Legumes Advantages And Disadvantages

Legumes Advantages And Disadvantages
USES AND BENEFITS OF LEGUMES IN AGRO–ECOSYSTEM
Legumes:
Forage legumes can be defined as "monocarpellary fruit that contain only a single row of seed and
dehisces along both structure and ribs". Legumes are the member of plant family Fabaceae but in
the past legumes belongs to leguminosae. There leaves are trifoliate in nature and have tape root
system. Legumes are grown generally in agriculture for the food grain that are edible in nature like
pulses, beans, pea, lentil, soya bean about 500 genera and 1100 species 'of legumes are known.
Legumes associated with nitrogen fixing bacteria that have ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. This
nitrogen makes the plant seed full of protein and carbohydrates which are rich component ... Show
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Legumes have rich source of fiber that increase the energy of the animal. Fiber also help animal in
up taking of forage in digestibility. Protein content in them is too high due to N–fixation which
helps animal to provide high ratio of protein in their nutrition. Legumes are also source of other
minerals like Ca, Mg, Zn, Co, Cu. According to survey of scientist (Wilman, Mtengeti and Moseley)
that feeding values of legumes and grasses are different due to the cell structure and anatomy of the
plants.
Energy feedstock: Legumes are also the source of electrical energy generation. For example alfalfa
production used in the feeding of ruminant and electricity generation as the leaves are used for
grazing purpose and stem of the plant are used. Therefore legumes are used for many purposes in
the agro–ecosystem.
Soil and Water conservation: When we planted legumes than the soil erosion and water logging
conditions will be less as compared to other crops. It is due to precipitation and runoff water level.
Soil organic matter concentration increases in this way. It is the main benefit of legume to use as
cover crop that reduces soil erosion and water level increases mineral content in the soil. Water up
taking level of the plant also increases that helps in soil water holding capacity of
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Rhizobacteria Case Study
This specific study investigates an Azatobacter strain, pseudomonas strain and how these two
interact on soybean performance. This experiment was designed as a split plot factorial, it also hard
a completely randomized design. It used four chemical fertilizers and four levels of plant growth
promoting Rhizobacteria. The result was measured by physiological maturity, number of spikes per
unit area, harvest index, plant yield, grain yield, plant height, protein content and girth. This article
related directly to my experiment because the parameters used to obtain the results of my
experiment are similar; also the investigative subject is the same as the one in my experiment. This
experiments results showed that if Azatobacter application ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This article investigates the effects of bacterial bio–fertilizers on the growth and yield of rice which
is a grain. Bacterial bio–fertilizers investigated in this article include Azatobacter species and
pseudomonas species which were isolated from the soil of agricultural crops through employment of
plating techniques. This isolation was achieved through selective medium such as Rhizobium
medium for rhiobium species, pikovskayas agar for phosphate solubilising microbes and manitol
agar for Azatobacter. These bacteria were used to inoculate seeds. After 50 days of growth the
physical parameters were measured, they included breadth of leaves, number of leaves, length of
shoot, number of flowers, length of root, number of seeds, and number of pods. The result was that
all this parameters increased but in different proportions. These findings are directly related to my
experiment which invests the effects of Rhiobacteria on plant growth; this article has also used the
same parameters I used in my experiment. This article investigates the integrated effect of
Rhizobium and Azatobacter cultures on the leguminous crop black gram. These experiement that
was performed was meant to evaluate the intergrated effect of azatobacter and rhizobium n plant
growth, number of leafs present, the length of the roots, appearance of the nodules, carbohydrate
content and chlorophyll content in black grain which is a leguminous plant. In these

Analysis of Symbiosis Between Medicago Truncatula and...
1. This work aims to analyze the existence of both partner choice and plant sanctions in Medicago
truncatula– Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis by performing split–root experiments with natural
strains (Gubry–Rangin et al. 2010). Noë & Hammerstein (1994) described symbiosis as 'biological
market' since the plants are able to exchange the nutrients with different species which will create
the conflict. The strains with different fixation level in natural rhizobia populations were described
by Miller & Sirois (1982) and Rangin et al. (2008). Bull & Rice (1991) and Simms & Taylor (2002)
suggested that rhizobia symbiosis is likely explained by the partner choice model as the bacteria are
not transmitted vertically between plant generations. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bacterial fitness was then measured using different parameters including the number of nodules,
biomass per nodule, and the number of rhizobia per nodule.
Figure Number What method(s) gave these data? What do these data show?
1(a) split–root experiment Measurements of aerial biomass obtained in the split–root experiment:
– The N2–fixing strain appears efficient in nitrogen fixation than non–fixing strain
1(b) split–root experiment Measurements of nodule number obtained in the split–root experiment:
– The nodule number was significantly higher in roots inoculated with the non–fixing strain than the
N2–fixing strain. This supports the pre–infection partner selection.
– There are restrictions of nodule formation in the non–limiting side of the plant when one side of
the plant is nitrogen deficient in order to maintain the optimal nitrogen content.
1(c) split–root experiment Measurements of nodule biomass per nodule obtained in the split–root
experiment:
– The biomass per nodule significantly higher for the N2–fixing strain compared with the non–
fixing strain
– The mean biomass per nodule was higher in the N2–fixing strain which indicates that M.
truncatula plants might be able to limit the nodule development of inefficient strain in order to avoid
wasting resources.
– In the mixed treatment, a significantly higher biomass per nodule was measured for the N2–fixing
strain than the

Family In Barbara Kingsolver's The Bean Trees
People would usually imagine a family typically as a usual portrait; beholding parents that are
married to each other close aside , a few children in front, and alongside in the picture could include
other relatives. In the novel The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, this image is not necessarily
always the definition of a family. In the novel the main character, Taylor Greer, drove away from
Kentucky with two goals:to avoid pregnancy and to get away. While succeeding both goals, Taylor
decides to inherit a child she named Turtle along the way, and also encounters a strong connection
with other characters at her destination. Barbara Kingsolver creates this found connection between
these characters to show that family can come from anywhere, ... Show more content on
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The quote "Turtle shook her head.""Ban trees"", she said...Some of the wisteria flowers had gone to
the seed, and all these wonderful long green hung down from the branches. They looked as much as
beans as anything you'd ever care to eat."Will you look at that", I said. It was another miracle. The
flower trees were becoming bean trees." Turtle is represented as an unwanted burden but then
develops into becoming more important to Taylor. The bean trees, that is also another name for the
wisteria vine, represents transformation. The bean trees have a symbiotic relationship with the
rhizobia bugs, that move up and down the wisteria vine roots to provide a network that gives
nutrients. This mutual aid gives away the motif of family. The bean and bean trees show as the title
connecting to new growth, giving away as the theme of the same subject of family. That can comply
family apart of growing up. The quote "She watched me on the highway and entertained me with
her vegetable–soup song,except that now there were people mixed in with the beans and
potatoes:Dwayne Ray,Mattie, Esperanza, Lou Ann, and all of the rest. And me, I was the main
ingredient" shows how Turtle finally identifies Taylor as her mother and the completed

Evolution Of Host Parasite Relationships
Betsy Gladden
Evolution Case Study #1
Dr. Amanda Duffus
The Evolution of Host–Parasite Relationships
Since Darwin's "dangerous" idea in the nineteenth century, the causes and significances of evolution
have been investigated unceasingly. One evident example of evolution is between parasite and host
relationships, in which host and parasite partners maximize their own fitness, by evolving to reduce
the fitness of the other. Parasites are hypothesized to evolve and cause hosts to evolve, as well as
promoting sexual recombination. There are two major hypotheses of evolution pertaining to host–
parasite relationships: the Red Queen hypothesis and the Red King model. The Red Queen
hypothesis claims that there is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientist Van Valen used this as a metaphor for the evolutionary race saying that species keep
running (evolving) to stay in the same place, but if they stop, they become extinct. This theory has
been consistently added to and built upon by G. Bell in 1982, who applied it to host and parasite
relationships, showing how evolution affects genotype frequencies and that changes come from
maintaining sexual reproduction. (Lively, 2010) The Red Queen hypothesis demonstrates how
species rely on competition for initiating evolution, and how there is a domino effect of change
causing change. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) In studies done by Barnett and Hansen (1996) using an
organizational approach, evidence was found for Red Queen evolution in that organizations
exhibited less failure if there was more competition. The research used banks as a model, and the
results showed that in places only one existed, there was an advantage of a monopoly, but did not
have any experience when exposed to competition. (Barnett and Hansen, 1996) The Red Queen
hypothesis also shows that selection favors hosts that have rare resistance alleles. There also is
research that shows generation time affects selection for sex, in that the longer it takes to reproduce,
the more opportunity there is for evolution. The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that when in regard
to parasite and host relationships, when parasites are low in number, the costs of sex outweigh the
benefits and

Summary Of The Destruction Of Turtle By Barbara Kingsolver
At this point in the novel, Taylor has recently gained custody over Turtle, and the two have decided
to spend a day at the Oklahoma City Main Library. In the beginning of the passage, Kingsolver
establishes a connection between Turtle and wisteria vines, something she did previously when
describing the garden in dog doo park (Kingsolver 118–119). Indeed, just as the vines "often thrive
in poor soil," Turtle manages to live through her early years in an abusive home, and eventually
"thrives" under Taylor's care. The use of the word "thrive" is significant here; although Dr.
Pelinowsky had previously diagnosed Turtle with a "failure to thrive" (129), the young girl
continued to grow and learn each and every day, never once faltering amid the

Biology Lab Report
Screening and Cloning Of Bacterial β–Glucosidase Gene That Can Degrade Salicin from NIF and
Virulent Bacteria
Hanan H. Ahmed
Microbial Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology Institute,
Minufiya University Sadat City, Egypt
Abstract
Two β– glucosidase genes in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifloii able to utilize Salicin. SamI
fragments (2 and 3 kbp) from Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifloii were expressed in E. coli
HC1061. Transformed clones with β– glucosidase activity were selected by using Congo Red stain
plate assay. Restriction enzyme analysis of recombinant plasmid indicated that the positive clones
were contained the 2 and 3 kbp DNA inserts. The E. coliHC1061 transformed with 2 or 3 kbp
fragment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two types of pattern were obtained, the relative ability of each gene to cleave coniferin was
assessed. Clones containing Agrobacterium tumefaciens B3/73 DNA rapidly and completely
hydrolyzed coniferin to coniferyl alcohol. Over the same period, type 2 clones were completely
inactive. The different substrate specificities of clones were also evident from their ability to grow
on cellobiose Agrobacterium tumefaciens B3/73 was able to use cellobiose as the sole carbon
source. Escherichia coli DH5α and type 1 clones were not able to grow on cellobiose. Other clones
were able to utilize cellobiose, but grew very slowly (Linda et al., 1992). The 5.7–kb HindIlI
fragment common to all type 1 clones was purified and ligated into pBR322. Clones with inserts in
either orientation were able to cleave X–glucose, indicating that the entire β–glucosidase gene was
probably located within this insert. An EcoRI, BamHI, BglII, and PstI restriction map of the insert
showed that a 3.5–kb BamHI–PstI fragment with an internal PstI site was found to have the activity
to cleave X–glucose when cloned into pUC19. The sequence surrounding the EcoRI site in the
pUC19: 3.5–kb BamHI–PstI clone and the sequence were done. (Linda et al., 1992). Woodward and
Wiseman (1982) reported that there are two constitutive, β–glucosidase genes in Agrobacterium

The Effect Of Reduced Rainfall On Root Plasticity Of Soybeans
The Effect of Reduced Rainfall on Root Plasticity of Soybeans in Inter–cropping and Agroforestry
Systems
Introduction
Prior to 1965, agricultural systems depended mostly on the cycling of internal resources, in–situ
biological control mechanisms and natural rainfall patterns (Evenson and Gollin, 2003). Food–crop
productivity was modestly stable until the introduction of the Green Revolution (GR) where
extensive agricultural research has led to the development of heavy machineries, advanced irrigation
systems and biologically engineered seeds that can operate in conjunction with synthetic fertilizers
and chemical pesticides (Pingali, 2012). During the GR period, the world population more than
doubled at a growth rate of over 2% annually and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, climate change and its impacts are evident at both global and local scales (United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2014). According to the Ontario Centre for Climate Impacts and
Adaptation Resources (OCCAR), climate change impacts have induced negative consequences to
the agricultural sectors as crops are highly sensitive to regional climatic conditions (OCCAR, 2011).
Since agriculture is a fundamental sector as it generates food–crops to sustain the world's
populations as well as contributes billions of GDP to the nations' economies each year, it is
recommended that preventive mechanisms and adaptive measures to climate variations are to be
implemented.
The Government of Ontario has reported that the agricultural sector in Southern Ontario have
contributed $10.3 billion to the Provincial GDP in 2010 (Government of Ontario, 2011). It is
proposed that impacts of climate change due to the increment in CO2 levels will also create
significant effects on Ontario's agricultural sectors (Sharma & Lavanya, 2002). According to the
Ministry of Natural Resources (2007), some of the negative impacts brought about by climate
variability in Southern Ontario will include: increased insect infestations and weed growth,
increased soil erosion and increased moisture stress and drought events that can significantly
damage crops

Population Dynamic of the Legume-Rhizobium System
Nitrogen is essential for all forms of life in that it is required to biosynthesize basic building blocks
of plants, animals and other life forms. Atmospheric nitrogen is relatively inert; however, the
fixation process can free up the nitrogen atoms from their diatomic form (N2) to compound form
(NH3) so they could be used in many ways. Biological nitrogen fixation provides about 65% of the
biosphere's available nitrogen, and most of this is done by the cooperation between legume and
rhizobia. In fact, symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia in legume root nodules injects
approximately 40 million tonnes of nitrogen into agricultural systems each year.
The symbioses is achieved through a series of intricate interactions. And rhizobia are found as
bacteroids in infected legume hosts' root nodules, where they would perform nitrogen fixation and
obtain sources of energy (like photosynthate) from the plant. Were there no oppurtunity cost in the
fixation process, natural selection among rhizobia would favor those strains whose bacteroids fix the
most nitrogen. However, nitrogen fixation is energy–intensive. In the case of multiple infection, it is
mots likely that the "free–rider" scenario would take place. "Cheating" rhizobia would exploit plant
resources for their own reproduction rather than nitrogen fixation, resulting in their outcompeting
the fixing rhizobia and the symbioses' falling apart. Thus, host monitoring of symbiont performance
and the imposition of sanctions on

The Use Of Motifs In The Bean Trees
Written by Barbara Kingsolver, The Bean Trees contains characters who demonstrate how living
creatures are able to find methods of growing and transforming, despite unusual arrangements or
lifestyle. Throughout the novel, in the chapters "The One to Get Away" and "Dream Angels" the use
of motifs are greatly emphasized. Rebirth is one of the two important motifs, as the pattern of life
and death is repeated in the novel. Frequently, this theme is connected with dualities: when one
member of a pair passes, the other gains life force. Newt Hardbine represents as some sort of double
for Taylor, in the chapter "The One to Get Away". For example, in school, people could barely tell
them different from each other, and their lives appeared to move ... Show more content on
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The dried–up seed that, once buried, becomes a living thing, symbolizes her own life experience.
For instance, the night–blooming cereus that Edna Poppy brings, which appears up on page 240, to
Taylor and Lou Ann before Taylor makes her trip to Oklahoma serves as an indicator, representing
the transient quality to the characters' chances. The wisteria vines speak to the cooperative
connections that predominant the novel, and most importantly, the development of bean trees speaks
to the development of Turtle Greer and her development all through the novel. "Bean," (128)
Turtle's first word, symbolizes the guarantee that, similar to a dried–up seed that grows, an
emotionally or physically wounded woman may flourish if sufficiently given consideration. The
bean trees, another name for the wisteria vine that Turtle spots in Dog Doo Park, symbolize change,
a spot of life amidst infertility. The bean trees have a cooperative association with bugs called
rhizobia, which climb up and down the wisteria vine's roots and give a system that transfer
nutrients. This mutual aid symbolizes the assistance and adoration individuals give each other. The
bean trees, similar to individuals, thrive with a system of support. Taylor's interest with seeds and
vegetables is also an example of of the cycle of eternal rest and new

The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver
Birds are a personal symbol for Turtle's development. Throughout the novel, birds are tied to Turtle
and major events in her life. Turtle makes her first sound when the car stops suddenly to avoid a
family of quail. "I slammed on the brakes and we all pitched forward... 'I think that sound was a
laugh'...In the road up ahead there was a quail, the type that has one big feather spronging out the
front of its head like a forties–model ladies' hat. We could just make out that she was dithering back
and forth in the road, and then we gradually could see that there were a couple dozen babies running
around her every which way" (Kingsolver 106–107). Turtle and Taylor have become comfortable as
a family and Turtle has recovered from her previous trauma to the point that she makes audible
noises and expresses herself. Just as the family of Taylor and Turtle has brought joy to the lives of
Lou Ann, Mattie, Esperanza and Estevan, this disruptive family of birds bring joy and laughter to
Taylor and Turtle. When Taylor takes Turtle to the doctor and learns the extent of Turtle's abuse, she
sees a bird that has made its nest inside a cactus. "I looked through the bones to the garden on the
other side. There was a cactus with bushy arms and a coat of yellow spines as thick as fur. A bird
had built her nest in it. In and out she flew among the horrible spiny branches, never once hesitating.
You just couldn't imagine how she'd made a home in there" (Kingsolver 137–138). Just as the bird
has

Environmental Effects Of Cadmium
Environmental pollutants are becoming increasingly present throughout the world as industrial
progress has expanded in countries like China. Among these environmental pollutants, Cadmium
has been characterized as the most dangerous heavy metal ion because of its resiliency and
numerous negative health effects (Kermani et. Al., 2010). Growing dependence on chemical
fertilizer, wastewater irrigation, and uncontrolled discharge of industrial waste from activities, such
as mining and smelting, has led to large amounts of Cadmium in soil (Nazar et. Al., 2012).
Cadmium has adverse effects on plant life. Cadmium competes with nutrients, such as Calcium,
Magnesium, and Iron, that are also trying to get through the cell membranes of plant cells (Nazar et.
Al., 2012). Specifically, disruption of the Calcium channel in plants with Cadmium can lead to an
altered plant–water relationship, causing, "stomatal closure in many plants, leading to lower
transpiration rate, and inhibitions of photosynthesis through an adverse effect on chlorophyll
metabolism." (Nazar et. Al., 2012) Because Cadmium replaces the space that plants have for
Calcium, the plants overall function is worsened because it changes the plant's relationship with
water, causing the stomata, which oversee a plants respiratory function, to close. The plants then
begin to transpire less and photosynthesis in plants decrease as a result. Decreased photosynthesis
leads to growth inhibition of plants and an imbalance in

Root Rot Caused By M. Phaseolina
Root–rot caused by M. phaseolina (a soil as well as seed–borne fungus) is a devastating disease of
mungbean and causes serious yield losses. The present study has demonstrated that the fungus
induced severe root–rot in mungbean cv. T–44 and exhibited significant decline in the plant growth
and yield. This has verified that the tested mungbean cv. T–44 was susceptible to the root–rot
fungus. Rotting of tap root and presence of few lateral roots is the characteristic symptom of the
disease. Because of few lateral roots and root hairs, drying and withering of leaves occurs due to
less water absorption. During the initial stages of pathogenesis, the fungal hyphae penetrates the
root epidermis which is restricted to the intercellular spaces of the cortical tissues of the primary
roots. Due to this, collapse of adjacent cells occurs and heavily infected plantlets may die.
Afterwards at the onset of flower, the mycelium grow intracellularly through the xylem and plug the
vessels [28, 29], produce toxins and several enzymes [30, 31], and thereby disrupt host cells.
Inoculation with M. phaseolina decreased the growth and yield of mungbean by 32.1–45.5% and
36%, respectively.
Soil and seed borne nature of the pathogen creates problem for an effective management of the
root–rot disease. Use of the chemicals is one of the best options for the management of plant
diseases which is quick as well as effective method. The present approach was to manage the root–
rot disease by using

Poem Essay On Venom
Venom
You open your eyes. You're not really sure what just happened. The last thing you remember is
stepping in some weird puddle of goo accidentally, and then that goo started engulfing your leg with
the rest of your body quickly following suit. Looking down, you see that you're still covered in the
strange slime.
That's when you feel another presence in your mind.
It starts communicating with you, explaining that it's an alien organism that was somehow stranded
on earth. lt is a symbiote, and requires a host to bond with to survive. You were just the first person
it came across. You get something out at this deal as well though. lt grants you a variety of powers
and abilities, such as super strength, web slinging, wall crawling, and shapeshifting. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
What you choose to do with these abilities is completely up to you.
Every symbiote is different from each other, and they have different personalities. just like people.
1. VENOM
You're not actually Venom's first host. It may already had a very complicated relationship with the
first person it attempted to bond with, and they eventually rejected and abandoned it. It had some
other hosts after that, but nothing that really stuck for one reason or another. It just wants someone
to be with and to actually want it. A true symbiotic relationship. That being said. it will never forget
its first, and if it ever sees its first host, it will freak out, and you'll freak out along with it.
2. Carnage
The Carnage symbiote is the most unstable of all the symbiotes. It actually seems to enjoy when you
engage in any sort of physical violence. That being said, it forms an incredibly strong relationship
with its host, binding on an almost molecular level, meaning you can never truly be separated. It
will be more than willing to kill to protect you, and bathe in the blood of your enemies. Because of
your strong bond though, it amplifies your emotions much less than most other symbiotes, but it will
encourage

Bobtail Squid Symbiotic Essay
Symbiotic relationships are those that evolve between two organisms that interact in a specific
manner with each other. These can range from being facultative, where the relationship is not
required by either organism, to interactions that are obligate and are required by both organisms to
facilitate survival. There are many mechanisms and processes that bacteria and their hosts can use to
initiate and maintain symbiotic interactions and a few examples will be described in this report.
Vibrio fisheri – Euprymna scolopes (bobtail squid) symbiosis
The bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri forms a highly specific symbiotic relationship with
Euprymna scolopes, a species of bobtail squid. V.fischeri will colonize a complex light organ found
in the mantle cavity of the bobtail squid and they use the ability to luminesce as a camouflage
method to avoid predation. The squid uses bioluminescence to match the down welling moonlight
during the night whilst it is active. In return, V.fischeri is provided with a shelter, protection and
nutrients (1). V.fischeri is able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was hypothesised as the Buchnera does not have any motor protein genes in its genome,
however there are many flagella–like structures covering the cell therefore acting as secretion
systems. The regulation of the synthesis of essential amino acids by Buchnera is not understood in
great detail but it is believed that it is controlled by the amount of precursors made available to the
bacteria from the host cell. These precursors include glucose as a carbon source, four non–essential
amino acids, serine, aspartate, glutamate and glutamine, to act as precursors for the essential amino
acids and guanosine nucleotides which are involved in purine synthesis. Varying the concentrations
and availability of these compounds gives the host cell the ability to control and coordinate
Buchnera activity.

Gene Expression Of Soybeans ( Glycine Max )
Gene Expression of Soybeans (Glycine max) in Response to Bacterial Inoculants, Rhizoboost,
Defensor and Rhizobium under abiotic Stress (heat condition) in Glycine max
Proposal by Noor Sairafi and Dr. Sue Hum–Musser
Western Illinois University, Department of Biology
Abstract Several microorganisms have the ability to promote plant growth and produce compounds
which are known to stimulate plant defenses by inducing systemic resistance (ISR) in attacked
plants (1). Bacillus species are commonly used in formulating microbial fertilizers due to their rapid
beneficial effects in colonizing plant root and establishing Rhizobia bacteria mutualism inside their
root structure. In this paper research, I will observe this unique interaction by examining the gene
expression of soybeans (Glycine max) and their response to bio–inoculants under a heat stress. I will
use four different treatments: control, Defensor, Rhizoboost, Defensor and Rhizobium, and
Rhizoboost and Rhizobium. Once the infected seeds germinate, I will incubate soybean seeds at 25
oC and 37 oC for approximately 16 hours followed by grinding seeds for RNA purification. Gene
expression data will be then obtained and collected via qPCR analysis followed by microarray
analysis for more data confirmation. Additionally, a two–way ANOVA and a Tukey's multiple
comparison test will be used to determine the significance of the data. This study will give us a good
idea on the effect of bacterial fertilizers (Defensor,

Wisteria And Symbiotic Relationships In The Bean Trees
The Bean Trees takes place in rural Pittman County, Kentucky, and other places across the USA,
during the 1980s. Its narrator, Taylor Greer, begins the story with memories concerning her
childhood and later her teenage years. As a child, she remembers watching a tractor tire blow up and
send Newt Hardbine's father flying over the top of the Standard Oil sign, and has, after that, always
been afraid of tires. Taylor's original name was Marietta Greer, but at three years old she demanded
to be called Miss Marietta, and this name eventually became Missy.
By high school, Taylor is not an special or outstanding student but stays out of trouble. In her senior
year, she has the blond, northerner Hughes Walter as her science teacher, and when he ... Show more
They learn about the wisteria vines. They do not grow from barren soil; the soil beneath them is
fertilized by rhizobia, microscopic bugs with which the wisteria have a symbiotic relationship.
Taylor compares the wisteria and rhizobia to the various relationships in the novel.
Taylor calls Lou Ann, who tells her that she is now dating a man from Red Hot Mama's, Cameron
John, and she recalls how Taylor became upset when they were acting like a family. Lou Ann insists
that they are in fact a family, and Taylor agrees. Taylor and Turtle head back to Tucson as a legally
established family.
Two of the greatest influences in The Bean Trees are the Cherokee Trail of Tears, the geographical
trek that the Cherokee Nation was forced to travel when it was moved to the Oklahoma territory
from the southeastern United States, and the Sanctuary movement, designed to help Central
Americans flee oppressive governmental regimes and relocate – usually secretly and illegally – in
the United States. These two influences serve as the background to Kingsolver's The Bean Trees.
The Cherokee Trail of Tears informs Taylor and Turtle's journey from Oklahoma to Arizona in the
novel, and many of the novel's characters apparently are members of the Sanctuary

Individualism In The Bean Trees
A Search for Something New One's individuality is what sets them apart from everyone else. The
Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver develops the story of a very strong woman, Taylor Greer who has
made it her goal to establish her own individuality. This novel follows the once named Marietta
Greer on her journey from her roots in Pittman County, Kentucky to her new adventure out west
where she changes her name, her outlooks, and her way of life. On the journey to self–discovery,
Taylor realizes that she must discover how to balance her individualism with her family community.
The theme of the balance of individuality and community is prevalent throughout The Bean Trees.
The reader is introduced to Taylor's unique individuality combined with the community ideal in
Kentucky. There, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taylor meets and instantly bonds with another newly single mother, Lou Ann Ruiz. Taylor and
Turtle move in with Lou Ann and her baby boy Dwayne Ray, and the two women become very good
friends. In the beginning of the families staying together, Lou Ann stays at home with the kids while
Taylor works. Taylor does not like the new living arrangement because she believes that they are
beginning to seem too similar to a nuclear family. To Lou Ann, she says, "It's not like we're family
for Christ's sake. You've got your own life to live, and I've got mine. You don't have to do all this
stuff for me" (89). In the heat of this moment Taylor is overwhelmed by the idea of an actual caring
familial group. It is difficult for Taylor to let people help her without feeling as if she is losing some
of her own individualism. Because Lou Ann hasn't developed a strong sense of self–esteem and
individualism, Taylor seems to become frustrated with her. Throughout The Bean Trees, Taylor and
Lou Ann are able to grow together, both blooming into their own unique

Character Analysis: The Bean Trees
"You're going to have to grow up sometime" something my mother still says to me now, even
having turned 21 this year. I feel grown up simply because of my age but am I truly? Sure, the
exciting times of living on your own, staying up as late as you want, and voting would qualify you
as a grown up but honestly being an adult can be a bit of a bummer sometimes. Responsibilities,
jobs, and bills; they're all inevitable. However, we are fortunate enough to experience nostalgia or
remember 'the good old days', reminiscing on events that remind us of childhood, a time when you
hardly had to worry about anything other than your mom finding out that you got your brand new
pants dirty after she told you not to wear them outside to play. But it's hard ... Show more content on
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They symbolizes growth in more than one way; the growth Taylor experiences in finding herself,
and with the relationships she makes along the way. She finally learns her place in the world going
half way across the country, facing her fears, and finding her family; Lou Ann, Mattie, and Turtle,
an odd group but worth everything to her.There is so much hurt and suffering portrayed in this book
that it's beautiful to see how all the characters come together, to live together, and make up a family
full of love. They grow through each other and for each other. Day in and day out, and have their
ups and downs. In the horticulture book Taylor reads to Turtle, she learns that "The rhizobia are not
actually part of the plant, they are separate creatures." (Kingsolver 305). Kingsolver is obviously
making the point that you don't have to be blood to be family, also suggested by Taylor's mother on
their most recent phone call and during Lou Ann's call. They work as the rhizobia in each others
lives, "put them together and they work miracles." (Kingsolver 305). The miracles here are Turtle's
adoption, Lou Ann's new found confidence, Estevan and Esperanzas' safety at the sanctuary, not to
mention Esperanza's metaphoric goodbye to Ismene through Turtle and of course Taylor's new
family. Each person effected Taylor differently for the better. What she thought she didn't want, she
found to love and even received love in

The Importance Of Interdependence In The Bean Trees
Independence is a common societal value in American society. Many feel the need to be able to
create a great life all on their own. The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, however, contrasts
independence and dependence with interdependence, two or more people relying on each other.
Kingsolver values interdependence the most as shown through her characters Taylor, Turtle, and
Lou Ann; these characters all try for independence or dependence before realizing that
interdependence is the right balance of the two. Complete dependence does not work for Lou Ann,
who struggles to know who she is without her husband, or Turtle, who cannot express herself after
becoming an orphan. At the beginning of the novel, Lou Ann says that she and her husband, Angel,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here, Kingsolver shows that independence is imperfect because if you make a mistake there is no
one there to help you back up. In the end, Kingsolver proves interdependence is the best way to
survive by showing Taylor, Lou Ann, and Turtle as a family; she also uses rhizobia as a symbol for
interdependence at work. When Taylor and Lou Ann first meet, they instantly find a connection.
Taylor helps Lou Ann to become more confident by encouraging her to speak her mind about how
the door to the strip club makes her uncomfortable. Also, she tells Lou Ann to stop putting herself
down and thinking she is not as smart as Taylor or that Angel left because she got drunk once. In
return, Lou Ann helps Taylor by taking care of Turtle and supporting Taylor as she learns how to be
a good mother. Turtle, as a result of feeling loved and safe within her new family, begins to speak
and laugh. In return, Turtle gives Taylor a sense of purpose. The results of this interdependence are
all positive. Lou Ann becomes confident enough to get a job she loves at a salsa factory, Taylor
decides she wants to adopt Turtle, and Turtle is able to put her past behind her by getting closure
with how her mother died in

Secondary And Types Of Secondary Nutrients
Secondary & Micronutrients Secondary nutrients are also required for plant growth and consist of
Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium. Though they are secondary they are still quite abundant in the soil
and are utilized within the complex functions a plant needs to grow. Sulfur is important for its
presence in vitamins and enzymes, calcium is essential to the structure of the cell wall, and
magnesium is the main electron carrier in the photosynthetic reaction (Prasad & Power, 1997, p.
243). Micronutrients are those that are only found in trace amounts but are still quite important in
many of the metabolic functions of the plant. The lack of some of these micronutrients are
responsible for a variety of deficiencies a plant may encounter due to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
119). Soil microbes not only produce accessible nitrogen, but they also fix many nutrients which are
specific to plant growth (Araujo & Melo, 2010, p. 2421). These microbes naturally fertilize plants
and soils which embraces microbial life and more active nutrient cycling.
Mycorrhizae
Mycorrhizal fungi play a large role in the terrestrial manifestation of plants (their movement onto
land). This is because this species of fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, allowing
them to have more surface area and an overall greater water and nutrient absorption. These
symbiotic relationships occur in majority of plants and growth results can be drastic since
mycorrhizae allows for greater phosphorus consumption than the 15–20% consumed by plants
without mycorrhizae (Prasad & Power, 1997, p. 171). This fungus can be inoculated and integrated
within the soil when planting new crops, giving the plant roots greater potential for nutrients.
Mycorrhizae naturally occurs on the majority of plant roots making them abundant in natural soil
ecosystems and forest floors.
Other Important Aspects of Soil
Organic Litter Organic litter makes up the uppermost layer of soil and is supplemented by dead
leaves, branches, trees, and dead animal waste. These are all forms of organisms rich in organic
compounds that supply soil microbes with the raw material to convert into the components of soil
and usable nutrients. This

Valentine's Day Lou Ann Character Analysis
Taylor also experiences injustice in the society she has been living, "How can I just be upset about
Turtle, about a grown man hurting a baby, when the whole day of the world is to pick on people that
can't fight back" (229). As Taylor learns more about the injustices of the world and the mothering,
she becomes more disillusioned with the world and less sure of herself. This causes Taylor to
rethink the world in different view which helps her see the world broaden. The dark side of the
world can happen anywhere and to anybody, not only with the people she knows in Pittman. This
also challenges Taylor about the motherhood. At first when Taylor accepts to keep Turtle, she
believes she is able to raise Turtle from harm. However, after the incident ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Taylor learns some good things about Lou Ann, one of them is the relationship. Lou Ann shows
Taylor that the relationship is good which she means both friendship and community relationship.
Besides Mattie, Taylor also needs helps from Lou Ann and sometimes depends on her. In chapter six
"Valentine's Day," Taylor expresses the feeling that she dislikes the idea Lou Ann and her act like a
married couple. Lou Ann takes care of the kids and cooks. Conversely, Taylor goes to work to
support the family (84–85). Kingsolver might suggest that growing close to Lou Ann makes Taylor
scared. In other words, Taylor's real problem is a fear of attachment. However, Lou Ann proves to
Taylor that relationship is helpful and good. Together, the two friends make a safe and happy home
for themselves and their children. They both can share the feelings, talk, laugh and get drunk
together. In short, their conversations actually make them feel better and understand each other
more. Moreover, the two ladies support and help each other through good and bad times such as
taking turn to cook and take care of the children. Also, Taylor helps Lou Ann become more
independently, gain more confident and self–reliance, begin to express opinions aloud, speak up and
feel less inclined to bow to the opinions of others. In return, Lou Ann helps and protects Taylor
when she faces difficult situations. In chapter twelve "Into The terrible Night," after the incident
happens to Turtle, Lou Ann takes one week off just to stay home to take care of Turtle, putting her
promotion at risk (169) while Taylor is still in her depression state. Humorously, Lou Ann also spies
on the neighborhood, hoping can find the bad guy who attacks Turtle at the park. Furthermore, in
chapter thirteen "Night – Blooming Cereus," when Taylor faces hardship and is about to give up on
keeping Turtle, Lou Ann tries to persuade Taylor to find

Symbolism In The Bean Trees
he Bean Trees Symbol Analysis My symbols are flowers, plants, and gardens. Flowers symbolize
beauty, youth, strength, and gentleness (Melani 1). Gardens symbolize growth, feminine, protection,
and miracles (Fraim). Plants symbolize life, afterlife, strength, and stability (Lipson). The elements
of The Bean Trees fit this symbolic archetype. Plants are found throughout the novel and Taylor's
life. In the Cherokee nation, Turtle points out the window and shouts, "Mama" (Kingsolver 275).
Taylor mentions, "We looked, but couldn't see anybody at all on the road. There were only a gas
station and a cemetery." (Kingsolver 275). At the lake, Turtle buries her doll in the soft dirt at the
base of the pine tree (Kingsolver 281). The doll symbolizes the afterlife because Turtle's biological
mother dies (Kingsolver 281). Taylor explains, "Some things grow into bushes or trees when you
plant them, but other things don't. Beans do, doll babies don't." (Kingsolver 281). Turtle replies,
"Mama." (Kingsolver 281). Taylor realizes that Turtle remembers her mother's burial ... Show more
As Turtle is growing, she recognizes the wisteria vines and other vegetables. Plants are an important
part of Taylor's and Turtle's childhood. Garden is an archetype because it crosses both time and
place. Gardens travel from Taylor's childhood to the Turtle's childhood. Gardens also travel from
Pittman County, Kentucky, to Tucson, Arizona.
Plants are an important part of Taylor's and Turtle's life. During Taylor's childhood, Taylor's mother
has a garden, and Taylor picks bugs off of the bean vines (Kingsolver 5). Taylor mentions, "She
went to the edge of the porch and shook a handful of pea hulls out of her apron onto the flowerbed."
(Kingsolver 6). In high school, Taylor avoids getting pregnant and getting married (Kingsolver 7).
By her senior year, Taylor is one of the few girls to not drop out of high school (Kingsolver

Dependence By Octavia E. Butler
Dependence in Fledgling Dependence is a very broad term that encompasses multiple different
aspects of peoples' lives. It can be defined in a wide range of subjects including, but not limited to,
obsessions–compulsions, material reliance, and financial dependency. However, dependence is most
commonly used in terms of interpersonal relationship and substance addiction. An intertwined
combination of these two types of dependency is explored in Fledgling, a science fiction vampire
novel written by Octavia E. Butler. In her novel, Butler portrays dependence as a natural component
of symbiotic relationships with many varying forms of expression. Based on this, she also shows a
connection between co–dependence and addiction while still ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Like so, the experience is described as beneficial to both people. After Shori reunites with her father,
Iosif, both Shori and the readers are informed that "human blood is most satisfying to [them] and
fortunately, [they] don't have to injure the humans [they] take it from" (63). Based on this quote, the
Ina–symbiont relationship would be better classified as commensalism, where one organism
benefits while the other is not affected. However, Butler further stresses the mutualistic relationship
between the Ina and their symbionts by noting the other positive effects from the venom injected
during feeding. For example, the venom strengthens their immune system, lengthens their lives by
around 100 years, and makes them heal faster. In other words, they will become much "healthier,
stronger and harder to kill than they would be without [their Ina]" (63). In this mutualistic
relationship, the Ina depends on their symbionts as a source of fuel just as much as the symbionts
depends on their Ina for health, but mainly feelings of pleasure and alleviation. However, when Ina
misuse their abilities to use "humans as weapons" and tools, it can be viewed as a parasitism (257).
Parasitic symbiotic relationships involve one organism benefiting at the cost of another organism.
For instance, Iosif bit Raleigh Curtis, a local resident near

The Bean Trees Character Analysis
Life Brings Out the Best Differences in People Ultimately, experiences shape who a person is and
who they become. In Barbara Kingsolver's novel, The Bean Trees, three characters, Taylor, Lou
Ann, and Mattie, all go through contrasting circumstances, molding them into different people.
However, their comparable situations do create some similarities. Taylor is an independent woman
who leaves her home in Kentucky and makes a new life for herself in Arizona with a child that is
not her own. Lou Ann is also from Kentucky, but undergoes different events, like divorcing her
husband and having a baby. Additionally, Mattie is a strong woman who runs her own business,
Jesus is Lord Used Tires, and is heavily involved with helping illegal immigrants ... Show more
Mattie is the best example of a woman being able to do anything on which she focuses. After Taylor
goes to Jesus is Lord Used Tires for the first time and sees Mattie, she says, "I had never seen a
woman with this kind of know–how. It made me feel proud, somehow" (45). Mattie has sort of a
masculine identity when it comes to working at Jesus is Lord Used Tires and fixing cars. Although
the stereotype is that working in a car garage is a man's job, Mattie crushes the stereotype and
establishes herself as a strong and powerful woman, remaining static in this trait for the entire novel.
Kingsolver wants women to know that they can do anything if they try hard

Use Of Figurative Language In Barbara Kingsolver's The...
Taylor, a character in The Bean Trees from rural Kentucky that was born in raised in the South is an
individual Barbara Kingsolver can relate to, but this connection between the author and the
character is not all that makes this book unique. Kingsolver Kingsolver also presents a variety of
figurative language, such as symbolism, similes, and metaphors, which depict her Southern Dialect
she was familiar with to express realism. The gender roles Kingsolver portrays is also unique;
Kingsolver represents how women are very courageous and brave while being able to survive on
their own, unlike The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien and In Cold Blood by Truman Capote
where males serve as the dominant characters. What makes Kingsolver's texts her ... Show more
Kingsolver states, "I'm just a plain hillbilly from East Jesus Nowhere with this adopted child that
that everybody keeps on telling me is dumb as a box of rocks" (Kingsolver, 45). Kingsolver includes
a simile with the child being compared to a box of rocks and this represents how Taylor and Lou
Ann were able to understand each other due to the Southern dialect they both shared. Another
instance where Kingsolver uses this Southern dialect is when Lou Ann commands her mother and
grandmother to not sit on the bench because "it'll be as a poker in this sun" (36). A simile is spoken
with the bench being compared to a poker in the sun; this is another daily occurrence in which the
characters use this Southern dialect. Also, as Estevan and Taylor have a conversation, Estevan says
her speech is poetic while Taylor refers to it as "the biggest bunch of hogwash" (69). Symbolism is
also introduced in her work; Kingsolver introduces the wisteria vines that can grow in non–fertile
soil due to rhizobia which symbolizes the ability for Turtle to thrive with Taylor acting as the
rhizobia for due to her help in raising her. This unique dialect that Kingsolver puts on display in her
book through figurative language to display the simple and ordinary life each of her characters
possessed by relating it back to her own native Kentucky

Invasive Species Research Paper
The introduction of an invasive species can change the organization and functioning of the native
communities through various processes such as predation, parasite transfer or competitive
exclusion. The two main explanations why some exotic species become invasive species are
superiority in competition and the opportunistic use of ecological niches generated by human
activities. (Nishizawa). Invasive species contributed to the decline of 42% of the threatened and
endangered species in the United States. Not only that, invasive species' impact is about five percent
of the world's economy. (Pimentel et al. 2005). For example, we were conducting an experiment
with an invasive species called Elephant Ears. Elephant ears can be invasive

The Experiment Of The First Experiment
Unlike the first experiment which lasted three seasons, this one lasted only one season, from May to
November 2013. Following a seed pre–germination period of 72 hours in the dark (25°C), all
treatments were planted in 2.5 L pots filled with a nitrogen free substrate of fine quartz sand. The
authors disposed the pots in rows with 15 cm inter–rows. They further fertigated the growing plants
every two hours with a complete nutrient solution, excluding nitrogen. Similarly to their first
experiment, the authors arranged this one in a slit–plot design with four replicated blocks. This time,
they used six treatments per block: 1) alive alfalfa and tall fescue; 2) dead alfalfa and tall fescue; 3)
alive white clover and perennial ryegrass; 4) dead white clover and perennial ryegrass; 5) pure tall
fescue and; 6) pure perennial ryegrass. These treatments were divided between two randomized
sub–blocks with or without a legume. For the dead legumes, the authors previously grew the plants
for three months, then cut them right below the taproot collar and further planted the grass species
according to the treatments. Four days after the transplant, treatments containing live legumes were
inoculated with rhizobia. To do so, the authors collected soil from the 0–20 cm soil horizon of
experiment 1. They took several samples, mixed them and dissolved a sub–sample of 10 grams into
1 L of deionized water. The authors then inoculated experiment 2 pots with 10 mL of this solution
and further

The Major Functional Unit Of Living Organisms Essay
Cells are the major functional unit of living organisms. Each component of a cell plays a vital role
and the cytoskeleton is just as important as any other organelle. Without the cytoskeleton a cell
would have no structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules, actin filaments, and
intermediate filaments, which are necessary for reproduction, maturation, and survival of plant cells
(1). The primary function of the cytoskeleton is to provide framework for the cell and help support
development and movement throughout the cell (2). The cytoskeleton contributes an overall
structure for each cell, however different plants use the cytoskeleton for many different functions
depending on how the microtubules and microfilaments are arranged. The cytoskeleton provides a
plant with organogenesis, cell shape, regulates the speed of mitochondria, functions in plant
gravitropism, and maintains organelle partitioning in single–cell C4 plants. One of the most
influential functions of the plant cytoskeleton is the development of multicellular organs, otherwise
known as organogenesis. The main components of the cytoskeleton; microtubules and actin
filaments are needed for secondary cell wall structures that are formed by vascular cells. They are
also used for plasmodesmata, which allows plant cells to communicate and this is important for the
organization of cellular behavior that occurs during organogenesis (1). As a plant cell undergoes
mitosis, after going through anaphase the

Soil Moisture Lab Report
Soil moisture also affects the yield and competitiveness of the introduced strain. Cowie et al.
(1996a, b) reported that waterlogging at any time have an adverse effect on the seed yield. Drought
conditions severely affect the viability of different species and strains of rhizobia (Joshi et al., 1981;
Osa–Afiana and Alexander, 1982). Singh et al. (1992) reported that at a available soil moisture of 45
per cent nodule number and dry weight of nodules increased while at 30 per cent available soil
moisture, seed yield increased. Strains isolated from arid areas are more tolerant to dessication and
high temperature than strains isolated from cooler and wet region. Bitorrini and Beringer
(unpublished, cited by Dowling and Broughton, 1986) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1997)
Calcium carbonate Increase in nodule weight Almendras and Bottomley (1985)
Trace elements Zinc
Iron
Molybdenum
Boron Increase in nodulation Kumpawat and Manohar (1994) Bhuiyan et al. (1998)
Sonboir and Sarawgi (1998)
Cadmium Inhibits nitrogen fixation Mario et al., 2013
Almendras and Bottomley (1985) also concluded that there was a correlation between pH and
phosphorus application. Phosphorus limitation was exacerbated by low pH and the combination of
pH and phosphorus levels could have strong influence on competition for nodulation.
Iron plays an important role in micro–organisms and plants. This is a component of cell and its
deficiency can cause growth inhibition, sporulation, decrease in RNA and DNA synthesis and, can
also change the cell morphology. Iron exists in two states (Fe2+ and Fe3+) and therefore, it is
suitable as an electron transporter. Iron is also known to regulate the bio–synthesis of porphyrins,
toxins, vitamins, antibiotics, cytochromes, pigments, siderophores and aromatic compounds. Iron is
present as a cofactor or required by different enzymes and proteins such as peroxidase, superoxide
dismutase, nitrogenase, hydrogenase, glutamate synthase, rhibonuclotide diphosphate reductase,
aconitase, DAHP, synthatase, cytochromes, ferridoxin and flavoproteins. Iron storage protein like
ferritin in animals and bacterio–ferritin in micro–organisms have also been discovered (Stiefel and
Watt, 1979).
Although iron is

The Importance Of Mutualism Between Animal And Animal Species
It is a kind of positive interspecific interaction in which members of two different species favor the
growth and survival of each other and their association is obligatory.
Species A = (+)
Species B = (+)
In this interaction, the members have widely different requirements and so interdependent that they
cannot survive separately. It is an extreme type of symbiosis in which symbionts have permanent
and obligatory close contacts.
1.Mutualism between animal and animal species
Cleveland (1926) reported the presence of a multi flagellate protozoan – Trichonympha Campanula
as a symbiont in the intestine of white ant – termite.
The ant provides food and shelter to the protozoan which in turn secretes cellulase enzymes to
digest the cellulose of wood ingested by the ant. Cellulose is hydrolyzed to sugars which are used by
both the partners.
When the gut lining of Termite is ready for molting, Trichonympha undergoes encystment and are
passed out with molting.
To ensure infection, the ant eats its molt. Newly hatched termites lick the anus of the older termites
to ingest the symbiont.
About 11 families and 40 genera of flagellates have been reported from the intestine of termites.
Ant–aphid mutualism
Some kinds of ants pick up aphids or the aphids eggs from the surface of green plants and shelter
them inside their own nest. The ants use the digestive wastes of the aphids as their food while
aphids in return get nourishment from the rootlets of the plants ramifying through

Research Paper On Rhizobia
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Situational Analysis
Soil productivity is an important concern for farmers. Green manuring, crop rotation and mix
farming are oftenly used to improve the soil fertility at the same time the nutrients used in plant
growth are conserved and returned to the soil to enhance its fertility (Alberta Agriculture and
Forestry, 1993). Green manuring is the plowing under or soil incorporation of any green manure
crops while they are green or soon after they flower. Green manures are grown for their leafy
materials needed for soil conservation (Boller et al., 2004). Plants are commonly used for green
manuring have Rhizobia bacteria for nitrogen fixation similarly crop rotation is alternating legumes
and non–legumes plants
Most plants need nitrogen from various sources one of which is fixed by a group of bacteria known
as Rhizobia (Herridge et al., 2008). Rhizobia have the ability to fix nitrogen in plant and help for
their growth. The Rhizobia chemically convert the nitrogen from the atmosphere to make it
available in plants. If there is not enough nitrogen available in the soil, plants look pale in color and
their growth development is reduced (Ngakou, 2009).
Rhizobia are remarkable bacteria because they can live either in the soil or within the root nodules
of host legumes and non–legumes plants. When ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Rhizobia can nodulate the string beans and they have a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobia
(Johnson et al., 1970). The string bean have a potential health benefits like, improved calcium
absorption and reducing urinary excretion of calcium, and prevent cancer because they have a high
chlorophyll which can block the carcinogenic effects of heterocyclic amines generated when grilling
meats at a high temperature (Ware et.al.,

Empowerment Of Women In The Bean Trees
During the late 1970's in the United States, women were advocating against an engrained system of
male superiority and inequality. Expected to be housewives who depended on their husbands,
thousands of women came together and organized marches and protests that brought awareness to
the abuse and misogyny that women were subjected to. Taylor Greer, Lou Anne, and Mattie are all
examples of this new generation of self–reliant and empowered women who break boundaries and
stereotypes. Taylor's strong confidence, Lou Anne's relationship with Taylor and ability to help her
raise their kids, and business owner Mattie's independence and mentorship, display a theme of
women's empowerment. In "The Bean Trees", by Barbara Kingsolver, women with strong ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She is very good with children and helps support Taylor as a single mother with Turtle. Mattie is
Taylor's boss at the tire repair shop and she is very good with children. On page 43 when Taylor first
met Mattie, Mattie offers to get crackers for Turtle. "She handed Turtle a peanut butter cracker,
which she grabbed with both hands. It broke to smithereens, and she got such big sad eyes I thought
she was going to cry. 'It's all right, honey,' Mattie said. 'You put that one in your mouth and I'll give
you another one.' Turtle did. I was amazed [...] Mattie was clearly accustomed to dealing with kids"
(Kingsolver, 48). Mattie is very hospitable and helpful to Taylor. Even though she just met her, she
already offers Turtle food and is very gentle with her. The way Turtle reacts to Mattie shows the
reader just how comforting she is to Turtle. Taylor is very grateful for Mattie's help and she becomes
a role model for Taylor that she needs as she tries to become an adoptive mother for Turtle. Her
natural maternal characteristics encourage Taylor to follow in Mattie's footsteps and try to be the
best caretaker she can be without any

Environmental Factors That Affect The Growth And Survival...
Microorganisms have developed multiple direct and indirect mechanisms that protect them against
the environmental stresses they encounter. One of the most severe and widespread problems facing
crop production is the degradation of soil quality due to desiccation and salinity, and almost 40% of
the world's land surface is affected by salinity–related problems (Zahran 1999, Veron, 2006). Water,
and its availability, is one of the most vital environmental factors to affect the growth and survival
of microorganisms (Potts 1994).
Within the soil environment, indirect protection of cellular structures and contents can be provided
by cell surface coating with clay minerals or close association with organic substances. Some
bacteria (Bacillus spp. and Actinobacteria) form heat–resistant spores to withstand dry conditions
and high temperatures, while other microorganisms encase individual cells or aggregates of cells
with polymeric substances or slime layers to form an extensive exopolymeric matrix or biofilms.
These outer structures enable them to adhere to inorganic (e.g. soil pore walls, water conduits,
mineral surfaces) or organic (e.g. roots) surfaces to insulate the entire microbial community against
effects of high temperature and the associated lack of available water (Jozefaciuk et al., 2006;
Berendsen et al., 2012; Rolli et al., 2015). Despite the potential physiological and lifestyle
adaptations to desiccation available to soil microorganisms, many microbes yield to heat

Examples Of Symbiotic Relationships In The Bean Trees
A symbiotic relationship is a mutually beneficial interaction between two or more people, in which
both involved gain something from the relationship. The overall symbol of the wisteria vines in
Barbara Kingsolver's The Bean Trees is an example of a symbiotic relationship. By working
together for a shared survival, both the rhizobia and the wisteria vines are able to better thrive in
their environment and achieve a balance that is only possible by the two factors working together.
Kingsolver's symbiotic relationships throughout The Bean Trees show how people can develop
stronger relationships by working together and by developing systems of support for each other,
much like the rhizobia and the wisteria vines.
For instance, the relationship between Mattie and Taylor is symbiotic and leads to the two growing a
deeper connection through their support of each other. One of the first examples of Mattie and
Taylor's relationship is towards the middle of the book when Taylor explains her new working
situation. Taylor states that, "In many ways it was a perfect arrangement. You couldn't ask for better
than Mattie. She was patient and kind and let me bring in Turtle when I needed to" (81). The
characters are developing a symbiotic relationship, because the two both benefit from Taylor's
working situation. While Mattie gains a new employee and Taylor gains a steady job in her new
town, both gain a close–friend in the workplace. Later on in the novel, Taylor and Mattie's
relationship

Reaction Paper On Mungbean
Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), also known as green gram, is a major pulse crop of India.
Mungbean has been vastly grown on the Indian subcontinent as well as parts of Asia. Mungbean has
also been referred to be part of the poor man's meat because of its high nutritive value as well as its
ease of digestibility. India alone accounts for 65% of its world acreage and 54% of the production
(Biyani et al., 2012).The pulse is of short duration and is a multifunctional pulse as it is now known
to provide a good quality combination of fodder for livestock, green manure and food. Mungbean is
known to fix atmospheric nitrogen and its symbiotic association of nodulated roots and Rhizobia has
enabled farmers to save money on procuring N–fertilisers. If grown in a cropping system
mungbean's rhizodeposition abilities might contribute significantly to higher C and N availability in
soils to succeeding crops (Zang et al., 2015). Mungbean has low input requirements and has the
ability to provide much required nutrients and moisture for a succeeding crop (Singh et al., 2011).
India and the Indian subcontinent as well as the rest of the world face a problem of increasing
population which is compounded by dwindling natural resources such as land (soil ... Show more
These genotypes have been adapted in the northern region ofIndia for cultivation in between wheat
and rice and are grown in late March or early April after harvesting of wheat. Mungbean is also
grown in south India as rice fallow pulse (Ali, 2004). During the growing season, especially in
northern India, the temperatures may rise up to 45/30 ◦C (day/night), which might have adverse
effects on their performance and potential yields. Their responses to heat stress and the mechanisms
underlying heat sensitivity of mungbean crop at reproductive stage are not known so far, which
formed the bases of the present

Barbara Kingsolver's The Bean Trees
In the book The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver, the wisteria vine functions as a symbol of
Turtle's growth throughout her journey, as well as the people that have helped her along the way.
When Turtle is first given to Taylor, she is agonized and timid, without a clue of whom she can look
to as a motherly figure. Taylor remarks how "the most amazing thing was the way the child held
on... to [her]... it's little hands like roots sucking on dry dirt." (22) Turtle's horrible past has mentally
scarred her. She views Taylor as safety and is relying on her for care. Turtle's need for Taylor is
similar to a plant's need for water. Neither can survive without the other. As time progresses the duo
bonds more closely, and Turtle begins to open up. One

The Bean Trees By Barbara Kingsolver Essay
In The Bean Trees, Barbara Kingsolver uses characters and symbols to show that families are not
genetically made up, rather built from love and support. As Kingsolver establishes the dynamic roles
of Taylor Greer upon meeting Turtle and Lou Ann Ruiz throughout the novel, she also includes the
symbolic significance of the rhizobia to illuminate the message of The Bean Trees.
Kingsolver structures Taylor's dynamic behaviors in ways that explain the definition of family. She
appeals to the reader that Taylor's conservative yet caring personality allowed her to determine what
an abandoned Indian child means in her life. Kingsolver incorporates this shift of personality in
order to appeal to the reader that a loving family isn't made up of genes rather love and care. When
Taylor left Kentucky, she carried the goal of avoiding pregnancy or, in another word, family along
with her. Taylor described herself as "useless," (81) and considered herself "crazy to think that
whisking Turtle away from the Cherokee Nation was doing her a favor" (81). Taylor thought one's
well–being was impacted by no other but blood relatives, similar to how Taylor's confidence and
self–esteem were high due to her mother's praises, even if they weren't truthful. Taylor always
accepted her mother's praises because she thought her mother was always right (236). Likewise,
she'd thought Turtle's development would nourish better from the nurture of her birth relatives.
However, Taylor later realizes the impact

Quotes From The Bean Trees
While displaying doubt to her mother about being able to get the job Mr Walter was offering, her
mother expresses her faith in Taylor on page 7 of The Bean Trees by Barbara Kingsolver by saying,
"The way I see it, a person isn't nothing more than a scarecrow...the only difference between one
that stands up good and one that blows over is what they are stuck up on." She knows that Taylor
can handle whatever challenges the job presents her with and wants her to realize that in herself she
has the power to do it, now all she has to do is use what she knows to get the job. Mama says this to
her in a knowing way, because while Taylor does not realize herself she can get the job, Mama
knows she can. A few days after Mama tells her this, she uses her backbone she is "up on" and tells
Mr Walter that since he hasn't made his mind up, she is going to be doing the job. Mama lights a fire
in Taylor she didn't know she had by saying this quote, that she takes to heart throughout the rest of
the novel. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She uses this when receiving Turtle because instead of leaving her and seeing her as a problem, she
takes her with and grows attached to her. She uses this to make friends, and to get help that she
needs when leaving her home. When illegally transporting Estevan and Esperanza, this message is
clear, because she is sure of herself that they will make it there safely. She is sure of herself, and
Turtle more so than at the end of the novel than at the beginning because they have been through a
lot, and know that she will always have her friends to be there as her 'stalk' when things get difficult.
She now also understands how important she is to everyone else, helping them through difficult
times in the novel as

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