A presentation made in March of 2009 in Brazil to the FAO on bee sampling issues.

4. The World Suspects That Bees are Declining Shrill Carder Bumblebee Distribution Data from NBN, with particular thanks to BWARS .

5. The Problem We do not know the magnitude of the crisis nor have identified how and where to target our conservation measures because until now, there is NO GLOBAL MONITORING PROGRAM

21. CV’s are Very Predictable (at least if you are an amphibian). Correlation between CV of amphibian counts during first and last 5 years of long-term count series

29. Relationship Bee Abundance and CV of Species Richness at a Site – A Nice, Highly Significant, Negative Relationship Log Total Numbers CV of Richness

30. Relationship Between Species Richness and CV of Species Richness – Basically the Same Relationship, Just a Bit Noisier Mean Species Richness CV of Richness

31. Relationship Between Species Richness and CV of Bee Abundance – Similar relationship, but looser still Mean Species Richness CV of Abundance

32. Relationship Between Mean Bee Abundance and CV of Abundance - Ditto Log Total Numbers CV Abundance

35. Comparison of Techniques: Bee Abundance – No Real Difference Between Techniques Bait Bowl Funnel Malaise Moericke Netting Trap Visual CV

36. Comparison of Techniques: Individual Species Abundance – Note low CVs for Bait and High for Funnel and Moericke Bait Bowl Funnel Malaise Moericke Netting Trap Visual CV

37. Comparison of Techniques: Species Richness – About the same, except for bait, which is quite low Bait Bowl Funnel Malaise Moericke Netting Trap Visual CV

38. Comparison of Techniques: Top 5 Species: Same interpretation as the last one Bait Bowl Funnel Malaise Moericke Netting Trap Visual CV

40. Bowl CVs: Individual Species Abundance – Super High!

41. Netting CVs: Individual Species Abundance – Whoa, Nellie ! Also Super High!

42. Bowl CVs: Top 5 Species – Better, Much Lower

43. Netting CVs: Top 5 Species – Similar, Better, Much Lower

44. Bowl CVs: Bee Abundance – Oh My, Quite Nice!

45. Netting CVs: Bee Abundance – Sweet!

50. Accumulation curves for pan traps Examples of

53. Size of pan traps df=6,147, F-value=0.20, p-value=0.977 12 oz 6 oz 1oz 2 oz 3.25 oz 4 oz 0.7 oz No significant difference

54. Is pan trap color really important? Compare how many individuals are caught in different colored bowls for key species

55. Color of Pan Trap - Numerous trials on East Coast of U.S. Blue UV Yellow UV Pale Blue UV Pale Blue White White UV Blue Yellow

57. Augochlorella aurata

58. Andrena nasonii

59. Andrena violae

60. Calliopsis andreniformis

61. Are bees more attracted to fluorescent or non-fluorescent colored pan traps? Data from Sam Droege Note, that bowls were placed adjacent to one another Genus non-uv uv Agapostemon 0 1 Andrena 0 1 Apis 0 1 Augochlora 1 1 Augochorella 1 3 Bombus 0 3 Calliopsis 2 6 Ceratina 4 11 Anthididum 0 3 Halictus 2 11 Heriades 0 1 Hylaeus 2 2 Lasioglossum 13 77 Melissodes 1 4 Osmia 1 0 Perdita 1 1 Sphecodes 0 2 Total 28 128

63. Does Adding Scents or Sweets in the Water in the Bowl Boost Catch? Nope – Data from 10 trials with 5 replicates of each category – Maryland data

64. Does Adding Salt Increase the Number of Bees Captured? Not in Maryland it doesn’t - Same set up as last time, but note that salt in the New World tropics will attract bees but this has not been tried in traps Treatments are different concentrations of salt in bowl traps

67. When should we sample? Significant effect of time of year From Russell et al. powerline study, note that colors denote significant treatments yet samples fell into date groups in CCA ordination space

68. Change in Captures in May 2-Day Time Intervals Sampling period Data from previously mentioned USDA study

70. Impact of Category and Pooling on the CV Note that pooling across sites had relatively little impact on CV

71. Impact of Category and Pooling on the CV Note that pooling across replicates and sites had little impact on CV

72. Impact of Category and Combining Netting and Bowling on the CV Note that pooling netting and bowl trapping data has a slight but positive impact on CV

73. Impact of Category and Pooling across Sites Note that pooling has a consistent slight positive impact on CV

74. Impact of Measuring Number of Occupied Cells vs Stems on CV Note that using the number of occupied stems rather than the total number of occupied cells has a slight but consistent positive impact on CV

75. Impact of Pooling across sites on CV Very Interesting! In this case pooling across sites has a large positive impact on CV

76. Impact of Pooling From Individual Month to All Year Pooling across all the months of data Roubic’s site has a relatively large positive impact on CV

77. Impact of Category on CV

78. Impact of Category on CV

79. Impact of Category and Pooling across Sites on CV Note the slight but relatively consistent positive impact on CV by pooling sites

81. There are quite a few other taxa that end up in bowls that could be sampled. Taiwan Bowl Captures

87. Created populations with known declines

89. HOW MANY SAMPLES DO WE NEED TO DETECT TRENDS IN POLLINATOR POPULATIONS?

90. No surprise here, its easier to detect a large decline than a small one, note that this is just a 2-year study

91. EFFECT SIZE Small decline Big decline

92. Low CV – 2 years

93. Low CV – 5 years

94. Med CV - 2

95. Med CV - 5

96. High CV - 2 No surprise here, if you have high variability in your CVs you need tons of samples to detect a change

97. High CV - 5

98. Effect of Study Length on Power for Low CV No surprise here….its easy to detect a trend over a longer period of time than a shorter one

99. Power results Using the sign test, we have good power to detect even a 2% decline within 5 years across a range of CVs with only 100-300 sample sites. We have slightly more power if we use a paired t-test.

106. Distribution of Various Melitoma Species from www.discoverlife.org Photo from University of Georgia