2. The Connections and Interactions Among Living Things.pptx

The
Connections
and
Interactions
Among Living
Things
Maricriz S. Bioco

Learning Objective:
•describe how unifying themes (e.g.,
structure and function, evolution, and
ecosystems) show the connections
among living things and how they
interact with each other and with their
environment.
2 2/4/2024 Add a footer

Pre-Activity: (3 minutes)
•In your group, you will make a tableau
showing a picture of an animal and
how it interacts with the environment.

Ecology
•It is the branch of biology that deals
with the study of living organisms and
their relationships with each other and
their environment.

Ecology
•The diagram depicts that everything is
connected and interrelated with one
another.They are different from each
other, but they co-exist with one another
in one community.The unifying themes
of life give us an idea of how each of
these themes contributes to the
connection and interaction of living
organisms and their environment.

Biological Systems
•A system consists of related
parts that interact with
each other to form a whole.
It has different parts, but
each plays a significant role
for the whole to function as
one.Without the help from
each other, it cannot fully
perform its function.

Levels of Organization
•are structures in
nature, usually defined
by part-whole
relationships, with
things at higher levels
being composed of
things at the next
lower level.

1. Atom
• It is the most basic and fundamental
unit of matter. It consists of a
positively charged nucleus that is
made up of protons and neutrons
and revolving around them are the
negatively charged electrons. An
atom that consists of an equal
number of protons and electrons is
neutral and stable. In case of unequal
number of protons and electrons, it is
termed as an ion. Ions are either
positive or negative.

2. Molecule
•The formation of chemical
bonds between two or
more atoms leads to the
formation of a molecule. It
is one of the most
fundamental and stable
components of matter.
Chemical compounds exist
as molecules.

3. Organelle
• It is the subunit of a cell and
consists of a group of functioning
biomolecules. Organelles take part
in the chemical reactions and
interactions in the cellular
processes of an organism.
Organelles in eukaryotic cells are
different from those in prokaryotic
ones. A few examples include
nucleus and chloroplasts (plant
cells), and golgi bodies and
mitochondria (animal cells).

4. Cell
• It is considered as the basic unit
and building block of life. It is
bound by a cell membrane and
possesses a nucleus which acts
as its brain. Cytoplasm
surrounds the nucleus, which
contains cell organelles like
mitochondria, ribosomes,
vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum,
chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and
ventricles

5.Tissue
• This level is a combination of
different types of cells which
perform specialized functions.
The group of cells that form a
tissue need not be identical,
but they should have the
same origin. Different types
are the nervous, muscle,
connective, and epithelial
tissues.

6. Organ
• It performs certain functions
with the help of different
tissues.The major organs of
animals include lungs, brain,
liver, etc., whereas roots,
stem, and leaves are the
different organs of plants.
Organs can be classified based
on the functions they
perform.

7. Organ System
•Organs working together
to perform certain
functions form organ
systems. Examples are
the circulatory system in
animals, and the vascular
system in plants.

8. Organism
•An organism could either be
unicellular or multicellular.
The ones that are closely
related can be grouped
together under a single
genus. An organism can be
defined as the fully
functional form of a living
being that can thrive in a
particular environment.

9. Population
•It is the term used in
reference to a group of
organisms which belong to
the same species.They
undergo interbreeding and
share food and space.The
population of a particular
species indicates a close
interaction between its
organisms.

10. Community
• Two or more populations together
constitute a community. It is
characterized by interactions that
take place between constituent
populations of different species.
There are various ways like
competition, parasitism, predation,
commensalism, and mutualism, by
which populations belonging to
different species interact with each
other.

11. Ecosystem
• The term ecosystem is defined
as an area or environment,
where one or more communities
can thrive and flourish.
However, this stage is not the
same as community. In fact, it is
a greater entity that provides
space for different communities.

12. Biome
• It is an entity that is similar to an
ecosystem.The definition of this
stage is made in terms of the
conditions (and not just space) that
are suited to a group of
communities (plants, animals,
microbes, etc.). Classification of
this level is carried out on the basis
of certain criteria like the
environmental conditions in which
the constituent organisms thrive.

13. Biosphere
• It is simply defined as the place,
area, and zone where the entire
life on Earth exists.The
hydrosphere, lithosphere, and
atmosphere, along with all the
above-mentioned levels, together
constitute the biosphere. It is the
amalgamation of all the life forms
on Earth, right from the
microscopic viruses, bacteria,
algae, etc., to the largest animals
like blue whales and elephants.

Explore:
•Look around you and
identify the living
organisms that
surround you.What
makes them similar to
one another?What
makes them
different?

Forms and Functions
•The function of an organism
or a part of an organism
greatly depends on its form
and structure. It is related to
how it works. An example of
this is the webbed foot of a
duck which helps the duck
swim and search for their food
under water. Other birds have
different structures of feet
used for perching and
grasping food.

Reproduction & Inheritance
• Reproduction ensures the survival of
species. All living organisms
reproduce either through asexual or
sexual reproduction. In asexual
reproduction, the offspring inherits
the genes from a single parent.
However, in sexual reproduction, the
offspring inherit the genes from two
individual parents. Some examples of
animals that undergo asexual
reproduction include earthworms,
hydra, planaria, and bacteria.

Reproduction & Inheritance
•Animals that undergo sexual
reproduction include some
reptiles, fishes, insects, and
mammals.

Energy & Life
• Living organisms obtain energy
from the food they eat. Plants
undergo photosynthesis where
they convert the energy from
the sun into sugar. Since most of
the animals cannot produce their
own energy, they get the energy
from the consumption and
assimilation of the biomass of
plants and other animals.

Thermal Regulation
• The ability of an organism to
regulate their internal conditions
is called homeostasis.
• Humans have to maintain a body
temperature of 37 ∘ C.When the
temperature outside our bodies
becomes hot, the skin cools
down by perspiration,
maintaining the normal body
temperature.

Adaptation & Evolution
• Evolution is the change in the
physical and heritable traits of
organisms over successive
generations. Organisms change
over time to acclimate to their
environment in order to survive.
If they fail to adapt to the
changes, they usually become
extinct.

• One contemporary example of
adaptation is theAedes aegypti
or the mosquito famous for
carrying dengue that caused
major outbreaks nationwide.
• Their eggs were able to survive
with scarce or no rainwater
which is essential to their life
cycle.

•Evolution takes time,
usually decades. However,
there are times when
change happens very
rapidly. One example is the
blue moon butterfly that
managed to undergo a
mutation which allows the
males to survive an
infection of a parasite.

Try it!
•Observe what
happens to your
body when you
enter a very dark
and cold room.
How does your
body adapt to the
surrounding?

What do you think?
•Which of the
unifying themes
do you consider
the most
important of all?
Why did you say
so?

Identification:
1. It is the branch of biology that
deals with the study of living
organisms and their
relationships with each other
and their environment.

Identification:
2. A system that consist of related
parts that interact with each
other to form a whole.

Identification:
3. It is considered as the basic unit
of life.

Identification:
4.The ability of an organism to
regulate their internal
conditions is called
______________.

Identification:
5. A level of organization that
mainly focuses on the
environmental condition rather
than the space that organisms
occupy.

Identification:
6. It ensures the survival
of species.

Identification:
7. Plants undergo ___________ to
produce their own food.

Identification:
8. It performs certain functions
with the help of different tissues.

Identification:
9.Two or more populations
together constitute a
_______________.

Identification:
10. It is the change in the physical
and heritable traits of organisms
over successive generations.
43 2/4/2024 EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

2. The Connections and Interactions Among Living Things.pptx

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