled “When I Was One-and-
Twenty.”

38. James Grover Thurber
• was an American sketch artist, creator, comedian, writer, dramatist, and commended
mind.
• He was most popular for his kid's shows and short stories, distributed primarily in The
New Yorker and gathered in his various books. Thurber was one of the most
mainstream comedians of his time and commended the comic disappointments and
unconventionalities of common individuals.
• His works have every now and again been adjusted into films, including The Male
Animal (1942), The Battle of the Sexes (1959, in view of Thurber's "The Catbird Seat"),
and The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (adjusted twice, in 1947 and in 2013).

39. Robert Charles Benchley
• was an American comedian most popular for his work as a paper editorialist and
film entertainer.
• best associated with his commitments to The New Yorker, where his expositions,
regardless of whether effective or absurdist, impacted numerous advanced
comedians.
• He also wrote essays. One of his works is entitled “My Face.”

40. Latin America
- is the area of the Americas where Romance dialects especially Spanish and
Portuguese, just as French—are principally spoken.
- It incorporates 20 countries such as Mexico in North America; Guatemala,
Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama in
Central America; Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile,
French Guiana, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay in South America;
Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean—in
synopsis, Hispanic America, Brazil, and Haiti.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS IN LATIN AMERICA

41. LATIN AMERICAN WRITERS AND THEIR WORKS
Title of the Literary Text Name of Author
Just One Thing Tess Almendarez-Lojacono
Tess Almendarez-Lojacono
• is an essayist, entrepreneur, and instructor.
• She graduated from Carnegie Mellon University. Worldwide
Family Magazine is as of now distributing stories from her
assortment called Milagros in their Latin Families section.
• Her work has showed up in Off Course, an artistic diary, and
in The Cortland Review. One of her works is entitled “Just
One Thing.”

42. Column A Column B
_________1. My Face A. David L. Weatherford
_________2. The Story of an Hour B. Robert Charles Benchley
_________3. Just One Thing C. Kate Chopin
_________4. When I Was One-and-Twenty D. Tess Almendarez- Lojacono
_________5. Slow Dance E. Alfred Edward Housman
_________6. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty F. James Grover Thurber
G. Pablo Neruda
Directions: Match the title of representative texts in Column A to name of the authors
in Column B. Write only the letter of your answer on the space provided before the
number.
B
C
D
E
A
F

43. A. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty D. When I Was One-and-Twenty
B. Slow Dance E. Just One Thing
C. The Story of an Hour F. My Face
Directions: Identify the literary piece being described or explained. Choose the correct answer from the pool of words in the box. Write only the
letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.
___________7. This literary piece depicts the reality of death. Hence, it expresses a message
and a reminder about life. It also reminds the reader that some things that we think are so
important actually aren’t.
___________8. In this sonnet, the speaker discusses his experience of falling in—and
out—of love. It basically narrates how he come to realize the truth behind the advice he
received from a man when he was just 21.
___________9. This story recounts to the tale of an old character traveling into town with
his domineering spouse. He is clumsy at numerous things; he is a distracted driver, he
can't deal with straightforward mechanical assignments, and he overlooks things without
any problem. However, what makes him outstanding is his creative mind.
B
A
D

44. A. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty D. When I Was One-and-Twenty
B. Slow Dance E. Just One Thing
C. The Story of an Hour F. My Face
Directions: Identify the literary piece being described or explained. Choose the correct answer from the pool of words in the box. Write only the
letter of your answer on the space provided before the number.
___________10. This literary piece is a recognition of a Friday meatless supper of a
Catholic family. The narrator portrays a family wherein learning was really emphasized and
children were encouraged to be the best version of themselves.
___________11. This story portrays a woman named Mrs. Mallard, who lost her husband
in a mishap yet later reality came out, and the spouse was alive. In addition, it discusses
topical thoughts of freedom, repression, and marriage.
___________12. This literary text states something fairly evident about human instinct:
our degree of thinking about our own appearance.
E
F
C

45. - The history of European literature and of each various periods is one of the
prominent figures among world literature.
- European literature emerges from world literature before the birth of
Europe, whose classical languages are the recipients to the complex heritage
of the Old World.
- An additional unique feature is the global expansion of Western Europe’s
languages and characteristic of its literary forms, especially the novel, the
poetry, the epic beginning in the Renaissance.
- The literary prominence of Europe is perceptibly known by its notable
authors and their significant works. Here in this module, together, we will
venture towards learning their prolific literary fame.
REPRESENTATIVE TEXT AND AUTHORS IN EUROPE

46. Directions: Recognize the names of authors given in column A. Relate them to the corresponding
literary titles in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
___ 1. William Shakespeare a. Canterbury Tales
___ 2. J.K. Rowling b. Charge the Light Brigade
___ 3. Geoffrey Chaucer c. Romeo and Juliet
___ 4. Ovid d. The Satanic Verses
___ 5. Dante e. Divine Comedy
___ 6. Homer f. Iliad and Odyssey
___ 7. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie g. Metamorphosis
___ 8. Lord Alfred Tennyson h. Harry Potter
___ 9. John Milton i. Paradise Lost
___ 10. Virgil j. Aeneid
___ 11. Leo Tolstoy k. Oedipus the King
___ 12. Sophocles l. Anna Karenina
m. The Watchers
C
H
A
G
E
F
D
B
I
J
L
K

47. Literature broadly refers to any collection of written or oral work, but it more commonly and narrowly refers to
writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose (fiction, non-fiction), epic drama, poetry forms and the
like, in contrast to academic writing and newspapers.
Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction genres, such as autobiography, diaries,
memoir, letters, and the essay, as well as in the disciplines of history and philosophy.
The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages; among the most important of the modern written works are
those in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech, Russian,
Macedonian, the Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and Turkish.

48. Periods of European Literature
1. Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 450-1066)
- Encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England, in the
period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England c. 450 and
"ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066.
- Genre, elements, structures, traditions: EPIC POETRY, hAGIOGRAPhY, SERMONS, BIBLE TRANSLATIONS, ChRONICLES,
RIDDLES
2. Middle English literature (1066–1500)
- Middle English literature was written in many dialects that corresponded to the region, history, culture, and background
background of individual writers.
- Genre, elements, structures, traditions: ALLEGORICAL NARRATIVE POEM, DRAMA, LITURGY, FOLK TALES, hAGIOGRAPhY,
BIBLE TRANSLATIONS, hISTORIOGRAPhY, ROMANCES

49. 3. English Renaissance (1500–1660)
• The English Renaissance turns to be a cultural and artistic movement.
introduced the sonnet from Italy to England
Genre, elements, structures, traditions: ROMANCES, ALLEGORICAL NARRATIVE POEM, DRAMA, FOLK TALES, VERNACULAR
LITERATURE, VERNACULAR LITURGY, SONNET, BIBLE TRANSLATIONS
4. Elizabethan period (1558–1603)
The rise of Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney
William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet
Renowned Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson
Genre, elements, structures, traditions: ENGLISH RENAISSANCE THEATRE, POETRY, EPIC POEM, SONGS, TRAGEDY,
ROMANCES AND TRAGICOMEDIES

50. 5. Jacobean period (1603–1625)
• The birth of Shakespeare’s written genre "problem plays" and tragedy
• popularized the English sonnet
Genre, elements, structures, traditions: PROBLEM PLAY, TRAGEDIES, REVENGE PLAY, ROMANCE,
ENGLISH SONNET, METAPHYSICAL POEM
6. Late Renaissance (1625–1660)
Rise of the second generation metaphysical poets
The birth of allegory and classical allusions, and epic works
Genre, elements, structures, traditions : METAPHYSICAL POEM, ALLEGORY AND CLASSICAL ALLUSIONS, EPIC

51. 7. Restoration Age (1660–1700)
• the pioneering of literary criticism
• The presentation of John Milton’s religious flux and political upheaval and his epic poem
• Genre, elements, structures, traditions : SEXUAL COMEDY PLAY, MORAL WISDOM PROSE, LITERARY CRITICISM
NARRATIVES, EPIC POEM, SATIRICAL VERSE, FICTION AND JOURNALISM, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC WRITING,
PHILOSOPHICAL THEMES, ALLEGORY, NOVEL, LONG FICTION, FICTIONAL BIOGRAPHIES, ROMANCE FICTION, DRAMA,
COMEDY
8. Age of Romanticism (1798–1837)
• originated artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in • landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period
this period so much so that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are often described as 'nature poets
Genre, elements, structures, traditions: ELEGY, METRICAL ROMANCE, DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE, ROMANTIC NOVEL,
HISTORICAL NOVEL, NATURE POEM, POETRY AND VISUAL ARTS, SONNET, LYRICAL BALLAD, ROMANTIC POEM
•

52. 9. Victorian literature (1837–1901)
• the novel became the leading literary genre in English
• Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene
• Introduction of detective novel in the English language.
• Development of science fiction novels and realistic fiction
• Genre, elements, structures, traditions: VAMPIRE LITERATURE, HORROR FICTION, INVASION LITERATURE,
SHORT STORIES, LITERATURE FOR CHILDREN, POETRY, DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE, MUSICAL BURLEQUES, COMIC
OPERAS, NOVEL, FEMINIST NOVELS, LITERARY REALISM, SCIENCE FICTION, REALISTIC FICTION, ROMANTICISM,
GHOST STORY, HORROR STORY
10. Modernism (1901 –2000)
• English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century
• lyric poet and major novels evolved
• maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining romanticism,
sentimentality and hedonism.
• The emergence of British writer of the early years of the twentieth-century Rudyard
Kipling
• Genre, elements, structures, traditions: RADIO DRAMA, GENRE FICTION, FANTASY, SCIENCE FICTION, SHORT
STORIES, DETECTIVE NOVELS, THRILLER WRITING, COMIC SCIENCE FICTION, DARKLY COMIC FANTASY,
CHILDREN’S NOVELS, MODERNIST POETRY IN ENGLISH, CONSERVATISM, IMPRESSIONISM, LYRIC POETRY,
FEMINISM ALLEGORICAL NOVEL, TELEVISION PLAYS

53. Representative texts and authors from Europe Literature of the Ancient Greece:
“Oedipus the King” is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles, first performed in
about 429 BCE. It was the second of Sophocles‘ three Theban plays to be produced, but it comes
first in the internal chronology (followed by “Oedipus at Colonus” and then “Antigone”).
It follows the story of King Oedipus of Thebes as he discovers that he has unwittingly killed his own father,
Laius, and married his own mother, Jocasta. Over the centuries, it has been regarded by many as the Greek
tragedy par excellence and certainly as the summit of Sophocles’ achievements.
ENGLAND-AGE OF RESTORATION (1660-1700)
John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and intellectual who
served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under its Council of State and later
under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious flux and political upheaval, and is best
known for his epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse, and widely considered to
be one of the greatest works of literature ever written.
Paradise Lost has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other following Adam and Eve.

54. 17th Century Russian Literature
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 1828 – November 1910), usually referred to in
English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of
all time, He received multiple nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902
to 1906 and nominations for Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1910.
Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828, he is best known for the novels War and Peace
(1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction.
Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy tracks the life of aristocrat Anna Karenina and her tryst with Count Vronsky. The novel is
staged in the late nineteenth century at the height of major political and social changes in Russia. Anna Karenina
includes dozens of characters that portray a realistic account of Russian society during this period.

55. Representative Texts and Authors from other European Countries
Country Author Text
England
Lord Alfred Tennyson Charge the Light Brigade
J.K. Rowling Harry Potter
John Bunyan Pilgrim’s Progress
William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet
Geoffrey Chaucer Book of the Duchess
France Alexander Dumas The Count of Monte Cristo
Ezza Agha Malak Qu'as-tu fait de tes mômes, Papa ?
Victor Marie Hugo Les Misérables
Michael Praust In Search of Lost Time
Voltaire The Maids of Orleans
Guy de Maupassant Bel – Ami
Greece Homer Iliad and Odyssey
Sophocles Electra
Odysseas Alepoudellis The Elegies of Oxopetra
Aeschylus Oresteia

56. Representative Texts and Authors from other European Countries
Country Author Text
Rome Publius Vergilius Ma
( Virgil)
r
o
Aenied
Dante Alighieri (Dante )Divine Comedy
Ovid Metamorphosis
Andrea Bajani Ogni Promessa (2010)
Alessandro Baricco Senza sangue,; Without Blood , 2002
Russia Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Leo
Tolstoy)
The Death of Ivan Ilyich
Lyudmila Evgenyevna Ulitskaya The People of Our Tsar ,
2005)
Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky The War and the World (1917)
Sweden Väinö Linna The Unknown Soldier , 1954
Eyvind Johnson The Days of His Grace, 1960

57. Literary Genre
The three genres of literature are PROSE, POETRY and DRAMA and all of them have a
unique way of writing them.
PROSE is the most regular, easiest and simplest form of writing; you basically need no
skill in writing this. It is however written in chapters and verses that is how you recognise
them. They are also a continuous form of writing, which basically the aim of a prose is to
narrate a story.
Prose can be of any form, but first it comes in two types, which is the fictitious and non -
fictitious, fictitious prose tends to be more interesting, because it is the creativity of a writer
that makes people want to read a myth instead of the true story.

58. DRAMA on the hand is basically a style of writing that portrays the actions of men,
and this genre of literature comes in dialogue and is written in scenes because it
should originally been acted on a stage, before being written down.
POETRY is the most difficult genre. Many people write prose and call it poetry,
however without the add-ons of figures of speeches and literary devices, a work can
never be considered a poem.
Poetry consists the more formal metrical structure of verse. Poetry often involves a
metrical or rhyming scheme.

59. What Is Structure In A Poem?
The structure of a poem refers to the way it is presented to the reader.
This could include technical things such as the line length and stanza
format. Or it could include the flow of the words used and ideas conveyed.
1. Line length shows the reader how it should be read. Short lines are
usually read faster, with more emotion. Longer lines slow down the
pace of a poem. Choosing appropriate line breaks gives a reader a
chance to take a natural breath.
Those who write poetry pay careful attention to elements like
sentence length, word placement and even how lines are grouped
together.
2. Rhythm or the beat that the poem follows. This will typically be
measured in meters (sets of syllables that are stressed and unstressed)
that the reader will sing along with.
Consider the rhythmic effect of music and the words. What emotions
does the singer display? The notes and the meter may be fast at first,
but they may slow down later on. This rhythm affects the message as
a whole.

60. What Is Structure In A Poem?
3. Stanzas, the groups of lines, are like paragraph in prose. They
contain a central idea. Having multiple stanzas gives readers a chance
to focus on multiple ideas. Think about a page with writing. Is it more
manageable to read it if all the words flow together as one paragraph or
if they are broken apart into appropriate paragraphs? The same works
with poetry.
4. Consistency
Structure also refers to the consistency used throughout the poem. An
author might start each line with a certain part of speech, or a
repeated line or phrase is used at the same spot in each stanza.
When a poem has a strong sense of structure, it flows from beginning
to end, and the ideas are easily conveyed.

61. ACTIVITY 1- Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on the space
provided before the number.
______1. Who was the author of the literary text entitled-Oedipus the King?
a. Sophocles b. Tyrannos c. William Shakespeare d. Darius Sirius
______2. Which of the following authors wrote The Iliad and Odyssey?
a. Chaucer b. Ovid c. Homer d. Dante
______3. Which of the following poem was written by Alexander Dumas?
a. The a. Hunchback of Notre Dame c. The Wailing Clan
b. The Stanzas I Wrote d. Divine Comedy
______4. Which literary text below was written by John Milton?
a. Paradise Lost c. Charge of the Light Brigade
b. Anna Karenina d. Pilgrim’s Progress
_____5. The literary text Pilgrim’s Progress was written by which author?
a. John Bunyan c. John Keats
b. Willian Shakespeare d. Alfred Lord Tennyson
A
C
A
A
A

62. ______6. Which of the following literary texts was written by Victor Hugo?
a. The Count of Monte Cristo c. Book of the Duchess
b. Les Mesirables d. War and the World
______7. Who was the Author of the literary text entitled-Romeo and Juliet?
a. Sophocles b. Tyrannos c. William Shakespeare d. Darius Sirius
______8. Which literary text below was written by Eyvind Johnson?
a. The Days of His Grace c. The Wailing Clan
b. Book of the Duchess d. The Denouement
______9. Who was the author of the literary text entitled Oresteia?
a. Voltaire b. Homer c. Aeschylus d. Phoebus
______10. Which of the following authors wrote the text entitled Metamorphosis?
a. Ovid b. Aeschylus c. Dante d. Homer
B
C
A
C
A

63. ______11. Which of the following authors wrote the literary text entitled “Anna
Karenina”?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______12. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text entitled “The
Satanic Verses”?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______13. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text entitled “Harry Potter”?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______14. Who is the author of the literary text entitled “Canterbury Tales”. a. Sir
a. Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______15. Who is the author of the literary text entitled Aenied?
a. Virgil b. Ovid c. Homer d. Dante
C
A
B
D
A