The 8086 CPU is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 16-bit data bus, 20-bit address bus, and includes an ALU, BIU, and EU. The BIU fetches instructions and data from memory using segment registers and address pointers, while the EU decodes and executes instructions using general purpose registers like AX, BX, CX, DX, and flags. Memory is divided into segments of up to 64KB that can overlap. The 8086 supports various addressing modes to access memory locations.
Register Organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Description of 8086, Physical Memory
Organization, General Bus Operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Special Processor Activities,
Minimum Mode 8086 System and Timings, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timings.
Addressing Modes of 8086.
The architecture of 8086 provides a number of improvements over 8085 architecture.
The complete architecture of 8086 can be divided into two parts.
(a) Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
(b) Execution Unit (EU)
Register Organization of 8086, Architecture, Signal Description of 8086, Physical Memory
Organization, General Bus Operation, I/O Addressing Capability, Special Processor Activities,
Minimum Mode 8086 System and Timings, Maximum Mode 8086 System and Timings.
Addressing Modes of 8086.
The architecture of 8086 provides a number of improvements over 8085 architecture.
The complete architecture of 8086 can be divided into two parts.
(a) Bus Interface Unit (BIU)
(b) Execution Unit (EU)
Mastering Assembly Language: Programming with 8086sravanithonta79
Unlock the secrets of 8086 assembly language programming with this comprehensive document. Delve into the intricacies of low-level coding, understand the architecture, and harness the full potential of the 8086 processor. From foundational concepts to advanced techniques, this guide empowers you to craft efficient and powerful programs for the 8086 platform.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Introduction of 8086 micro processor .
1.
2. Intel 8086 CPU: An
Introduction
8086 Features
• 16-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit
• 16-bit data bus
• 20-bit address bus - 220 = 1,048,576 = 1 MB
The address refers to a byte in memory. In the 8086, bytes at even
addresses come in on the low half of the data bus (bits 0-7) and bytes at
odd addresses come in on the upper half of the data bus (bits 8-15).
The 8086 can read a 16-bit word at an even address in one operation and
at an odd address in two operations.
The least significant byte of a word on an 8086 family microprocessor is
at the lower address.
3. 8086 Architecture
• The 8086 has two parts, the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the
Execution Unit (EU).
• The BIU fetches instructions, reads and writes data, and computes the
20-bit address.
• The EU decodes and executes the instructions using the 16-bit ALU.
• The BIU contains the following registers:
IP - the Instruction Pointer
CS - the Code Segment Register
DS - the Data Segment Register
SS - the Stack Segment Register
ES - the Extra Segment Register
The BIU fetches instructions using the CS and IP, written CS:IP, to construct
the 20-bit address. Data is fetched using a segment register (usually the DS)
and an effective address (EA) computed by the EU depending on the
addressing mode.
5. The EU contains the following 16-bit registers:
AX - the Accumulator
BX - the Base Register
CX - the Count Register
DX - the Data Register
SP - the Stack Pointer
BP - the Base Pointer
SI - the Source Index Register
DI - the Destination Register
These are referred to as general-purpose registers, although, as seen by
their names, they often have a special-purpose use for some instructions.
The AX, BX, CX, and DX registers can be considered as two 8-bit
registers, a High byte and a Low byte. This allows byte operations and
compatibility with the previous generation of 8-bit processors, the 8080
and 8085. The 8-bit registers are:
AX --> AH,AL
BX --> BH,BL
CX --> CH,CL
DX --> DH,DL
8086 Architecture ]
Default to stack segment
6. 8086 Programmer’s Model
16-bit Registers
ES
CS
SS
DS
IP
AH
BH
CH
DH
AL
BL
CL
DL
SP
BP
SI
DI
FLAGS
AX
BX
CX
DX
Extra Segment
Code Segment
Stack Segment
Data Segment
Instruction Pointer
Accumulator
Base Register
Count Register
Data Register
Stack Pointer
Base Pointer
Source Index Register
Destination Index Register
BIU registers
(20 bit adder)
EU registers
16 bit arithmetic
8. 8086 Architecture
The EU also contains the Flag Register which is a collection of condition
bits and control bits. The condition bits are set or cleared by the execution
of an instruction. The control bits are set by instructions to control some
operation of the CPU.
Bit 0 - CF Carry Flag - Set by carry out of msb
Bit 2 - PF Parity Flag - Set if result has even parity i.e. even no.s
of 1’s.
Bit 4 - AF Auxiliary Flag - for BCD arithmetic, set if carry from d
lowest nibble during add n borrow for d lowest nibble during sub.
Bit 6 - ZF Zero Flag - Set if result is zero
Bit 7 - SF Sign Flag = msb of result ,set whn the result of any
computation is negative.
Bit 8 - TF Single Step Trap Flag
Bit 9 - IF Interrupt Enable Flag
Bit 10 - DF String Instruction Direction Flag
Bit 11 - OF Overflow Flag
Bits 1, 3, 5, 12-15 are undefined.
11. The Code Segment
The offset is the distance in bytes from the start of the segment.
The offset is given by the IP for the Code Segment.
Instructions are always fetched with using the CS register.
The physical address is also called the absolute address
00000H
Memory
Segment Register
Offset
Physical or
Absolute Address
0
+
CS:
IP
0400H
0056H
4000H
4056H
4000
0056
40056H
CS:IP = 4000:0056
Logical Address
FFFFFH
Left-shift 4 bits
12. The Data Segment
Data is usually fetched with respect to the DS register.
The effective address (EA) is the offset.
The EA depends on the addressing mode.
Memory
Segment Register
Offset
Physical Address
+
DS:
EA
05C0
0050
05C00H
05C50H
05C0 0
0050
05C50H
DS:EA
00000H
FFFFFH
14. S5 : current status of IF
S6 : always LOW
Pin Description
15. ___
BHE
A0 Indication
0 0 Whole
word(AD15-AD0)
0 1 Upper byte (AD15
–AD0)from or to
odd address
1 0 Lower byte (AD7 –
AD0)from or to
even address
1 1 None
Pin Description Continued…
16. QS1 QS1 Characteristics
0 0 No operation
0 1 First byte of opcode from queue
1 0 Empty the queue
1 1 Subsequent byte from queue
QS1 and QS2 Signals
26. Addressing Modes
DATA1 DW 25H DATA1 is defined as a word (16-bit) variable, i.e., a
memory location that contains 25H.
DATA2 EQU 20H DATA2 is not a memory location but a constant.
Direct Addressing
MOV AX,DATA1 [DATA1] AX, the contents of DATA1 is put into AX.
The CPU goes to memory to get data. 25H is put in AX.
Immediate Addressing
MOV AX,DATA2 DATA2 = 20H AX, 20H is put in AX.
Does not go to memory to get data.
Data is in the instruction.
MOV AX, OFFSET DATA1 The offset of SAM is just a number.
The assembler knows which mode to encode by the way the operands SAM and
FRED are defined.
Assembler directive, DW = Define Word
27. Addressing Modes
Register Addressing MOV AX,BX AX BX
Register Indirect Addressing MOV AX,[BX] AX DS:BX
Can use BX or BP -- Based Addressing (BP defaults to SS)
or DI or SI -- Indexed Addressing
The offset or effective address (EA) is in the base or index register.
Register Indirect with Displacement MOV AX,SAM[BX]
AX DS:BX + Offset SAMIndexed with displacement
Based with displacement
Based-Indexed Addressing MOV AX,[BX][SI] EA = BX + SI
Based-Indexed w/Displacement MOV AX,SAM[BX][DI]
EA = BX + DI + offset SAM
AX DS:EA
where EA = BX + offset SAM
28. Addressing Modes
Branch Related Instructions
Intrasegment
(CS does not change)
Direct -- IP relative displacement
new IP = old IP + displacement
Allows program relocation with
no change in code.
Indirect -- new IP is in memory or a register.
All addressing modes apply.
Intersegment Direct -- new CS and IP are encoded in
(CS changes) the instruction.
Indirect -- new CS and IP are in memory.
All addressing modes apply
except immediate and register.
NEAR JUMPS and CALLS
FAR
29. Assembly Language
The Assembler is a program that reads the source
program as data and translates the instructions into
binary machine code. The assembler outputs a listing of
the addresses and machine code along with the
source code and a binary file (object file) with the
machine code.
Most assemblers scan the source code twice -- called a
two-pass assembler.
• The first pass determines the locations of the labels
or identifiers.
• The second pass generates the code.
30. Assembly Language
To locate the labels, the assembler has a location
counter. This counts the number of bytes required by
each instruction.
• When the program starts a segment, the location
counter is zero.
• If a previous segment is re-entered, the counter
resumes the count.
• The location counter can be set to any offset by the
ORG directive.
In the first pass, the assembler uses the location counter
to construct a symbol table which contains the offsets or
values of the various labels.
The offsets are used in the second pass to generate
operand addresses.
31. adc Add with carry flag
add Add two numbers
and Bitwise logical AND
call Call procedure or function
cbw Convert byte to word (signed)
cli Clear interrupt flag (disable interrupts)
cwd Convert word to doubleword (signed)
cmp Compare two operands
dec Decrement by 1
div Unsigned divide
idiv Signed divide
imul Signed multiply
in Input (read) from port
inc Increment by 1
int Call to interrupt procedure
Instruction Set
32. iret Interrupt return
j?? Jump if ?? condition met
jmp Unconditional jump
lea Load effective address offset
mov Move data
mul Unsigned multiply
neg Two's complement negate
nop No operation
not One's complement negate
or Bitwise logical OR
out Output (write) to port
pop Pop word from stack
popf Pop flags from stack
push Push word onto stack
Instruction Set (Contd.)
33. pushf Push flags onto stack
ret Return from procedure or function
sal Bitwise arithmetic left shift (same as shl)
sar Bitwise arithmetic right shift (signed)
sbb Subtract with borrow
shl Bitwise left shift (same as sal)
shr Bitwise right shift (unsigned)
sti Set interrupt flag (enable interrupts)
sub Subtract two numbers
test Bitwise logical compare
xor Bitwise logical XOR
Instruction Set (Contd.)
34. Conditional Jumps
Name/Alt Meaning Flag setting
JE/JZ Jump equal/zero ZF = 1
JNE/JNZ Jump not equal/zero ZF = 0
JL/JNGE Jump less than/not greater than or = (SF xor OF) = 1
JNL/JGE Jump not less than/greater than or = (SF xor OF) = 0
JG/JNLE Jump greater than/not less than or = ((SF xor OF) or ZF) = 0
JNG/JLE Jump not greater than/ less than or = ((SF xor OF) or ZF) = 1
JB/JNAE Jump below/not above or equal CF = 1
JNB/JAE Jump not below/above or equal CF = 0
JA/JNBE Jump above/not below or equal (CF or ZF) = 0
JNA/JBE Jump not above/ below or equal (CF or ZF) = 1
JS Jump on sign (jump negative) SF = 1
JNS Jump on not sign (jump positive) SF = 0
JO Jump on overflow OF = 1
JNO Jump on no overflow OF = 0
JP/JPE Jump parity/parity even PF = 1
JNP/JPO Jump no parity/parity odd PF = 0
JCXZ Jump on CX = 0 ---
35. More Assembler Directives
ASSUME Tells the assembler what segments to use.
SEGMENT Defines the segment name and specifies that the
code that follows is in that segment.
ENDS End of segment
ORG Originate or Origin: sets the location counter.
END End of source code.
NAME Give source module a name.
DW Define word
DB Define byte.
EQU Equate or equivalence
LABEL Assign current location count to a symbol.
$ Current location count