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Keysheet

6
Climate Change Impacts on

Agriculture in
India
Agriculture represents a core part of the Indian
economy and provides food and livelihood activities
to much of the Indian population. While the magnitude
of impact varies greatly by region, climate change is
expected to impact on agricultural productivity and
shifting crop patterns. The policy implications are
wide-reaching, as changes in agriculture could affect
food security, trade policy, livelihood activities and water
conservation issues, impacting large portions of
the population.
Agriculture and climate change
The agricultural sector represents 35% of India’s Gross National Product (GNP) and as such plays a crucial role in the country’s
development. Food grain production quadrupled during the post-independence era; this growth is projected to continue.
The impact of climate change on agriculture could result in problems with food security and may threaten the livelihood activities upon which
much of the population depends. Climate change can affect crop yields (both positively and negatively), as well as the types of crops that
can be grown in certain areas, by impacting agricultural inputs such as water for irrigation, amounts of solar radiation that affect plant growth,
as well as the prevalence of pests.
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) examined the vulnerability of agricultural production to climate change, with the objective
of determining differences in climate change impacts on agriculture by region and by crop.

The Indian Agricultural Research Institute
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi is a research organisation under the Indian Council for
Agricultural Research (ICAR). It conducts various professional courses in agricultural sciences and allied fields. The research
area of the institute covers the entire range of agricultural science. www.iari.res.in

Description of methodology
effects was also studied (for example, while increased
Scientists at IARI used a variety of crop growth models to evaluate

temperatures can reduce yields, this can be offset by increased

potential climate change impacts on wheat and rice (India’s

yields due to increased solar radiation) (Figure 6.2). The study also

primary crops), and other crops such as sorghum and maize.

examined impacts on rain-fed versus irrigated crops.

Specific variables used in the models included changes in
temperature, CO2 levels, precipitation, and solar radiation.

The models were developed using historic weather datasets

(See Box 6.1 for a full description of models used). Importantly,

as a baseline, correlated with growth and yield of crops

these variables can both increaseand decrease crop yields with

to characterise inter-seasonal climatic variability at

changes in climate, and therefore the interaction of these

various locations.

Box 6.1

Models used to predict climate change
impacts on agriculture

Predicted climate change impacts
on agriculture
The predicted changes to agriculture vary greatly by region and crop.

The following models were developed to evaluate the impacts of
changes in temperature and carbon dioxide on crops:

Findings for wheat and rice are reported here:
Wheat Production

,
INFOCROP a generic growth model for various crops, was
developed by IARI for optimal resource and agronomic
management options.
INFOCANE, a simple sugarcane growth model, was
developed by IARI to measure effects on cane yield.
Simple tea and coconut models were developed for
tropical India and Sri Lanka.

• The study found that increases in temperature (by about 2ºC)
reduced potential grain yields in most places. Regions with
higher potential productivity (such as northern India) were
relatively less impacted by climate change than areas with
lower potential productivity (the reduction in yields was
much smaller);

Pest damage mechanisms were coupled with INFOCROP
for simulating the effect of pests. The use of this model meant
that assessments could be made of the impact of climate change
and its variability on incidence of pests for various crops.

• Climate change is also predicted to lead to boundary changes in

Interaction effects of climate changes (temperature rise,
rainfall and radiation changes), with irrigation and nitrogen
amounts, and agronomic management practices were established
for various agro-ecologies. These were used to calculate the
actual impact of climate change on agricultural production as
well for suggesting agro- and resource management options for
sustaining production in India.

• Reductions in yields as a result of climate change are predicted

areas suitable for growing certain crops. These are shown for
wheat in Figure 6.1;

to be more pronounced for rain fed crops (as opposed to
irrigated crops)and under limited water supply situations
because there are no coping mechanisms for rainfall variability.
• The difference in yield is influenced by baseline climate. In
sub tropical environments the decrease in potential wheat

Keysheet 6

Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in India
yields ranged from 1.5 to 5.8%, while in tropical areas the

Figure 6.2

decrease was relatively higher, suggesting that warmer

Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture

regions can expect greater crop losses.
Figure 6.1

Boundary Changes for Productivity of
Irrigated Wheat
Impact under 425ppm CO2 concentration and 2ºC temperature rise

with changes in crops, as well as the need to shift some
regions to new crops, and the associated skills training required.
Rice Production
• Overall, temperature increases are predicted to reduce rice
yields. An increase of 2-4ºC is predicted to result in a
reduction in yields.
• Eastern regions are predicted to be most impacted by
increased temperatures and decreased radiation, resulting in
relatively fewer grains and shorter grain filling durations.
• By contrast, potential reductions in yields due to increased
temperatures in Northern India are predicted to be offset by

• Water policy: Because impacts vary significantly according
to whether crops are rain fed or irrigated, water policy will
need to consider the implications for water demand of
agricultural change due to climate change.
• Adaptive measures: Policy-makers will also need to consider
adaptive measures to cope with changing agricultural
patterns. Measures may include the introduction of the use
of alternative crops, changes to cropping patterns, and
promotion of water conservation and irrigation techniques.

higher radiation, lessening the impacts of climate change.
• Although additional CO2 can benefit crops, this effect was
nullified by an increase of temperature.

What are the policy implications of
these predictions?
The policy implications for climate change impacts in agriculture
are multi-disciplinary, and include possible adaptations to:

Needs for further research
Due to the complex interaction of climate impacts, combined
with varying irrigation techniques, regional factors, and
differences in crops, the detailed impacts of these factors need
to be investigated further.
Specific recommendations for further research include:
• Precision in climate change prediction with higher resolution
on spatial and temporal scales;

• Food security policy: to account for changing crop yields
(increasing in some areas and decreasing in others) as well
as shifting boundaries for crops, and the impact that this
can have on food supply.
• Trade policy: changes in certain crops can affect
imports/exports, depending on the crop (this is particularly
relevant for cash crops such as chillies).
• Livelihoods: With agriculture contributing significantly to GNP,
it is critical that policy addresses issues of loss of livelihood

• Linking of predictions with agricultural production systems to
suggest suitable options for sustaining agricultural production;
• Preparation of a database on climate
change impacts on agriculture;
• Evaluation of the impacts of climate
change in selected locations; and
• Development of models for pest
population dynamics.

Keysheet 6

Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in India
Keysheet

6

Climate Change Impacts on

Designed by Jo Menhinick www.jmd.eu.com

Agriculture in
India

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT:
IARI Dr Naveen Kalra, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi
Email: nkalra@iari.res.in
MoEF Dr Subodh K Sharma, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India
Email: subodh.kumar@nic.in
Defra Email: indiaimpacts@defra.gsi.gov.uk

OVERVIEW
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS
SEA LEVEL
WATER RESOURCES
AGRICULTURE
FORESTS
INDUSTRY
HUMAN HEALTH

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India climate-6-agriculture

  • 1. Keysheet 6 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in India Agriculture represents a core part of the Indian economy and provides food and livelihood activities to much of the Indian population. While the magnitude of impact varies greatly by region, climate change is expected to impact on agricultural productivity and shifting crop patterns. The policy implications are wide-reaching, as changes in agriculture could affect food security, trade policy, livelihood activities and water conservation issues, impacting large portions of the population.
  • 2. Agriculture and climate change The agricultural sector represents 35% of India’s Gross National Product (GNP) and as such plays a crucial role in the country’s development. Food grain production quadrupled during the post-independence era; this growth is projected to continue. The impact of climate change on agriculture could result in problems with food security and may threaten the livelihood activities upon which much of the population depends. Climate change can affect crop yields (both positively and negatively), as well as the types of crops that can be grown in certain areas, by impacting agricultural inputs such as water for irrigation, amounts of solar radiation that affect plant growth, as well as the prevalence of pests. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) examined the vulnerability of agricultural production to climate change, with the objective of determining differences in climate change impacts on agriculture by region and by crop. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi is a research organisation under the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR). It conducts various professional courses in agricultural sciences and allied fields. The research area of the institute covers the entire range of agricultural science. www.iari.res.in Description of methodology effects was also studied (for example, while increased Scientists at IARI used a variety of crop growth models to evaluate temperatures can reduce yields, this can be offset by increased potential climate change impacts on wheat and rice (India’s yields due to increased solar radiation) (Figure 6.2). The study also primary crops), and other crops such as sorghum and maize. examined impacts on rain-fed versus irrigated crops. Specific variables used in the models included changes in temperature, CO2 levels, precipitation, and solar radiation. The models were developed using historic weather datasets (See Box 6.1 for a full description of models used). Importantly, as a baseline, correlated with growth and yield of crops these variables can both increaseand decrease crop yields with to characterise inter-seasonal climatic variability at changes in climate, and therefore the interaction of these various locations. Box 6.1 Models used to predict climate change impacts on agriculture Predicted climate change impacts on agriculture The predicted changes to agriculture vary greatly by region and crop. The following models were developed to evaluate the impacts of changes in temperature and carbon dioxide on crops: Findings for wheat and rice are reported here: Wheat Production , INFOCROP a generic growth model for various crops, was developed by IARI for optimal resource and agronomic management options. INFOCANE, a simple sugarcane growth model, was developed by IARI to measure effects on cane yield. Simple tea and coconut models were developed for tropical India and Sri Lanka. • The study found that increases in temperature (by about 2ºC) reduced potential grain yields in most places. Regions with higher potential productivity (such as northern India) were relatively less impacted by climate change than areas with lower potential productivity (the reduction in yields was much smaller); Pest damage mechanisms were coupled with INFOCROP for simulating the effect of pests. The use of this model meant that assessments could be made of the impact of climate change and its variability on incidence of pests for various crops. • Climate change is also predicted to lead to boundary changes in Interaction effects of climate changes (temperature rise, rainfall and radiation changes), with irrigation and nitrogen amounts, and agronomic management practices were established for various agro-ecologies. These were used to calculate the actual impact of climate change on agricultural production as well for suggesting agro- and resource management options for sustaining production in India. • Reductions in yields as a result of climate change are predicted areas suitable for growing certain crops. These are shown for wheat in Figure 6.1; to be more pronounced for rain fed crops (as opposed to irrigated crops)and under limited water supply situations because there are no coping mechanisms for rainfall variability. • The difference in yield is influenced by baseline climate. In sub tropical environments the decrease in potential wheat Keysheet 6 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in India
  • 3. yields ranged from 1.5 to 5.8%, while in tropical areas the Figure 6.2 decrease was relatively higher, suggesting that warmer Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture regions can expect greater crop losses. Figure 6.1 Boundary Changes for Productivity of Irrigated Wheat Impact under 425ppm CO2 concentration and 2ºC temperature rise with changes in crops, as well as the need to shift some regions to new crops, and the associated skills training required. Rice Production • Overall, temperature increases are predicted to reduce rice yields. An increase of 2-4ºC is predicted to result in a reduction in yields. • Eastern regions are predicted to be most impacted by increased temperatures and decreased radiation, resulting in relatively fewer grains and shorter grain filling durations. • By contrast, potential reductions in yields due to increased temperatures in Northern India are predicted to be offset by • Water policy: Because impacts vary significantly according to whether crops are rain fed or irrigated, water policy will need to consider the implications for water demand of agricultural change due to climate change. • Adaptive measures: Policy-makers will also need to consider adaptive measures to cope with changing agricultural patterns. Measures may include the introduction of the use of alternative crops, changes to cropping patterns, and promotion of water conservation and irrigation techniques. higher radiation, lessening the impacts of climate change. • Although additional CO2 can benefit crops, this effect was nullified by an increase of temperature. What are the policy implications of these predictions? The policy implications for climate change impacts in agriculture are multi-disciplinary, and include possible adaptations to: Needs for further research Due to the complex interaction of climate impacts, combined with varying irrigation techniques, regional factors, and differences in crops, the detailed impacts of these factors need to be investigated further. Specific recommendations for further research include: • Precision in climate change prediction with higher resolution on spatial and temporal scales; • Food security policy: to account for changing crop yields (increasing in some areas and decreasing in others) as well as shifting boundaries for crops, and the impact that this can have on food supply. • Trade policy: changes in certain crops can affect imports/exports, depending on the crop (this is particularly relevant for cash crops such as chillies). • Livelihoods: With agriculture contributing significantly to GNP, it is critical that policy addresses issues of loss of livelihood • Linking of predictions with agricultural production systems to suggest suitable options for sustaining agricultural production; • Preparation of a database on climate change impacts on agriculture; • Evaluation of the impacts of climate change in selected locations; and • Development of models for pest population dynamics. Keysheet 6 Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in India
  • 4. Keysheet 6 Climate Change Impacts on Designed by Jo Menhinick www.jmd.eu.com Agriculture in India FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE CONTACT: IARI Dr Naveen Kalra, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi Email: nkalra@iari.res.in MoEF Dr Subodh K Sharma, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India Email: subodh.kumar@nic.in Defra Email: indiaimpacts@defra.gsi.gov.uk OVERVIEW CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS SEA LEVEL WATER RESOURCES AGRICULTURE FORESTS INDUSTRY HUMAN HEALTH Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet Keysheet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9