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Heart Failure & Congenital Heart Disease Guide
- 1. HEART FAILURE & CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
- 2. • Heart failure is the most common diagnosis for the hospitalised patient over 65 years of age. • 80% a person’s lifetime health care expenses are incurred in the last 18 months of life - mostly due to the efects of chronic disease. • When the heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to sustain the body’s metabolic needs & it is referred to as heart failure or cardiac insufficiency.
- 3. • After a myocardial infarction or Heart attack • In response to prolonged hypertension • In response to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus • From valvular disease • InLammatory heart disease
- 4. • Other factors associated with HF include • Infection • Hyperthyroidism • Anemia • Fluid replacement therapy
- 5. • when the heart is unable to circulate blood normally & the reduced blood low causes the kidneys to filter less fluid out through urine. • This triggers the kidneys to think they must conserve fluid & which may also make them filter less fluid and retain more. • The excess fluid now builds up in the lungs & liver & around the eyes & and sometimes in the legs
- 9. • two kinds of heart failure Right side HF or Right ventricular Failure Left side HF or Left ventricular Failure
- 10. • yspnea (shortness o breath) • . • 0aro4ysmal nocturnal dyspnea (suddenlyawakening rom sleep with shortness o breath) • . • ecreased cardiac output • K. • 0ulmonary congestion • 5. • ?ough • -. • Frothy pink tinged sputum • 1. • 6rthopnea (abnormal condition where a personmust sit or stand to breath deeply • $. • 0ulmonary crackles
- 12. RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE • Occurs when RV cannot pump effectively against the increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation. Results from • Most commonly from the increased pressure backing up from a failing LV • Chronic pulmonary disease (cor pulmonale) • Pulmonary hypertension
- 13. • Aenous blood is reLected back into the systemiccirculation. • • Encreased venous volume and pressure orce Luid out o the vasculature into interstitial tissue (peripheral edema) • • #he 'ight Aentricle s inability to pump blood orward intothe lungs results in peripheral congestion
- 14. RISK FACTORS - DEVELOPING HEART FAILURE • Coronary artery disease • Myocardial infarction • Cigarette smoking (vasoconstrictor& makes plaques stick & contributes to coronary artery disease) • cardiomyopathy (dilated& hypertrophic and restrictive)
- 15. • Hypertension (uncontrolled contributes to cardic remodeling & damage to valves & damage to the heart muscle) • Obesity (contributes to the increased work of the heart & stretching the muscle of the heart& increased HT) • Heart valve disease ( aortic stenosis & loss of elasticity & causes the ventricle to have to pump harder) • Diabetes (uncontrolled blood glucose levels become toxic to the heart) •
- 16. DIAGNOSTIC TEST • Echoc!0/io70!; • (non invasive diagnostic tool orevaluating Heart Failure. Et shows valular disease&presence o pericardial Luid& end diastolic LV function andeNection raction. • • 3 • Chest 2-0!# • (reveals pulmonary vascular congestion&pleural efusion& and cardiomegalyJcardiac enlargement.) • • ECG • (reveals cardiac dysrhythmias)
- 17. • St0ess test • (shows activity tolerance and severity o underlying ischemia rom cardiovascular disease.) • • C!0/i!c C!thete0i>!tion • (done to detect cardiacabnormalities an underlying cardiovascular disease • • ('GA Sc!n • J (multipleJgated acRuisition) a nuclearmedicine scan that evaluates cardiac unction& eNection raction& and wall motion abnormalities.
- 19. • Distended jugular veins • Anorexia & nausea& and abdominal distention • Liver enlargement with right upper quadrant pain • Ascites • Pitting edema of feet,ankles & and sacrum • 1 liter of fluid equals 1 kilogram of weight (2.2 lbs)