The presentation "Morals, Values, and Ethics" by Akshit Jain delves into the fundamental concepts that underpin human behavior and decision-making. Through a series of slides, Jain explores the intricate relationship between morals, values, and ethics, shedding light on their significance in various aspects of life, including personal development, societal norms, and professional conduct.

1. VALUES, MORALS AND ETHICS

2. VALUES
 According to M. Haralambos (2000), “A value is
a belief that something is good and desirable”.
FEATURES / CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUES
1. Values are often vaguely defined by
an individual.
2. Values are often defined in terms of concepts.
3. Values are different states of intentionality which
when activated, guide behaviour and create
meaning.
4. Values support individual needs.
5. Values change as needs and circumstances cha
nge.

3. 6. Values may
be inculcated through learning or adopted as
a result of life experiences.
7. Most of the basic values are learnt early in life from
family, friends, neighbourhood, school, the mass print
and visual media and other sources within the society.
8. Values may be specific, such as honouring one’s
parents or owning a home or they may be more
general, such as health, love and democracy.
9. Value systems can be different from culture to
culture. Values are also different for each person.
While one person might value honesty, another might
value wealth.
10. We use ‘values self-awareness’ to evaluate the
appropriateness of our behavior as well as the
behaviour of others.

4. TYPES OF VALUES
1. Broad classification of values
(1) Individual values - These are the values which
are related with the development of human
personality or individual norms of recognition and
protection of the human personality such as
honesty, loyalty, honour etc.
(2) Collective values: Values connected with the
solidarity of the community or collective norms of
equality, justice, solidarity and sociableness are
known as collective values.

5. 2. On the basis of hierarchical arrangement:
(1) Terminal Values - These are the values that we
think are most important or most desirable. They
are desirable states of existence that we work
towards or try to reach.
(2) Intrinsic values - These are the values which
are related with goals of life. They are sometimes
known as ultimate and transcendent values.
(3). Instrumental values - These values come
after the intrinsic values in the hierarchy of
gradation of values. These values are the means
to achieve goals (intrinsic values) of life.

6. 3. On the basis of organizational setting /
organizational values
(1) Relationship values - Relationship values
reflect how you relate to other people in your life,
i.e. friends, family or colleagues in the
organisation.
(2) Societal values - Societal values reflect how
the individual or the organisation relates to
society.

7. 4. On the basis of nature of values:
(1) Personal values - These are the values
endorsed by an individual.
(2) Family values - Family values are the
principles valued in a family, and may be good or
bad.
(3) Social-cultural values - Cultural values are
centred on what a culture believes is fair and just.
These are the prevailing values of the society
which change with time and either coincide or not
with the family or personal values.

8. (4) Material values - These values allow an individual
to survive and are related to the basic needs of
human beings, such as food, clothing and protection
from the environment.
(5) Spiritual values - Spiritual Values are how you
represent what you believe in when it comes to
religion / spirituality. Spiritual values are the way you
believe in your own god.
(6) Moral values - Moral values are the attitudes and
behaviours that a society considers essential for
coexistence, order, and general wellbeing of the
society.
(7) Aesthetic values - Aesthetic values are the values
associated with the evaluation of artwork or beauty.

9. IMPORTANCE / SIGNIFICANCE OF
VALUES
1. Values play an important role in the integration and
fulfilment of man’s basic impulses and desires in a
stable and consistent manner appropriate for his
living.
2. They are generic experiences in social action made
up of both individual and social responses and
attitudes.
3. They build up societies and integrate social relations
among the members of the society.
4. Values are the effective cultural elements which
shape the elements of the individuals as well as
members of a community that holds together. They
mould the ideal dimensions of personality and range
and depth of culture.
5. They influence people’s behaviour and serve as
criteria for evaluating the actions of others.

10. 6. They have a great role to play in the conduct of social
life.
7. They help in creating norms to guide day-to-day
behaviour.
8. Their importance is independent of the
circumstances. For example, even though if we may
be unfair, fairness still has a value.
9. In an organization, values serve as a framework for
the behaviour of its members. In this regard, an
organization’s values are reflected in the specific
behaviours of its members, and not just in its mission
statement.
10. The values are important because they help us to
grow and develop. They help us to create the future

11. 11. When we use our values to make decisions, we
make a deliberate choice to focus on what is
important to us. When values are shared, they build
internal cohesion in a group.
12. Values enable individuals to feel that they are part of
something bigger than themselves.
13. Values are the motive power behind purposeful
action. They are the ends to which we act.
14. Values are essential to ethics. Ethics is concerned
with human actions and the choice of those actions. It
determines which values should be pursued, and
which should not. Ethics is a code of values.
15. For the well-being of the community, it is necessary
to have shared rules that guide the behaviour of its
members, otherwise the community will not function
satisfactorily for the majority.

12. MORALS
1. Morals are concerned with or relating to human
behaviour, especially the distinction between good
and bad or right and wrong behaviour.
2. Morals can be defined as adhering to conventionally
accepted standards of conduct.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORALS
1. They are based on a sense of right and wrong
according to the conscience of a person.
2. Moral standards deal with matters which people think
can seriously injure or seriously benefit human
beings.
3. Moral standards are not established or changed by
political or legal authoritative bodies. The validity of
moral standards rests on the adequacy of the
reasons.

13. 4. Moral standards are preferred to other standards
including even self-interest when choice is there.
5. Moral standards are impartial. They are based on
impartial reasons that an impartial observer would
accept.
6. Moral standards are associated with special
emotions. When people act in violation of a moral
standard, they feel guilty, ashamed and
remorseful.
7. Prescriptivity refers to the practical or action-
guiding nature of morality. (For example, ‘Do not
kill,’ ‘Do no unnecessary harm,’ and ‘Love your
neighbour’). Morals are intended for use to advise
and to influence to action.

14. 8. Moral principles must apply to all who are in the
relevantly similar situation. If one judges that act X is
right for a certain person P, then it is right for anyone
relevantly similar to P. According to GOLDEN RULE
“It cannot be right for A to treat B in a manner in which
it would be wrong for B to treat A.
9. Moral principles must be made public in order to be
an action-guiding role in our lives.
10. A moral system must be workable i.e. its rules must
not lay a heavy burden on agents.
11. Morals often play an important role in the formation
of ethics.
12. Though morality is often used to refer to the code of
conduct accepted by an entire society, different
morals may be accepted and practiced by individual
groups within a society.

15. MYTHS ABOUT BUSINESS
ETHICS
1. Business ethics is more a matter of religion
than management
2. Our employees are ethical so we do not need
to pay attention to business ethics
3. Business ethics is a discipline best led by
philosophers, academics and theologians
4. Business ethics is superfluous. It only
asserts the obvious: ‘Do Good’
5. Business ethics is a matter of the good guys
preaching to the bad guys

16. 6. Business ethics is the new policeperson on
the block
7. Ethics cannot be managed
8. Business ethics and social responsibility is
the same thing
9. Our organisation in not in trouble with the
law, so we are ethical
10. Managing ethics in the workplace has little
practical relevance

17. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MORALS, VALUES AND ETHICS
The following points highlights the relationship
between the two:
(a) Similarity of origin
The words "ethics" and "morality" share the same origin.
(b) Ethics as Moral Studies
In the 1995, Professor John Deigh of the University of
Texas argued that "ethics" relates to the
"philosophical study of morality.“
(c) Ethics comprises Morals
The Oxford English Dictionary underlines the idea that
ethics relates to "a set of moral principles" in its
definition of the word.