Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a range of conditions caused by the
infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is believed to have originated in Africa in the
early to mid–twentieth century, mutated from related viruses in chimpanzees and the sooty
mangabey monkey. In 1981 AIDS was first clinically detected in people who had used intravenous
drugs and homosexual men. They exhibited symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP),
an unusual infection that was seen in people with extremely compromised immune systems. Not
long after many of the homosexual men infected started to develop a rare skin cancer called Kaposi'
sarcoma (KS), which presents cutaneous lesions. Due to the increasing amount of PCP and KS cases
that surfaced, the United States Center of Disease (CDC) established a task force in order to monitor
the outbreaks. The disease went through many names, often being referred to as a disease that it was
associated with. The general press used the term GIRD, which stood for gay –related immune
deficiency. However, after realizing that the disease was not isolated just to the gay community and
the name GIRD was misleading. The term AIDS was introduced in July of 1982 and by September
of that same year the CDC was referring to the disease as AIDS. The virus HIV that causes AIDS is
not able to survive long in air and cannot be transmitted by casual contact. It can be transmitted by
the exchange of certain body fluids, including
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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Duckworth 2 The history of the awful words AIDS and HIV has distressed the world for the past 40
years. It has infused panic in the world from its illness, fear, and regrettably death. AIDS was
announced to the world in 1980. It is highly believed that this illness began in Kinshasa, the
Democratic Republic of Congo. Prior to this time, it is undetermined of the number of people
infected developed AIDS or HIV because there were not many visible warnings or symptoms. Some
researchers note that by the mid 1970's the virus was current but not recorded as the virus due to not
having the knowledge of the disease. By 1980, it is believed that the AIDS and HIV illness had
already wandered to five continents, infecting approximately 100,000 to 300,000 people. The AIDS
and the HIV is a very grave and dangerous illness. This illness has no respectable persons to attack.
It is not concerned about social status, gender, race, or age group. It is subject to attack anyone at
any place, and anytime when people are placed in AIDS and HIV risky situations. The illness AIDS,
(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a full blown
disease that is caused by a virus known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Once diagnosed
with this virus, this illness affects, alters, and shut down the body's immune system, thus making
humans defenseless and useless to

When Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )
When Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) appeared in the early 1980's on United
States' soil, people – including healthcare professionals – were confused about its nature and origin
(Aids.gov). The public looked for a scapegoat and found it in the gay male contingent (Isay). What
if a similar phenomenon happened, but in a keystone insect? Rowan Jacobsen, in Fruitless Fall,
asserts that a comparable type of illness is affecting the honey bee, apis mellifera; the illness, now
termed Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), seems transmissible and causes "extraordinarily high
disease loads" (63–82). According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Research Service (ARS),
there is no effective treatment for the disease and viral loads (Kaplan). Jacobsen is an award–
winning author of five books, among them several anthologies, about the complex relationship
between food and environment. In Fruitless Fall, he provides an comprehensive analysis of the
honey bee's current agricultural existence, with special attention to human impact on its life. As with
the AIDS epidemic, beekeepers, media, and agriculturalists began searching for a culprit. Jacobsen
alleges that there is no singular cause for CCD – rather, a plethora of problems with which to
contend. These include: monocultures and malnutrition, pesticides and antibiotics, urbanization and
deforestation, as well as the usual virii, bacteria, and pests which predominate in raising bees
(Jacobsen 68, 137–147). Likewise, he offers

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Acquired Immune...
Pathogenic Agent Identified
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
Virus after the infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the immune system is
damaged so the body become targets of many opportunistic diseases, which called syndrome, rather
than just a type of disease. [1]
History of Pathogenic Agent The clinical of AIDS was first observed by the US Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention in 1981. [2] The region most recent outbreak is In 2005, Sub–Saharan
Africa. An estimated 22.9 million of HIV cases and 1.2 million of all deaths occurred in this region.
[3]
Figure 1–The estimated number of AIDS patients countries Stages and Symptoms of the Disease:
There is three ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people stay in this state, while another part of the patient will develop severe AIDS. [4]
Anatomy of the Pathogen:
The size of an HIV virus particle is about 0.1 micrometre, it has a circular shape
Figure2–structure of HIV. [5] The viral envelope, the outer coating of the virus, comprising two
layers of lipids. HIV matrix proteins, is Between the envelope and core. Viral core contains the viral
envelope protein p24 of HIV RNA surrounded by two single–stranded, for HIV replication enzymes.
[5]
Figure 3–Scanning electron micrograph of HIV–1
Physiology of the Pathogen: The virus spread from person to person, but only by a few means to
spread. The most common are: the exchange of body fluids during sexual intercourse and sharing
used needles. [6] Once the HIV virus enters a new host, aims to infect target cells and hijacking. The
most widely recognized of these target cells are the "T cells", which are most relevant of the
immune system. When HIV–infected T cells, it will not kill it. On the contrary, it is parasitic in the
cells, using it to produce more HIV. [6] Both HIV–1 and HIV–2 is considered to be derived from the
West, Central Africa

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And The Acquired...
Introduction The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS) do not seem to be a major topic of discussion in the World today. Especially
within the United States, HIV and AIDS are not conversed about as openly as perhaps it was in the
past two decades. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) at the end of
2010 there were approximately 1.1 million people living in the United States with the HIV virus. Of
those 1.1 million people, about 16% did not even know they were infected (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010). Each year there are approximately 50,000 new HIV
infections within the United States (CDC, 2010). Within the 50,000 new cases of HIV infection, the
elderly population is the fastest growing segment within the United States (Sankar, Nevedal,
Neufedl, Berry, & Luborsky, 2011, p.2). By 2015, adults who are ages 50 and older will make up
approximately 50% of all HIV/AIDS cases in the United States (Effros, Fletcher, Gebo, Courtney,
Halter, Hazzard, & High, 2008, p. 542). With the increasing number of HIV/AIDS infections, the
demand for prescription drug cocktails has increased. Half of the population diagnosed with
HIV/AIDS does not receive regular health care (CDC, 2010). Due to this there are a huge economic
impact on the U.S. When it comes to the cost of medication and treatment, many patients are not
able to afford the inflated prices, especially the elderly

Nourishing a Child Essay
The word hunger can mean the painful sensation caused by the want of food, the want or scarcity of
food in a country or a strong desire or craving. In relation to the term World Hunger, the word refers
to the want or scarcity of food in a country (World Hunger, 2011). In areas of the world, including
the United States, where hunger is an issue, malnourishment becomes a very serious concern.
Malnutrition is a very basic term referring to the general lack of some or all nutrients needed to
support human health. There are two main types of malnutrition, Protein– energy malnutrition
(PEM) and micronutrient deficiency (World Hunger, 2011). While both types of malnutrition are
dangerous, PEM is the most important and most notable form of the ... Show more content on
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In the early years of life, from approximately ages zero to three, the brain experiences dramatic
changes in cognitive, linguistic and psychosocial development which can be dramatically affected
by any decrease in the appropriate amount of nutrients to the brain.
Children with severe growth retardation secondary to protein–energy malnutrition in the post
weaning period manifest a striking behavior syndrome that has been well described as torpid,
apathetic, inactive, fearful, cheerless, nearly, mute, and anorexic and they lack spontaneity (DeLong,
1993). In 2005 an estimated thirty two percent of all children in developing countries under the age
of five, approximately one hundred seventy eight million children, were shown to have stunted
growth or low weight for height (Ruel & Hoddinott, 2008). In the United States, malnourished
children ages three to eight have been shown to have low physical function, poor academic
performance, greater weight gain amongst girls and low psychosocial functioning (Ruel &
Hoddinott, 2008). Malnutrition in the early years can result in a lowered IQ by approximately fifteen
points. An early deprivation of critical resources to the brain can contribute to the cause of learning
deficiencies and contribute to attention deficit disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and
decreased performance in schools across the

Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) are autosomal...
Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) are autosomal recessive immunodeficiency syndromes
characterized by severe and recurrent bacterial infections, impaired wound healing and leukocytosis.
Blocks in different steps in the leukocyte adhesion cascade cause different types of leukocyte
adhesion deficiencies, LAD type I, II and III.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies (LAD) are autosomal recessive immunodeficiency diseases
characterized by severe and recurrent bacterial infections, impaired wound healing and neutrophilia
[1]. Leukocyte adhesion and movement of leukocytes from blood stream to tissues are crucial for
rapid leukocyte accumulation at sites of inflammatory response and tissue injury [2]. Leukocyte
adhesion cascade involves several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, we describe two siblings with a novel mutation ın GFPT. Secundum atrial septal defect was
present in both of the patients in addition to the characteristic features.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II (LAD II) or congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG)
type IIc belongs to a group of CDG [7]. In LAD type II, the fucosylation of glycoconjugates is
affected. Fucose is a deoxyhexose present in a variety of organisms. In the defects of fucosylation,
many cell functions like protein folding, intracellular transport/localization, protein activity and
degradation may be affected causing defects in cellular interactions and numerous ontogenic events,
including signalling events. Fucosylation is clearly implicated in the TGF–β1, Notch, Fringe, and
selectin functions or signalling [8, 9].
The defect in LAD II is in the specific GDP–fucose transporter (GFTP) gene [10,11].
Process of fucosylation by GDP–fucose transporter in the Golgi apparatus has different steps.
GFTP translocates GDP–fucose from the cytosol through the Golgi membrane into the Golgi lumen.
Fucose required is provided via de novo pathway (90%), synthesis from mannose, or by alternate
salvage pathway (10%) from exogeneous/dietary fucose [9]. Than, fucosyl transferase transfers the
fucose to form glycolipids and glycoproteins [12], which are transported to the cell membrane.
Seven different mutations are described in the patients with LAD type II

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is present
around the world. HIV weakens the body's immune system by attacking its defences against disease
this later develops into AIDS which causes for the body to be unable to fight of illness and diseases
it usually could (Afao.org.au, 2015). Chad a country of Sub Saharan Africa has an estimated
210,000 people living with HIV/Aids. Working to decrease this a number promotional incentives are
being run such as the promotion of the use of condoms. Mobile testing site set up in remote areas,
home base counselling and testing and community events where the community are able to work
toward understanding and educating themselves on how to prevent the ... Show more content on
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Cases of HIV positive women raising from 2.7% of all cases in 2005 to 3.9% of cases in 2010
(Afao.org.au, 2015). In both countries the effects of HIV/AIDS are similar, with women facing a
lifetime of discrimination and unfair social justice in Chad. The level of poverty experienced
increases as they find it difficult to meet daily costs of living falling further below the line, creating
further economic hardship. Being unable to afford antiretroviral drugs causes for the effects of the
virus to worsen faster and deaths to occur from AIDS leaving family and children alone. Faced with
an un–established health care system women can also transmit the virus that causes AIDS to their
children which can cause for negative consequences if left un–identified as it is continually passed
on if person is uneducated on how to prevent transmission (Afao.org.au, 2015...Hazel D. Dean,
2010).
HIV/AIDS causes for poverty to increase as it makes it more difficult for a women to be able to
work and provide for their families day to day needs, creating economic hardship as they are unable
to meet their daily costs of life. Younger women find it hard to attend school and gain an education
narrowing there occupation options, continuing to face economic hardship. Without this education
women are unable to gain higher paying jobs, or be educated enough to provide knowledge to their
own children and family about the virus and

The Human Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay
The human acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus that is found in two forms
HIV–1 and HIV–2. The AIDS virus is a relatively new virus receiving attention in the 1980's. As
quickly as it swept through the world, was as quickly it went to epidemic proportions. Acquired
immune deficiency syndrome is a virus that enters and infects the body through sexual activity with
an infected party. AIDS is a very infectious and dangerous virus that causes the death of many
humans. AIDS is characterized by two single stranded RNA and uses enzyme reverse transcription
to integrate into the hosts DNA.
The AIDS virus is transmitted through sexual activity with someone that is infected with the virus.
HIV has the most genetic diversity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cross species is backed by the fact that elements of both SIV and HIV evolution. Although some
scientists debate that HIV–1 came from cross–species transmission from chimpanzees, but
examination show that both forms HIV–1 and HIV–2 have risen in similar forms. Yet with HIV–2 a
problem arises in stating they rose from cross–species transmission. HIV–2 and 〖SIV〗_sm come
from different lineages. That means that that HIV–2 could not simply come from cross–species
transmission but by separate transmission from Sooty Mangabeys to Humans.
The evolutionary history of HIV–1 stems from the 〖SIV〗_cpz form that is found in chimpanzees.
The history of this form (HIV–1) is relatively debated on. Though the virus is found in chimpanzees
the strain is not strong enough for a linear viral transmission through the hunting of the animal. The
strain is relatively weak, and through research may have come from a third party, infecting both
Homo sapiens and chimpanzees. Yet, some scientists believe that the virus may have spurred from a
subspecies of chimpanzees. The strain is found to have both human and chimpanzee phylogenetic
mix. The virus is found in other wild chimpanzee species in West Africa, increasing the biodiversity
of this strain. HIV–1 is separated into three main groups of clusters, M, N, or O group/cluster. The
three groups were found to have occurred through "founders effect". The strain of 〖SIV〗_cpz (the
origin of HIV–1) has a

Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndromes ( Ccdss ) Essay
Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndromes (CCDSs)
Introduction A nitrogenous organic acid that is naturally produced in the kidney and liver of the
human is called Creatine (Cr). The energy requirement of the body is maintained by the Cr by the
production of ATP. The energy is mainly given to high energy demand tissues. The human brain is
the most important tissue which requires Cr for the normal function. A part of creatine is converted
into creatinine. This creatinine is removed from the body along with urine. Hence, a supplement of
approximately 2g/day is required. Cr is present in the normal diet that we take. Loss of or the
malfunction in the process carried out for the production of ATP can severely affect the human
beings. This Cr deficiency is referred to as CCDSs.
Creatine
Cr as it is cannot help in the production of energy. There are many process downstream that helps Cr
to perform its function. The following are the process involved.
Creatine Synthesis: Creatine can be synthesized in the human body itself. Synthesis involves three
amino acids: glycine, arginine and methionine mainly. The two enzymes that drives the Cr synthesis
are arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT), guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT).
Creatine synthesis is a two–step process catalyzed by the above mentioned enzymes. AGAT
catalyzes arginine and glycine forming ornithine and guanidinoacetate. AGAT is very specific to the
amino acids in the

Aids ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome )
Overview of HIV
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was first recognized in 1981 and has since become
a major worldwide pandemic (NIH, 2011). HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a direct
causation of AIDS. HIV spreads through certain body fluids and attacks the body's immune system
CD4 cells, so that the body is unable to fight off infections and with a much weakened immune
system AIDS develops (CDC, 2015). Transmission of this virus happens when exchange of certain
body fluids occurs with a person that has HIV. Per the CDC (2015), HIV transmission is done when
semen, vaginal fluid, blood, rectal fluid or breast milk have contact with a mucous membrane, is
injected into the blood stream or contacts damaged tissue.
HIV the causation of AIDS destroys the body's immune system, allowing opportunistic infections to
take over and without treatment will lead to AIDS. There are no specific signs or symptoms that
prove the contracting of HIV. Testing is the only way to diagnose HIV. Beginning signs and
symptoms of early HIV can start off as flu like symptoms. AIDS (2015) states the symptoms as
having, a body rash, chills, sweats, fevers, sore throat, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes, mouth
ulcers, and fatigue. These symptoms can persist and linger for days or weeks after contracting HIV,
or no symptoms may occur in the early stages of transmission. If someone is in an early stage of
HIV, HIV testing might not show positive, but regardless of this they are

Ubiquitin Lab Report
 INTRODUCTION: Ubiquitin is a small protein that is found in almost all cellular tissues in
humans and other eukaryotic organisms, which helps to regulate the processes of other proteins in
the body. Through a process known as ubiquitination or ubiquitylation, an ubiquitin molecule can
bind to a substrate protein, changing the way it functions. This can lead to a number of different
outcome. It is most widely recognised for its role in apoptosis of proteins, earning it the title of the
molecular "kiss of death" for proteins, although it also plays a major part in several other cellular
processes related to the regulation of proteins. Ubiquitin is a highly conserved 8.5 kDa protein that
is abundant in all types of cells and exists as a free molecule or ... Show more content on
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Ubiquitination requires three types of enzyme: ubiquitin–activating enzymes, ubiquitin–conjugating
enzymes, and ubiquitin ligases, known as E1s, E2s, and E3s, respectively. The process consists of
three main steps: o Activation: Ubiquitin is activated in a two–step reaction by an E1 ubiquitin–
activating enzyme, which is dependent on ATP. The initial step involves production of a ubiquitin–
adenylate intermediate. The E1 binds both ATP and ubiquitin and catalyses the acyl–adenylation of
the C–terminus of the ubiquitin molecule. The second step transfers ubiquitin to an active site
cysteine residue, with release of AMP. This step results in a thioester linkage between the C–
terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin and the E1 cysteine sulfhydryl group. o Conjugation: E2
ubiquitin–conjugating enzymes catalyze the transfer of ubiquitin from E1 to the active site cysteine
of the E2 via a esterification reaction. In order to perform this reaction, the E2 binds to both
activated ubiquitin and the E1 enzyme. Humans possess 35 different E2 enzymes, whereas other
eukaryotic organisms have between 16 and

Hiv / Aids Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV/AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating disease, the scope and
depth having no boundaries, permeating into many areas of the world, oblivious to social class,
lifestyle, or culture. Initially reported in 1981, HIV/ AIDS rapidly spread and by 1987, 100 countries
conveyed the presence of HIV/AIDS. (Maurer & Smith, 2009). "By 2001, it was the leading
infectious cause of death in the world, killing almost 3 million people, and by 2002, approximately 5
million people were infected with HIV, including 2 million women and 800,000 children younger
than 15 years of age" (Maurer & Smith, 2009, p. 121).
With advancements in health care, "the number of people living with AIDS continues to increase"
(Shi & Singh, 2013, p. 532). In a global summary of the AIDS epidemic, the World Health
Organization (WHO) reported that in 2014, 36.9 million people were living with HIV; 2 million
people were newly infected, and 1.2 million people died resultant of AIDS related complications
(World Health Organization [WHO], 2015).
How Countries Around the World are Faring
"While some countries have made impressive gains in achieving health–related targets, others are
falling behind. Often the countries making the least progress are those affected by high levels of
HIV/AIDS, economic hardship or conflict" (Millennium Development Goals, 2015, p. 1). In fact,
"there are more people living with HIV in Nigeria alone than in the whole of North America,
Western Europe and

The Discover of Biotin or Vitamin H Essay
Biotin has been discovered in many similar ways which is in fact the reason as to why no one person
can take the full accreditation to its discovery. Biotin is occasionally referred to as Vitamin H or
vitamin B7 (Challem, 2008) , but it was not fully perceived until the 1900s. W. Bateman was a
primary researcher in the discovery of the vitamin and made the most notable contributions to the
findings of biotin. An additional discoverer was a scientist by the name of Fitz Kogl and Paul
Gyrory. The two of them came together and created the name "biotin."
The obvious primary sources of biotin in the human diet are meats, such as the kidneys and liver.
Additional sources are cheese, mushrooms, egg yolks, oats, soy, buts, milk and wheat. Biotin ...
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The recommended amount of of biotin is 30 mcg a day. Biotin is one of the safest supplements and
has even been given to people in doses of 200 mg. The adequate amounts for digestion from
different ages vary. "Infants aging from age 0 to twelve months are recommended to take only 7
micro grams daily. Children from the ages of one to three years, take eight micro grams. Children
from the ages of four to eight are recommended to take twelve micro grams, children between the
ages of nine to thirteen can take twenty micro grams daily, teenagers aging from fourteen to eight
are instructed to take twenty five micro grams, adults over the age of eighteen and women who are
pregnant are advised to take thirty micro grams a day and women who are breast feeding are
instructed to take thirty five micro grams of biotin daily."
Although Biotin is a water–soluble vitamin that is a vital component of the four primary carboxylase
enzymes that scientist see in humans. In Japan there was a formula that did not contain sufficient
amounts of biotin for infants. From seeing this, researchers then decided to take their study and
practice on mice and see how they react to the formula that showed that the infants were lacking
biotin from this ketogenic formula. "Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of
the ketogenic diet on biotin status in mice. Methods: Male mice (N = 32) were divided into the
following groups: control diet group, biotin–deficient (BD) diet

Symptoms And Treatment Of Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency...
Abstract Pseudocholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down certain drugs used during general
anesthesia. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency syndrome is one of many genetically transferred
conditions. It may also be acquired by other means. It is not a common occurrence but is more
common in particular populations. When inherited the syndrome is caused by the mutation of a
certain gene known as BCHE. There is often no apparent symptoms to look for in an individual.
Unless there is a family history of this problem the patient does not realize that he/she may have the
genetic trait for this syndrome until they are under the effect of anesthesia. Diagnosis of this
deficiency is usually discovered by performing a blood test and comparing the levels of two
different substances. Treatment is fairly simple once it is known that the patient is
pseudocholinesterase deficient. Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency Syndrome Pseudocholinesterase
deficiency syndrome is usually the result of a genetic mutation to the BCHE gene. This mutation
causes the patient to be highly sensitive to drugs that are given during general anesthesia,
specifically choline esters. When these choline esters are given to a patient their muscles used for
breathing and movement are relaxed. If the patient is deficient of the pseudocholinesterase enzyme
they are not able to metabolize the anesthetic drugs quickly enough. Therefore, it takes longer for
the

Irrefutably, the immune system is ones' shield against pathogens, ones' knight in shining armor that
confronts intruders. Over time the immune system can deteriorate, and that comes with age and
declining health. Other times the immune system fights against itself causing autoimmune diseases
that may or may not do irreparable harm. And sometimes, immune deficiency can be acquired. This
is the case of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease where the immune
system depreciates its capability over the course of the illness due to Human Immunodeficiency
Virus, the causative agent.
Historically, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is thought to have mutated from the Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that is found in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The defining characteristic that differentiates the two is that HIV–2 progresses to AIDS at a
decreased rate in clinical cases. There are also sub–groups within HIV–1 that geographically
discriminate strains within the type (11).
After discovering the causative agent of AIDS, HIV, the virus was isolated and classified with
respect to the characteristics of a HIV virion. HIV is incorporated in the Lentivirus genus and the
Retroviridae family. Specifically, HIV has two positive sense RNA strands in the nucleocapsid
which is enveloped. With the help of certain enzymes encoded in the genome, the RNA is able to
form double stranded DNA that is integrated into the host genome. (2)
The global spread of this virus, after the hypothesized initial localized infection depicts the intricate
and efficient transmission of HIV. The titer of the virus is greatest in the blood and bodily fluids
(semen, vaginal secretions) of an infected person. One of the main transmission routes is through
sexual contact. This sexual contact can be oral, anal or vaginal. The virus has access to the immune
cells and the blood of an uninfected person when an HIV positive persons bodily fluids containing
virus contacts uninfected hosts, thus giving means for transmission. Seeing as sexually transmitted
infections and ulcerative sexually transmitted infections damage protective skin and mucosal layers,
transmission of HIV is greatly

The Causative Agent Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome...
Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, is the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS). Currently, there are two types of HIV isolated, HIV–1 and HIV–2, which are
both retroviruses and able to perform reverse transcriptase (Leboffe 2011). While HIV–1 is spread
throughout the world, HIV–2 is confined to West Africa and is better protective against the
progression to AIDS. Genome of HIV–1 only contains nine genes. It is transmitted by body fluids
such as blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions. Its mode of transmission is via
contaminated blood either by, IV drug use, sexual transmission, mother to child, blood transfusion
or occupational risk. It infects 34 million people in a year worldwide, with approximately 1.8
million death. In the United States, the population infected with HIV is approximately 1.2 million
people and one out of five people are unaware of the infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus is
the causative agent of HIV disease. It is 9.3 Kb positive sense RNA virus and 100 nm in diameter.
HIV has no animal reservoirs and only infects humans (Leboffe 2011).
History
The origin of HIV–1 is a closely related chimpanzee virus that first infected humans in Central
Africa in a first half of the 20th century (Cachay 2016). Some of the events that together made up
rapidly enlarging and increasingly interconnected pools for transmission of pathogens during 1960–
1970 were blood product industries, IV drug use, the sexual

Lynn K Case Study Answers
Lynn K. is a 31–year–old Caucasian female G1P0 presents at 25 wga for a prenatal visit. She does
not take her prenatal vitamins every day because they make her feel very nauseous and has
experienced morning sickness throughout her pregnancy. She states that she feels fatigued very
easily and describes feeling short of breath when carrying out simple tasks around the house. She
began feeling this way approximately four weeks ago, and attributed it to "normal pregnancy
symptoms." Recently, she began noticing occasional lightheadedness and dizziness. The patient's
history indicates that she has suffered heavy periods prior to her pregnancy.
She reports that she doesn't always like to cook because her husband is working and typically eats
microwaveable dinners after her shift at the grocery store. She states she is lactose intolerant and
does not like a lot of foods. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Mrs. K's history, what risk factors does she have for the development of iron–
deficiency anemia and what labs are included in the diagnosis?
Lynn has a higher risk for developing iron–deficiency anemia because of her pregnancy. She also
indicated that the does not take her prenatal vitamins daily and according to her 24–hour diet recall,
she is not getting an adequate amount of nutrients in her diet. Lynn states that she suffered from
heavy periods prior to her pregnancy.
Rationale: According to Rao & Georgieff (2007), there is an association between pregnancy and an
increase demand for iron. Pregnancy demands about 1,000 mg of additional iron due to the
expanding RBCs and plasma volumes of the mother and the growing placenta. Maternal iron is
important for the transfer of the necessary amount of iron to the fetus, important for the
development and function of the organ systems. Mothers with a poor iron status and malnutrition
can lead to iron deficiency anemia, especially if the woman had insufficient iron before pregnancy
(Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk & Wilson,

Advantages Of Salt Iodine
Iodations of all salt known as USI for both human and animal consumption, is the major global
strategy of choice for feasible and effective control of iodine deficiency. Iodization levels are usually
measured based on estimated consumption of salt, with an estimated individual average
consumption of around 10g of salt per day in countries where most of the salt in the diet comes from
table salt, used for cooking and at the table. It is recommended by the WHO, UNICEF and ICCIDD
that, 20 mg to 40 mg of iodine per kg salt be added to food products depending on local salt intake
(15, 19, 31). It has subsequently been recommended that a more cost effective way of addressing the
problem of IDD for most developing countries is by adding iodine to universally consumed products
such as common salt, as done in most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over 30 countries have achieved the goal of USI (>90% of HHs utilizing iodized salt), and many
others are on track according to WHO during the year 2007(19). It is currently estimated that 70%
of HHs throughout the world have access to (and use) iodized salt (12). In Africa, South Africans
achieved 86.4 percent of universal salt iodization and from which 62.4% HHs are properly utilizing
adequately utilized salt (33), in Tanzania 83.6% of HHs are properly utilizing adequately iodized
salt with 95% salt iodization (34), whereas Iodine deficiency disorder is eliminated from Zimbabwe
with 94% HHs salt use and coverage (35). On the contrary, most of African countries have lag back
to achieve coverage and recommended utilization of iodized salt below 20% like Ghana (20%),
Kenya (26.2%) and South Sudan (14.4%) (19, 36–37). It is estimated that

Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune...
The unusual development of human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in the 1980s concentrated an excessive amount of public eye, research
studies, and program funding on the virus and its epidemic. The physicians in Los Angles, San
Francisco, and New York City were one of the first physicians to see cases of HIV/AIDS. Physicians
examined young male patients that had one or more of the following symptoms: serious pneumonia
produced by Pneumocystis jirovecii, an uncommon cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma, rapid weight
loss, swollen lymph nodes, and loss of immune function. Finally, virologists at the Pasteur Institute
in France discovered HIV. The following symptoms were a contagious infectious disease, which was
later called AIDS (Cowan, 2015, p. 617).
About 38.6 million people live with HIV–1 worldwide, whereas about 25 million have already died
from the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2005 there were about 4.1 million new HIV–1 infections and
about 2.8 million AIDS deaths. These approximations disguise the aggressive nature of this
emerging epidemic in relationship to temporal changes, geographic distribution, magnitude, viral
diversity, and mode of transmission. As of today, every region of the world is touched by this
epidemic (Simon, Ho, & Karim, 2006, p. 1). African Americans and Hispanics are excessively
affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The rates among African Americans and Hispanics are 8 and 3
times those among whites. Nearly 65% of new

Cornelia De Lange Syndrome
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome typically presents with a constellation of distinctive features affecting
several different parts of the body. There is a wide degree of variation between individuals with the
disorder in the presentation and severity of symptoms; however, the features described below
represent a typical presentation. Slow growth during both fetal and post–natal development is a
characteristic feature of the disorder. Approximately 90% or more of patients display delayed
skeletal maturation, and about 50% were noted to have intrauterine growth retardation (2). Because
of this, individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome tend to be short in stature, with height and
weight falling below the fifth percentile throughout life (3). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Other limb issues such as small hands (micromelia) and incurved fifth finger (clinodactyly) are
prevalent (3,1). In addition to the above core features, the syndrome tends to have effects on several
major systems of the body. For example, sensorineural hearing loss impacts 80% of children with
CdLS; approximately 40% are severely affected (3). Opthalmological issues, such as myopia (near–
sightedness) and nystagmus are also common. Patients may also have inflammation of the eyelid of
droopy eyelids (ptosis) (1). Neurological issues can include sleep problems and seizures.
Approximately 25% of diagnosed individuals experience seizures (3), which can usually be well
controlled with standard medical intervention (4). Neuroimaging has shown characteristic features
such as enlarged ventricles at the basal cisterns, undergrowth of the brainstem and cerebral vermis,
and atrophied white matter especially in the frotal lobes. High pain tolerance caused by problems
with peripheral neuropathy have also been reported (4). Cornelia de Lange Syndrome can also
include cardiovascular concerns. Congenital heart disease occurs in approximately 25% of
individuals with the disorder. The most common

Behavioral Effect On Nutrition
Having a background in psychology led me to choose a topic that involved a behavioral effect on
nutrition. When considering pica as my topic I looked at its relationship to nutrition, as pica is
described as the ingestion of "non–food substances." (Young et al 2010) With continued research
into pica and nutrition, the association of iron deficiency and this disorder became pronounced..
While factors interact to cause iron deficiency, there is incidence of iron deficiency in the vulnerable
populations of underdeveloped countries and in population subgroups at risk for incidence of iron
deficiency. This is due to increased physiological requirements. It is in the population subgroups
where there is a significant relationship between iron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Miao et al., 2015). Pica has also has been found to be present in hundreds of animal species (Miao
et al., 2014). Over the years, geophagia has been the most common form of pica observed. It has
been associated with eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, as well as being "an adaptive
behavior, with potential benefits including provision of iron and detoxification of harmful dietary
components" (Lumish et al., 2014). In pregnant women, pica behavior has been associated with
perinatal and maternal mortality and is more common than previously thought (Horner et al., 1991).
"Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder affecting at least one third of the world's
population." (Yadav and Chandra, 2011) It is one of the most frequent hematological conditions
encountered by clinicians. Iron is needed for hemoglobin and cellular production. (Skikne and
Hershko, page 251) Deficiency in iron can manifest itself in anemia of iron deficiency and in tissue
iron deficiency, not related to anemia, with the two often coexisting. Iron deficiency is most
prevalent in early childhood, in females due to menstruation and especially in pregnant females as
"maternal iron requirements increase substantially to support fetal growth and placental tissue
development as well as the increased hemoglobin mass during pregnancy" (Leong and Lonnerdal,
2012). In early childhood, between the ages of 1 to 3, the need for iron

Chemical Origin And Impact Of Glut1 Deficiency Syndrome
Glucose Transporter–1 (GLUT1) Deficiency Syndrome is a relatively novel disorder. Studies
highlighting the biological origin and impact of GLUT1 Deficiency have only recently been
conducted, the disorder was first described by Dr. De Vivo in 1991 (Aktas et al., 2010; De Vivo,
Leary, & Wang, 2002). Although rare, there have been studies conducted highlighting the causes and
impact of the syndrome. Wilhelmina Leen, one of the authors of An Analysis of Glucose Transporter
1, collected genetic data from fifty–seven different patients that suffer from GLUT–1 Deficiency
Syndrome. Leen as well as her co–authors work have opened new insights into better understanding
the source as well as treatments for GLUT1 Deficiency syndrome. However, to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
An individual can be diagnosed with GLUT1 deficiency using multiple tools to deduce its presence.
The primary testing for GLUT1 deficiency is through measurement of glucose and lactate
concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid. Low levels of glucose and lactate in the fluid indicate the
onset of the disease (Suls et al., 2009). Most of the phenotypic abnormalities can be treated or
reduced utilizing a ketogenic diet. Since ketone bodies utilize a different transporter to facilitate the
movement of nutrients they can supply the brain with a viable fat–derived source of energy which
ultimately can reduce the onset of epilepsy (Leen et al., 2010).
Mutation Analysis
An analysis of fifty–seven patients with GLUT1 deficiency syndrome was conducted by Leen and
associates and seventeen different missense mutations of SLC2A1 were discovered. Of the
seventeen mutations, a single nucleotide of adenine in the third helix domain of the SLC2A1 gene
was substituted with a guanine. This missense mutation found on the 286th base pair caused the
codon to generate the amino acid valine rather than methionine as seen on figure 2. This single
missense mutation caused the classic phenotype expression of epilepsy in patient three, an 8–year–
old female child. Two other patients in the study had a mutation in the third helix in the
transmembrane portion of the protein, however their SLC2A1 gene contained a deletion rather than
a missense

History Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
The history of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in the United States starts in 1981, the year
it became recognized by country as an official new strange disease. By 1982 it was recognized as
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It started in San Francisco, with five young
homosexual men, they were presented with Pneumonia (PCP). As the year went on there were more
reports of homosexual men presenting PCP and some of them were diagnosed with PCP and Kaposi
´s Sarcoma (KS). Others reports from drug injection users follow the same syndromes. All of these
individuals shared a profound immunodeficiency, the hallmark of which was a depletion of CD4–
positive, or T–helper, lymphocytes (Osmond, 2003). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ...
The first death on HIV reported, was in 1985. By 1987, regulations were issued, AIDS was added to
the official South Africa list of communicable disease. The spread of HIV in South Africa is best
described as explosive because of the rapid rise in HIV prevalence (Karim & Karim, 2002). HIV
kept spreading around homosexuals, it came to a point where also women, infants and people that
got blood transfusions were infected with it. At this point it became a red light for the government.
In 1994, with Nelson Mandela as a president HIV/AIDS got attention, but it wasn 't the attention it
needed. In 2009 with President Jacob Zuma, there was another big change that transformed the
health police, bringing more attention to it, looking for a better health care and control of the
disease.
Compare
United States United States has a goal in mind regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) infection, to become a country free HIV/AIDS,
make it a rare disease and if someone gets it, the person will receive a high quality healthcare and no
discrimination for the disease nor the person´s economy, ethics, sexual orientation, etc. In 2010 it
was established the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States. With President Obama in
charged, the government committed to reach three main goals regarding the HIV/AIDS strategy
plan; reduce the number of people

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Acquired Immuno...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are
complex diseases that are generally misunderstood and cast a stereotype of the people who are
infected. A disease that is relatively new in comparisons to some diseases came to light as a public
issue in the 1980's and is now known around the world. HIV and AIDS attack the T–cells and CD4
cells of a person's body which make them have symptoms similar to the flu. This disease is exactly
what the name describes , an immune deficiency that lead to a lowered immune system cause a
weakened body. HIV is a disease that continues to attack a person's body and progresses until it
turns in the final stage which was named AIDS. It is not a definitive progressive because not all
cases of HIV will lead to AIDS, some will just maintain HIV for the rest of their life.
What makes this disease such a controversial and hot topic is how it is obtained, the fact there is no
cure, and it is a lifelong disease. There are only a few ways to contract AIDS and the most common
and publicized way is through sexual transmission. AIDS can only be contracted through bodily
fluids so alternatively the disease can be transferred through shared needle or drug interaction,
pregnancy/childbirth, occupational exposure and blood transfusion (How, 2014). HIV/ AIDS are a
relatively recent disease that has no cure and will remain with a person for the rest of their life.
There are drug that can be taken to control and help

Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency Syndrome Research Papers
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency Syndrome is a condition for people who have an extreme amount
of sensitivity to some muscle relaxant drugs that are given during the general anesthesia. It is also
known as Butyrylcholinesterase, plasma cholinesterase, false cholinesterase, and serum
cholinesterase. An individual that has this deficiency has pseudocholinesterase enzymes that does
not have the ability to break down the drugs correctly. This is a common deficiency, however only
for certain populations of the world. This certain deficiency is inherited and could possibly have
non–genetic causes, and it takes place in the plasma. Pseudocholinesterase is a glycoprotein enzyme
that circulates in the plasma, which the liver produces. It specifically breaks down the choline esters.
A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These fast acting drugs, bethanechol, carbachol, succinylcholine, mivacurium, and methacholine are
used to relax the skeletal muscles and prevent the patient to be able to breathe on their own. They
are normally broken down minutes after being administered, however people with PDS may not be
able to move on their own hours after the fact. "Prognosis for recovery following administration of
succinylcholine is excellent when medical support includes close monitoring and respiratory support
measures. In nonmedical settings in which subjects with pseudocholinesterase deficiency are
exposed to cocaine, sudden cardiac death can occur" (Daniel R. Alexander). PDS is a lot more
common than what you would think. According to the Genetics Home Reference
"Pseudocholinesterase deficiency occurs in 1 in 3,200 to 1 in 5,000 people. It is more common in
certain populations, such as the Persian Jewish community and Alaska Natives" (Genetics home
reference). It is also very rare in Asians. This deficiency is inherited and could possibly have non–
genetic causes, and it takes place in the

Symptoms And Treatment Of A Immune Deficiency Syndrome (...
In the lates 1970s, early 1980s, doctors from New York and San Francisco started to treat an
increasing number of male patients affected from mysterious infections. Most of these patients
deteriorated at a rate never seen before, dying without responding satisfactorily to any know
treatment. In 1982, the CDC uses the term Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) to
circumscribe the new and deadly disease. Soon, those four capital letters flooded the American
media, invoking fear in many, and compassion in those whom where suffering the lost of a close
friend or family member. By the 1990s, without a cure, and effective symptomatic treatment, or
other prevention method besides condoms, AIDS became the number one cause of death among ...
Truvada is an effective way to prevent HIV, around the one revolves some controversy and specially,
a lot of ignorance.
Truvada is not a new medication in the HIV's battlefield. Actually, the pill, wish is "a combination of
the drugs Viread and Emtriva" 3, it is been around since 2004 as an element of therapy for persons
living with HIV. In junction with others drugs, Truvada it is been very satisfactory managing the
illness development. As a prophylactic measure, "Truvada's safety and efficacy for PrEP were
demonstrated in two large, randomized, double–blind, placebo–controlled clinical trials. The iPrEx
trial evaluated Truvada in 2,499 HIV–negative men or transgender women who have sex with men
and with evidence of high risk behavior for HIV infection, such as inconsistent or no condom use
during sex with a partner of positive or unknown HIV status, a high number of sex partners, and
exchange of sex for commodities. Results showed Truvada was effective in reducing the risk of HIV
infection by 42 percent compared with placebo in this population. Efficacy was strongly correlated
with drug adherence in this trial"4. Truvada works in the following way: "interfere with an enzyme
called reverse transcriptase, which is used by HIV–infected cells to make new viruses. Since
Truvada inhibits, or reduces the activity of this enzyme, this drug causes HIV–infected cells to slow
down or stop

Magnesium Disease
MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY & SUDDEN DEATH
Written and Researched by Ronald J. Grisanti D.C., D.A.B.C.O.
An athletic 20 year man is playing basketball and suddenly collapses on the court and dies.
On a hot July day, a young and vibrant college football player suddenly makes a great tackle and
never gets up.. only to be pronounced dead 5 minutes later.
High School track runner dies after finishing second in a race.
The sad truth is 1 out of 50,000 young adults will fall victim to Sudden Death.
Most sudden deaths have been linked to a thickened, enlarged heart called hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy (HCM), or by a condition that disturbs the rhythm of the heart called an arrhythmia.
When one sweats, a significant amount of magnesium is lost. Magnesium ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Best Sources of Magnesium
The best way of insuring enough magnesium is to eat a variety of whole foods, including whole
grains, nuts, seeds and vegetables, preferably food grown on naturally composted soil. The green
color of green vegetables is due to chlorophyll, which is a molecule that contains magnesium. Avoid
refined processed foods, especially white sugar and white flour products, as most magnesium is
removed from them.
Dr. Grisanti's Comments:
If you are suffering with a heart problem and have not had your magnesium checked, then I want to
urge you to have your physician order the two tests listed above. Unless you have proof that your
magnesium is within normal levels, I want you to realize that you are playing with your

AIDS, which stands for acquired immune deficiency...
AIDS, which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, has been a worldwide issue for
many years. People of all ages have been affected by this syndrome, from newborns to young teens,
all the way to adults going all the way through their seniority. Individuals with the Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome have had many obstacles to deal with. Some of which are problems
not only having to do with their health, but also with the relationship that they have with the people
around their community, family, and even with their self. It's a battle that has taken many lives. This
deficiency syndrome takes away one's health mentally, emotionally, as well as physically. When an
individual contracts aids, their immune system takes a huge toll and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers believe that this syndrome originally originated from chimpanzees as HIV and later
turned to AIDS somewhere along western Africa. Humans contracted the syndrome when they
hunted these animals and ate them. AIDS was first recognized in gay men from both New York and
California around the 1980s. Researchers and doctors labeled this sickness going around as "gay–
immune related deficiency" but by 1985 they labeled the sickness as AIDS and realized it was being
found amongst both sexes and worldwide. By 1986, a successful treatment to control HIV was
found. It was a failed cancer drug called AZT and was later used for AIDS as well. Doctors were
giving AZT as well as a combination of other drugs to help control the disease, but it only helped
those who had money and access to the treatment. Within later years, the treatment and control for
both HIV and AIDS have widened but they now focus more on giving access to all victims of this
sickness. As of right now, according to WebMD Medical Reports, African Americans hold the
highest number of individuals infected with AIDS and HIV. African Americans have this idea that
only gay, Caucasian men have this sickness, but this is where they are wrong. They hold the highest
number because of the lifestyle they live. The African American community are contracting AIDS
through sexual intercourse with another individual who

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune...
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one
of the deadliest pandemics the world has ever known. Unprecedented efforts and resources have
been mobilized to fight the infection worldwide. While obvious progress has been made, HIV
infection still hit hard and the field of public health continues actively to raise awareness about this
issue and help affected people. Public health professionals constantly look for new ways to reach
high–risk populations, but sometimes the methods used result in unintended effects such as
stigmatization. This makes wonder how far can public health go in the attempt of reaching its goals.
In other words, what are the limits of public health in the HIV prevention ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Global Commission on HIV and the Law,2 same–sex relations were criminalized
in many countries and not legally protected in countries with no official criminalization.2 MSM had
to live with the pressure of AIDS and their lifestyles.
The time has passed, and thanks to the field of public health, people have now a better
understanding of the acquisition of HIV. Nevertheless, there is still high numbers of infected people
every year worldwide. Unfortunately, studies still show that MSM are among the key populations
and are more likely to live with the virus than everyone else in the US.3 The number of infection
among gays have increased in some countries and are one of the main contributors to the epidemics
in others.3 These realities pushed public health professionals and governments to develop new ways
to raise awareness among key populations. It is now common to see commercials targeting
specifically MSM. The objective is usually to promote the use of condoms to protect themselves and
their partners. Unfortunately, this is not always how the message is received and the consequences
can sometimes be tragic.
Let consider the commercial "It's never just HIV" by NYC Health.4 As public health professionals,
we know that this video was made to show

Malnutrition And Malnutrition Among Children
Malnutrition Amongst Children in India
People who are malnourished lack nutrients the body needs for proper health and development.
"Malnutrition is the inadequate nutrition caused by the lack of a balanced diet or by disorders of the
digestive system in which the nutrients from food cannot be absorbed properly" (dictionary.com).
Chronic malnutrition can cause severe health problems. In recent years, India has had an
unprecedented economic growth. It improved in education, agriculture, and technology, but it still
has the highest prevalence of underweight children in the world. Half of the children are
underweight in Bimaru states of India. (sagepub.com). There are many causes and consequences of
malnutrition. Since malnutrition is affecting a large population of children in India, it is important to
find solutions.
Maternal characteristics are a reason why children are malnourished. A study found that the
prevalence's of stunting, wasting and underweight were greater for children of illiterate mothers, and
lowest among children of mothers with an education of high school or more. Also, when mother's
consume tobacco and alcohol, the child has a greater risk of being malnourished ( S. Rajarm, Lisa
K. Zottarelli and T.S Sunil). Malnutrition starts even when a baby is not even born. Undernourished
mothers give birth to underweight babies, which affects the future physical and mental well being of
the child. " The child–rearing practices in India unfortunately are highly

Research Paper- Pica Disorder
Pica Disorder: "Eating disorders are a serious mental illness, not a lifestyle choice." Millions of
people have to deal with inner demons on a daily basis, some more serious than others but one that
is severe, is Pica disorder. Pica disorder is an eating disorder where people have an appetite for non–
nutritive, inedible materials and become addicted to eating items such as clay, nail polish, drywall,
light bulbs and much more. This disorder causes victims to eat unimaginable things and causes
many medical problems in the process. Some doctors believe that this disorder is just complication
of the mental psyche, but there is more underlying issues that cause this disorder. Thus, Pica
disorder is caused by a combination of biochemical, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many have liver and kidney damage due to prolonged periods of ingesting toxic chemicals in
pursuit of the chemicals that there bodies desire. They also develop serious intestinal blockage, and
can start developing lead poisioning which leads to permanent damage and even death. For many
people, eating strange items becomes the norm, but in many countries eating strange items is the
norm in order to survive. Environment also plays a key factor in pica disorder. In other countries
eating odd item is the norm because it is necessary for them to survive. In many subsaharan African
countries, because of malnutrition many people are desperate for food and will turn to inedible
sources such as dirt and clay in order to stay alive. This is a sad way of life, but it is also harmful to
the human body because our bodies were not meant to digest such harsh things like dirt and clay.
Many people in Africa end up perishing from clogged digestive tracks, they cannot pass it and it
ends up being stuck in their digestive system and they die because toxins that are meant to leave the
body are trapped and slowly each of the bodies organs being to shut down and the individual will
surely die a slow and painful death. Africa is not the only location where dirt and clay are eaten as
food. In many southern states until the early 1900's, sold clay and dirt balls in many public places.
They were easy to transport and did not spoil easily. They were first introduced

Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
In 1981, the first cases in the United States of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
developed in Los Angeles and New York (Fraser, Burd, Liebson, Lipschik, & Peterson, 2008). The
illness presented itself among several homosexual males who developed rare opportunistic
infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma (Sharp & Hahn, 2011). At
the time, medical professionals deemed the infections to be "gay–related infectious diseases"
(Pence, 2008). However, three months after this diagnosis, medical professionals revealed the
presence of the same infection among newborns whose mothers used intravenous drugs (Pence,
2008). In 1984, scientist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pathophysiology The Human Immunodeficiency Virus has two types, (type 1 and type 2), followed
by nine different subtypes based on the simian location from which each strand originated (Sharp &
Hahn, 2008). According to Sharp and Hahn (2008), Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 is the
most common cause of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome worldwide and originates from the
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus found in sub–Saharan African chimpanzees and gorillas.
Specifically, group M represents the most common strand of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type
1 (Sharp & Hahn 2008). The original contraction of SIV–1 in humans followed the consumption of
bush meat collected from hunting HIV infected chimpanzees and gorillas (Sharp & Hahn, 2008).
Once in the human body, the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus became the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (Sharp & Hahn, 2008). Although originally acquired through the
consumption of infected simian blood, the most predominant contracting factor in today's society is
through unprotected sexual intercourse, whether oral, anal, or vaginal, and the exchange of infected
blood (Fraser et al., 2008). The Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a retrovirus originally encoded in
ribonucleic acid or RNA (Fraser et al., 2008). HIV virions travel through the blood stream and other
bodily fluids in order to infect

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Or Aids
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS comes from the latest stage of the HIV disease.
HIV is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is a retrovirus which means it has RNA nucleic
acid and genetic material where most have DNA. The virus enters the cells of the body as most do,
through endocytosis of white blood cells trying to kill it. When a macrophage ingests a virus, the
cell then takes a piece of the virus and presents it on the surface, thus becoming an antigen
presenting cell. The antigen presenting cell would then bind to CD4+ cells, also known as helper T
cells, who then initiate the humoral or cell–mediated immune response. The humoral response
includes the B–cells who release antibodies. The cell–mediated response includes the killer T cells
or CD8+ cells. The aspect of the virus that makes it so problematic is the CD4+ cells and how the
virus affects them. Cells infected with HIV eventually die and the gradual destruction of the CD4+
cells weaken the immune system functioning because of their job of activating the third line of
defense. The number of antibodies in the body would then decrease and with the immune system so
reduced, regular microorganisms that normally would not affect the body are now dangerous. These
now lethal microorganisms are known as opportunistic infectious organisms. CLASS NOTES
HIV infection occurs through immediate contacts with the infected persons body fluids. The major
routes of infection include blood and sexual fluid exchange.

Effects of IDA on HbA1C Levels
The first study to investigate the effects of IDA on HbA1C levels was by Horton[15], who
demonstrated the mean HbA1C concentration for four patients with IDA as 4.9% compared with a
mean HbA1C concentration of 5.3% among 14 healthy people.
Increasing evidence suggests a potential role of iron (Fe) in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes
mellitus. Fe is a strong pro oxidant leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation resulting in
elevated oxidative stress. In animal models, Fe excess might result in pancreatic oxidative stress and
decrease insulin secretary capacity. Ferritin is a marker of Fe status in healthy individuals and an
acute phase reactant as well; elevated levels of ferritin have been shown in diabetic patients[16].
This HbA1c enhancing effect of iron deficiency and fall in HbA1c levels after iron supplementation
has been previously documented in several studies [17, 18].
Our results demonstrate that there is a relation between iron therapy and HbA1C in patients with
type 2 DM. Our results are in accordance with the findings of Brooks et al. and Davis et al.'s study
[19, 20]. They revealed a relationship between iron deficiency anemia and HbA1C levels and
attempted to ex¬plain the alteration in HbA1C levels in iron deficiency anemia on the basis of both
modifications to the structure of hemoglobin and levels of HbA1C in old and new red blood cells.
Koga et al.[21] in association study of erythrocyte indices with glycated hemoglobin in pre–
menopausal women

History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay
History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), specific group of diseases or conditions that result
from suppression of the immune system, related to infection with the human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). A person infected with HIV gradually loses immune function along with certain
immune cells called CD4 T–lymphocytes or CD4 T–cells, causing the infected person to become
vulnerable to pneumonia, fungus infections, and other common ailments. With the loss of immune
function, a clinical syndrome (a group of various illnesses that together characterize a disease)
develops over time and eventually results in death due to opportunistic infections (infections by
organisms that do not normally cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
About 430,000 of these deaths occurred in the United States. II CLINICAL PROGRESSION OF
AIDS
The progression from the point of HIV infection to the clinical diseases that define AIDS may take
six to ten years or more. This progression can be monitored using surrogate markers (laboratory data
that correspond to the various stages of disease progression) or clinical endpoints (illnesses
associated with more advanced disease). Surrogate markers for the various stages of HIV infection
include the declining number of CD4 T–cells, the major type of white blood cell lost because of
HIV infection. In general, the lower the infected person's CD4 T–cell count, the weaker the person's
immune system and the more advanced the disease state. In 1996 it became evident that the actual
amount of HIV in a person's blood–the so–called viral burden–could be used to predict the
progression to AIDS, regardless of a person's CD4 T–cell count. With advancing technology, viral
burden determinations are quickly becoming a standard means of patient testing.
An infected person's immune response to the virus–that is, the person's ability to produce antibodies
against HIV–can also be used to determine the progression of AIDS; however, this surrogate marker
is less precise during more advanced stages of AIDS because of the overall loss of immune function.
Within one to three weeks after infection with HIV, most people experience nonspecific

The First Official Documentation Of Acquired Immune...
The first official documentation of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome also known as Aids,
was recorded by the US centers for disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the early 1980's
several different reports began to come about of a small number of men whom had been diagnosed
with a very rare disease. This disease was very similar to cancer, many of the men that got this
disease were gay or bisexual. American's assumed it was gay– related immune deficiency or gay
cancer until women were being diagnosed with the same disease. Many scientists began to study
AIDS and assumed that it was related to sexual contact and the transfer of contaminated blood. In
the 1980's, a woman by the name of Mary Fisher gave a speech, 1922 Republican National
Convention Address. She gave this speech for the purpose of informing the world she had been
diagnosed with Aids and the disease should not be ignored and that this disease does not
discriminate. In her speech, she wanted everyone to realize the importance of knowing about this
disease and people that have it should not keep it a secret, it shouldn 't be hidden. In addition, in her
speech she talks directly to her audience to inform and help them understand the importance of Aids.
In the following she addresses Aids:
In the context of the election year, I ask you, here in this great hall, or listening in the quiet of your
home, to recognize that AIDS virus is not a political creature. It does not care whether you are
Democrat or

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Or Hiv, The Root Cause...
Since its discovery in 1981, the scientific community has put up with the struggle of finding a
vaccine for the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, the root cause of AIDS or acquired immune
deficiency syndrome. Although numerous advancements in combating the virus have helped to
reverse the epidemic, there is still no known cure. However, recent studies have shown some results
that may possibly be the precursors to eradicate the disease. One example would be the trials of a
possible vaccine conducted on primates at both Paris–Descartes University and at the University of
Chinese Medicine in Guangzhou. Along with finding a vaccine, an alternative method has been
proposed in Time Magazine with altering the CCR5 gene in cells, which is ... Show more content on
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SIV is the monkey equivalent of HIV, and therefore serves as a substitute for the HIV virus. The
vaccine consisted of inactivated SIV administered alongside the TB–suppressant bacterium BCG,
and subsequently with gut bacteria Lactobacillus genus and worked by stimulating the production of
a previously unknown group of CD8 T–cells that, while recognising HIV themselves, stopped the
monkeys' CD4 cells from recognizing SIV as a foreign invader, thereby preventing an immune
response to SIV. Therefore the SIV did not have the specific immune–activated CD4 cells to
reproduce and establish an infection in the body. The SIV/BCG vaccine was given to six monkeys as
a vaginal gel, while seven received it as a rectal douche. Eight received it as an oral vaccine which
when proved completely effective, were also given another oral vaccine of iSIV plus the
Lactobacillus plantarum bacterium. Another eight were given iSIV plus Lactobacillus rhamnosus, a
common species found in the human gut and many probiotic supplements. In the results, 15 of the
29 subjects were completely protected from SIV infection. However, vaginal and rectal formulations
were not 100 percent protective. In a major breakthrough, monkeys that received the vaccine as an
oral formula along with SIV rectally, were unable to be infected. On the contrary, 26 monkeys with
no vaccine, inactivated SIV without bacteria or bacteria without vaccine were all affected with the
usual SIV. Five who

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Or Acquired...
A major epidemic across the world is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune
deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Accredited with 10% of the HIV cases annually is injection drug use
(AIDS.gov, 2014). A study done in 2010 showed that injection drug use affected nearly 47,500 new
HIV infections in the United States. With 625 being males and 38% being female. Breaking it down
even further, African Americans made up 50% of the newly affecting using injection drugs, Whites
26%, and Latinos/ Hispanics with 21% (CDC.gov, 2015). Injection drug use can spread the HIV
virus by any of the following acts: using blood–contaminated syringes to prepare drugs, reusing
water, reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other containers ("cookers") to ... Show more content on
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A basic response for injection users can be strategies that are aligned with all drug users such as:
access to sterile injection and drug preparation equipment; treatment for substance use and mental
disorders; opioid substitution therapy; or counseling (CDC.gov/mmwr, 2015). Helping to provide
greater preventative measures for all drug users can potentially reduce the contraction of the
HIV/AIDS virus.
The townspeople or community might be hesitant to provide assistance for injection drug users.
Stigma exists around substance use and abuse especially when it comes to needle–exchange
programs. The belief that providing clean needles encourages drug use, rather than discourages
needle sharing. Studies done by the AIDS Foundation of Chicago (AFC) argues that this response
can be dangerous since it ignores other studies that demonstrate how clean needle exchange is an
effective took for reducing HIV and hepatitis transmission. This program provides support for the
inflected. Through access to counselors, treatment options, or education about safer needle use are
all provided all from one program (Sosin, 2012). It can also benefit the larger community of drug
users or those how suffer from hepatitis. A program in Rhode Island called ENCORE (Education,
Needle Exchange, Counseling, Outreach, and Referrals) is designed for outreach to those at–risk
individuals who may not otherwise present for prevention,

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )

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