Cordoba Research Paper

Cordoba Research Paper
The Great Mosque of Cordoda In Spain, Cordoba was the original center of Muslim culture once the
Umayyads of Spain assumed their title as caliphs and Cordoba became their capital. The Great
Mosque of Cordoba is a hypostyle mosque that may be considered as the purest of all Arabic
architecture and even though the construction of this Mosque is based on a converted Visigoth
church (Burckhardt and Michaud. 132). As other early mosque, the architects reused elements, such
as columns of pre–Islamic building to construct the Mosque of Cordoba. However, its renovations
transformed it into one of the important monuments of medieval architecture (. (Ettinghausen,
Grabar, et.al. 85) This mosque was expanded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sayre. 445). to create the required space of a mosque known as the hypostyle space or many–
columns covered area, the architects superimposed another set of columns on top of the existing
ones in the building, creating two tiers of arches, with the used of alteration of stone and red brick
voussoirs; this used for two types of materials was for decorative and functional purposes since the
architectures combined the flexibility of brick with the strength of stone, at the same time creating a
great decorative effect for the eyes. (M. Sayre. 447). Later on, in 833–52, the mosque was expanded
by widening the hall by two naves and lengthening it by eight bays. In 961–76, a second expansion
of the mosque was made through the lengthening of the mosque and adding twelve more bays.
Furthermore, the architects started to build the main dome or the present Villaviciosa Chapel in the
central nave of the first building, and ending with three more domes located in front of a decorated
mihrab, a niche commemorating the spot at Medina, indicating in which direction people should
pray (Sayre. 445). This mirhab
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Adam And Eve Durer Analysis
1. The 2D engraving of Adam and Eve by Albrecht Durer caught my interest. The engraving
illustrates Adam and Eve in a heavily wooded background surrounded by animals with precise
detail. Proportion is used on the female and male bodies to represent the human body. Both
individuals are larger than the animals to demonstrate that they are closer and the animals in the
background are further from the audience's view. To increase the visually realistic representation
both Adam and Eve resemble sculptures with the use the classical contrapposto in the 2D engraving.
This creates a convincing illusion that their bodies are capable of movement. The dark and light is
used to evoke a spooky appearance within the woods. Michelangelo's 3D marble sculpture of David
also peaked my interest. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Michelangelo's passion for human anatomy and his deep knowledge of the male body allowed him
to create a realistic sculpture of a man with pulsing veins. Proportion is used by increasing the size
of the right hand to emphasize the importance of the stone in David's hand. I found the 2D oil on
wood Portrait of Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder to be the least appealing. The artist's use
of yellows, reds, and browns limits the paintings aesthetic appeal. The proportion in relation to his
arms is too small for his body. His hands seem out of place in this portrait. The 3D marble pieta
sculpture of in the Museo dell' Opera del Duomo lacked variety in its color scheme. I disliked this
sculpture due to its dark solid marble color which created a dull scene. The legs and arms of Jesus
also pose a disturbing image. The limbs seem to bend at an unusual angle, not normal of that of a
dead individual. These artworks all correlate to one another because they are within the 16th century

Islam : The Five Pillars Of Islam
The Islamic tradition is a monotheistic Semitic religion that requires Muslims to reflect and cultivate
their faith through practicing the Arkan al–Islam – the Five Pillars of Islam. Islam embraces the
paradigm of submission to the will of Allah for adherents to understand their place in the universe.
The pillars are a foundation for the Muslim faith as evident by Muhammad 's statement of 'Islam is
built upon five [pillars]' recorded in the Hadith 3. This entails the declaration of faith (Shahadah),
the five daily prayers (Salat), almsgiving (Zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm) and
the Hajj pilgrimage. The Shahada translated as 'testimony' is the first pillar of Islam that involves
reciting the testimony of faith, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is executed for Muslims to practically convey their gratitude, reverence and love to Allah, to
achieve submission and to demonstrate awareness of their faith and its role in their daily lives.
Muhammad states 'Allah wipes away sin with the five daily prayers' in a hadith from Abu Sai'id al–
Khudri to encourage humbling oneself before Allah for repentance and spiritual purification. The
five canonical daily prayers all involve the muezzin call and recitations of the shahada. Although
salat existed before Muhammad, it was corrupt and unacceptable to God. It was then reintroduced to
Muhammad through Allah, made obligatory at the 'Night Journey' in 691 CE, the ascension (al–
Mi'raaj) at the 7th heaven and recorded in the Qur'an. Prayers can be offered in any clean setting
with adherents reserving a few minutes to perform recitations from the Quran and praising Allah
with various physical postures such as sitting on small prayer mats (sajjada), standing and ritual
bowing followed by prostration when reciting Qur'anic verses is regarded supreme acts of
submission. In preparation for salat, muslims engage in ritual ablutions to reach a state of ritual
purity. An adherent repeats softly or inaudibly phrases including 'Allahu akbar' (Allah is Great). The
salat enriches a muslim's life when

The Great Mosque Of Cordoba
The Mishrab of The Great Mosque of Cordoba
Assignment Two
The Great Mosque of Cordoba [named in español Mezquita – Catedral de Córdoba] is a complex
site of extraordinarily rich history and key development in Muslim architecture in a Western empire.
Built in the Spanish capitals of the Umayyad, it is one of the oldest structures from the times of
Muslim rule over Iberia in the 8th century, the Great Mosque of Cordoba is a heritage site having
lived through tremendous successions of change, development and expansions surviving through
ages of conflict in religious, political and military events.
The mosque can be interpreted as a fruit of the works of Umayyad and Byzantine artisans, and with
close reading of the décor and art executed in the focal point of the mihrab and associated
symbolism.
This essay will focus on the analysis of the work on the mihrab (an expansion made in an expansion
by al–Hakam II after the second set of additions in corresponding relation to the surrounding key
elements that lead to the focal point, especially the hypostyle space, the maqsura and the cupola, as
well as overall planning as a whole. There are various architectural elements incorporated in the
mosque and this essay will bring forth from my readings, research in support for discussion in ways
in which the specially developed architectural technology and language communicate the dialogue
of the Islamic religion, and the significance of these elements creating a uniquely immersive

Study: Gothic Architecture and Following Stylistic Terms...
Mosaics were created by:
COLORED GLASS
Madonna refers to:
THE VIRGIN MARY
At one time Ravenna was an important outpost for the Byzantine Roman Empire:
TRUE
Pendentives are found around which of the following:
HAGIA SOPHIA
What did Paul the Silentiary say about Hagia's Sophia's dome?
IT LOOKED AS IF IT WERE SUSPENDED FROM HEAVEN
What does Hagia Sophia mean? HOLY WISDOM
Iconoclasm refers to which of the following? DESCTRUCTION OF IMAGES
Byzantine churches were mostly centrally planned TRUE
Which is an example of isocephally? JUSTIAN, BISHOP and ATTENDANTS
Byzantine art is considered to be very naturalistic. FALSE
Icons functioned as decorative objects in houses. FALSE
Byzantine is a term that refers to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ABBOT SUGER
Chartres Cathedral housed which relic? THE SACRED TUNIC OF THE VIRGIN MARY
Which element is characteristically Gothic? FLYING BUTTRESS
Gothic architecture is characterized by all except: DARK INTERIORS
Gothis is a word that comes from the reference to the Goths (Visigoth and Ostrigoths) who were
barbarian peoples settling in Europe around in the 4th century A.D. TRUE
Which exterior architectural element helped distribute the weight of the walls of Gothic churches?
FLYING BUTTRESS
Abbot Suger did NOT coin the term GOTHIC TRUE
Gothic was a term invented in the: RENAISSANCE
Abbot Suger was inspired by which of the following?
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
DIONYSIUS THE AREOPAGITE
Which artist was considered the truest imitator of nature? GIOTTO
Which of the following stylistic terms refers to the medium and process of applying a thin layer of
fresh plaster on an existing plaster surface and then immediately applying color pigments which,
upon drying, become a permanent part of the wall surface? FRESCO
Cimabue was Giotto's teacher. TRUE

Duccio was a celebrated Florentine painter. FALSE
Which of the following terms refers to the modeling of light and dark which begins to appear at the
beginning of the Trescento (1300s) with artists like Cimabue, Duccio and Giotto? CHIAROSCURO
Which images is an example of the maniera greca? ST.

5 Pillars Of Islam Essay
Hello, Asalamu Alaykum wa Rahmatoellaahi wa Barakatoe.
As you can see I am writing this week about the Five Pillars in Islam.
Islam is based on five pillars. The five pillars of i
slam are Shahada, Salah, Zakah, Sawm and Hajj.
These five pillars refer to the five duties that every Muslim must preform.
Shahada
The word 'Shahada' means the islamic profession of faith. This means that you believe and testify
that there is only one God, Allah the Almighty and in His Messenger Muhammad peace be upon
him. If you want to convert to Islam you have to say the Shahada. The Shahada has to be proclaimed
in Arabic :
'‫ه‬‫ُل‬‫سـو‬‫َر‬ ‫َو‬ ‫ُه‬‫ْبـُد‬‫َع‬ ‫ًا‬‫ـد‬‫ُمَحّم‬ ‫َّن‬‫َأ‬ ‫ُد‬‫َه‬‫ـ‬‫ْش‬‫َأ‬ ‫َو‬ ، ‫هللا‬ ‫ّال‬‫ِإ‬ ‫َه‬‫لـ‬‫ِإ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ْن‬‫َأ‬ ‫ُد‬‫َه‬‫ـ‬‫ْش‬‫َأ‬' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
'Eshhedoe an laa ilaha illallah, wa eshhedoe enna moehammaden abdoehoe wa rasoeloeh.' 'I bear
witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah and I bear witness that Muhammad is
His slave and Messenger.'

The Metropolitan Museum Of Art Has Always Had One Of The
The Metropolitan Museum of Art has always had one of the most renowned and respected Islamic
art exhibits in the western world. Their collection ranges from the early art of Egypt and the Middle
East all the way to some of the most recent Ottoman art pieces. Their vast collection includes an
inscribed marble capital from the Spanish Umayyad period, several pieces of pottery from the
Mongol empire, and even includes a 4 foot tall, teak kursi made by Hasan [ibn] Sulaiman al–
Isfahani in Iran in 1360. The collection as a whole was without a doubt one of the most impressive
exhibits I had ever seen, but what stood out miles ahead of the other pieces was a full size prayer
niche from Isfahan which was dated to be from 1355. The mason and ... Show more content on
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This Madrasa is especially significant, because it is one of the earliest pieces of Islamic architecture
to still be standing today. It was also one of the first Islamic architectural buildings to employ to use
of decorated floral mosaic tiles which was uncommon during the Ilkhanid period but later mastered
by the Timurids. Earlier mosaic designs were strictly geometric, but this new floral pattern gained
popularity as time passed. While walking through the museum I was fascinated by several secular
and religious pieces of art from the Islamic region. The reason that I chose to analyze this piece over
the other exhibits was a result of my interest in mosque architecture, and because this was as close
as I was able to get to an ancient piece of Islamic architecture. I have seen many qibla walls, many
qurans, and many mihrabs, but this specific one was unlike the modern prayer niches in the mosques
that I visit, it was a spectacular masterpiece of polychrome mosaic and it was unlike any religious
architectural exhibit in the western world. It's impossible to ignore the important role that the east
Asian ideas of the Mongol empire played in the religious architecture of the Ilkhanid period, and
had the Ilkhanids not been so heavily influenced by Mongol traditions their architecture would have
had a completely different look and feel. My first impression of the Madrasa Imami mihrab was the
colors. Polychroming was a

Orthopraxy in Islam
Marisa DeMull
May 1, 2001
RLST 2600
Orthopraxy in Islam Islamic life is centered on the physical practice of prayer (salat). With that the
religion of Islam itself is based in the methodical movement through which Muslims show their
devotion to Allah. The prayer begins with the devotee standing, bending slowly into a sitting
position and ending in full prostration. Bowing fully onto the ground is a practice that shows
humility and represents the true devotion of members. Practice–centered religion differentiates itself
from "orthodox" religion in that it focuses primarily on ritual practice, rather than theology or
doctrine, orthodox meaning "correct opinion". The most visible orthodox religion of America is
Christianity. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hajj consists of four days of constant practice and ritual. The talbiya, a prayer of announcement
is recited constantly while on hajj. The rituals of the pilgrimage begin once the pilgrims enter the
gates of Mecca, reciting the talbiya; these serve as checkpoints to guarantee that only Muslims enter
the holy site. One of the core ceremonies of the trip is the circumambulation of the Ka 'ba (tawaf)
seven times counterclockwise by those on hajj. Tradition states that Abraham and Ishmael practiced
the same ritual during their lifetimes. On one corner of the Ka 'ba rests the "black stone a sign of
God 's covenant with Abraham and Ishmael. The Prophet used to touch it when he passed, and
pilgrims follow his example, also kissing and meditating near it (1)." Comparing Islam once again
to a religion considered an example of orthodoxy–Christianity–the difference appears in the separate
religious texts. Christian text, the New Testament, explains the lifestyle that is important concerning
the rules of thought, faith, and the doctrine within Christianity. Christianity itself encounters strange
practices in the ceremony of Mass, or Sunday worship. During traditional Catholic Mass the priest
circles the worshipers with incense, and sprinkles holy water on them. The rituals embedded in

Essay about The Bibi-Khanym Mosque
The Bibi Khanym is a congregational mosque, masjid–i jami` in Persian, built by Emperor Timur–i
Leng between 1399 and 1404 in Samarkand, present day Uzbekistan. Emperor Timur remarkably
expanded his small tribe into the Timurid Dynasty, which lasted from 1370 to 1507. Timur showed
great leadership skills and also had an interest in architecture. The results of his artistic interests are
especially apparent in Samarkand, the capital of the Timurids during Timur's reign where art,
architecture, and culture flourished. The Bibi Khanum exemplifies the vision that Timur held for
Samarkand because of the monument's dominant and massive nature. Although today the mosque is
different from the time of the Timurid Dynasty because of the renovations ... Show more content on
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It was under Timur that Samarkand became one of the most outstanding capitals of the then–known
world. It became a thriving city in which markets could be found containing leather, spices, silk, and
precious stones. It was also a city of great architectural monuments where accomplished artisans
and architects came or were brought from around the world to build in this capital. Timur's goal was
to dominate the world and show the dominance of the Timurid dynasty. One of the main motives
behind Timur's efforts was the desire to control the trade routes, which linked East and West. With
great interest in trade, Timur had an ambitious strategy to reactivate the Silk Road and make it the
link between Europe and China. In 1405, at the beginning of his last and greatest campaign, Timur
died. Timur is memorialized for his ability as a nomad chief to transform his tribe into an empire
using Samarkand as the capital to display the Timurid dynastic power.
Timur was not only a great conqueror but also an memorable builder. Whenever he conquered a city
that stood in the way of his army, he would bring back the artisans and materials to embellish his
royal city of Samarkand. When Timur was not working on military efforts he was constantly
involved in the building of these works created in Samarkand. Although Timur built many of his
architectural achievements in Samarkand, he also created monuments in other cities, such as Shahr–
i–Sabz which is also

Islam 's Influence On Islam
When it comes to Islam and the religion as a whole, many see all of the "negatives" that come out of
it. Little do they know that it was the Muslims who came up with one of the first hospitals, surgical
innovations, philosophy, astronomy, geography and many more. One particular thing that they were
most famous for was their architecture. From their vibrant colored tiles in Morocco, to the grand
mosque in Cordoba for its columns, to the hypostyles in ancient Persia, to the Taj Mahal of Agra in
India, and finally to all of their Great Mosques around Europe, Africa and Asia, Islam has a history
behind every single monument. Before we start with the architectural designs, we need to start from
the beginning. Islam spread worldwide after the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W.S. died in 632 C.E. The
Caliph that took over after the Messenger Muhammad p.b.u.h,. was Abu Bakr, who was a great
companion and father–in–law to the Prophet. He spread the knowledge of Islam into other countries
by using one of many concepts, and that was jihad. Jihad was used by Muslims because they were
obliged to spread the concept and the truth of Islam to knowledge seekers and non believers
likewise. The concept of jihad meant that Muslims can defend themselves if ever attacked by non
believers; this is what the interpretation of the Qur'an permitted to those who followed the holy
book and the true Islamic way, thus this didn't allow them to wage aggressive warfare against non–
Muslims in any way, shape or

The Production Of Coca Cola Company
THE COCA–COLA COMPANY The coca cola drink made–up by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton
in 1886. The formula and complete was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler World Health Organization
incorporated the coca cola Company in 1892. In 1916, the company began manufacturing its
illustrious bottle that remains signature style of coca cola of late. In 1928, Henry M. Robert
Woodruff, whom were the company 's president at that time, LED the expansion of dope overseas
once introduced the dope to the Olympic Games for the first time. within the 19 Sixties the company
determined to expand with new flavors– Fanta, belief and Fresca, in addition it non ancestral the
Minute Maid Company, adding a completely operation of business juices to the company. The ...
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They manufacture potable concentrates and syrups, that they need an inclination to sell to approved
bottling and canning operations (to that they 've an inclination to typically refer as our "bottlers" or
our "bottling partners") World Health Organization use the concentrates and syrups to provide
finished drink product. They need a inclination to additionally manufacture or authorize bottling
partners to manufacture, fountain syrups, that they additionally sell to fountain retailers like
restaurants and convenience stores, that use the fountain syrups to provide finished beverages for
immediate consumption, or to fountain wholesalers or bottlers, that in turn sell and distribute the
fountain syrups to fountain retailers. In addition, they need an inclination to manufacture certain
finished beverages, like juices and juice drinks and water product, that we 've an inclination to sell
to retailers directly or through wholesalers or completely different distributors, in conjunction with
bottling partners. Coca Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated is set in Charlotte, North Carolina and
operates in eleven states, primarily within the

The Posture Of Prayer : An Islamic And Christian...
The Posture of Prayer: An Islamic and Christian Perspective Communication: The Basis of Life
Islam, Judaism and Christianity are three of the world's great monotheistic faiths. They share not
only many of the same holy sites, such as Jerusalem, and prophets and patriarchs, such as Abraham;
but also the many practices and beliefs such as prayer, ablutions, and strong familial ties of the
patriarch and others before him. Collectively, scholars refer to these three religions as the
Abrahamic faiths, due to the fact that Abraham and his descendants are dynamic protagonists in the
founding of these religions. The posture of prayer in our context deals with the physical posture as
well as the spiritual posture and prostration of the body, mind, and spirit. Note that there are
countless circumstances in the Bible where men and women not only bowed before Deity but also
before those held in high esteem; whether it be to the king supreme or to the head of household; the
showing of respect via the posture of prostrating was common in many circles. Most fascinating to
me is Mark 3:11 that records: "Whenever the unclean spirits saw Him, they would fall down before
Him and shout, "You are the Son of God!" The disciples declared in their peril on the sea, "What
manner of man is this that even the wind and the waves obey Him. (Matt 8:27)" Note that the word
"obey" is derived from the word obeisance which also means to bow and or prostrate oneself before.
Yes, even the elements prostate

Religious Allegory In Life Of Pi By Yann Martel
Life of Pi written by Yann Martel uses many literary devices to present the different themes in the
novel; and allegory, along with its many examples, is prevalent in this novel as the number one
mechanism to demonstrate the character and theme growth. Through religious allegory, symbolism,
and imagery, Yann Martel uses Pi and his voice to make readers question the real meaning behind
Life of Pi.
Religious allegory is a large topic in this novel. Yann Martel parallels many characters in this novel
with Religion and Religious figures. When he meets Orange Juice for the first time, he is
overwhelmed with happiness. He even compares her to the 'Virgin Mary' upon first seeing her. Pi
exclaims, "Oh blessed Great Mother, Pondicherry fertility goddess, provider of milk and love,
wondrous arm spread of comfort, terror of ticks, picker–up of crying ones, are you to witness this
tragedy too?" (Martel, 139) The orangutan is not only a metaphor for a religious figure, but is also a
metaphor for his own mother. At the end of the novel, Pi retells the story using people instead of
animals, because the rescuers will not believe a story this fantastical using animals. His mother is
seen through Orange Juice's feelings and maternal actions; it was almost like she takes on the
feelings and experiences (and sufferings) of the passengers on the boat. The religious allegory with
the raft arises when the tiger surfaces onto the same level of the boat as Pi; where he had been
hiding. With these

The Garden Of Eden
ISLAM The works of Arabists celebrated the courtyard as the heart of the family. It proved to be
more than a yard, but shelter within a wall. Much has been written about the sacred significance of
the courtyard house in most cultures. It suggested that the courtyard of Arab house evokes the
Garden of Eden. It demotartes the spiritual nature of a Islam family, the social appreciation and
understanding of Architecture was embodied in the everyday life. Medieval Mosques comprised of a
courtyard bordered by arcades and adjoining a covered hall. The closed and reinforced courtyard
house is thus a product of cultural polygenesis dating to the Bronze Age, and it has endured in the
Mediterranean basin In the form of classical atrium and pastas house to be adopted finally by the
Islamised people in the Dar al Islam. The courtyard house is the leading type in the many regions,
such as the Padania, the Maghreb, and the rest of the middle east, it is not uniformly dispersed
throughout the Meditteranean. The Madrasa The Madrasa is the institute of higher education, it the
location of traditional Islamic sciences are taught. The Mosque The Mosque is the public religious
building of Islam. In the perspective of the Mosque it cannot be classified into one form of
Architectural template, a single wall can be considered a Mosque. The function of the wall is
imperative, a wall orientated towards the qibla can be considered a Mosque. Mosques are the natural
expression of society, not set by

The Role Of The Oil Boom
Architecture of a city reflects its way of living and provides insights into the city's creation and
development of how it looks today. Abu Dhabi in the present day is a modern city with tall
skyscrapers and wide grid–pattern roads. Being the capital of United Arab Emirates, it is the
country's center of political and industrial activities. As a former desert strip, Abu Dhabi is now
known for its greenery and a prosperous city because of its revenues from oil, technology and
tourism. In this essay, I will be discussing about how the role of the oil boom played a part in the
development in the city's architecture and whether it has encouraged the economic modernization.
Has it lost its traditional heritage by undergoing a marked change into ... Show more content on
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The traditional architecture of the city is resulted in these three factors, the economy, the climate,
and the people's lifestyle.
Back in the day, the population of UAE is very unevenly distributed; there is a dense amount of
people living in Abu Dhabi due to its abundance of water and palm trees. The construction of forts
and citadels were very popular during that era. While forts were being used accommodation,
citadels were commonly used as a defensive structure used in more urban or densely populated
areas and was associated specifically with a powerful leader. The lower classes lived in houses built
with perishable materials such as palm frond and woven palm mat while the higher classes lived in
stone, mud brick and coral houses built by professional builders. [1]
Figure 1 shows a typical house in a village built using woven palm mats, mostly inhabited by lower
class families [2]
Another factor that affected the traditional architecture of Abu Dhabi was the climate. Because of its
arid climate, one of the solutions was to build wind–towers, which is a concave V–shape to deflect
wind down to cool the spaces below it. Buildings were also built close to each other, with narrow
alleys between them, called the sikkas. These rely on the northern winds to flow freely and into
spaces to ensure ventilation. These two systems would work together, the wind tower catching

The Abu Bakr Masjid : The Islamic Center Of San Diego
I had the privilege to conduct field research at the Abu Bakr Masjid, also known as the Islamic
Center of San Diego on Friday, October 9, 2015. I attended both salat al–Maghrib and a lecture
given by Imam Sh. Taha Hassane. Salat al–Maghrib is the "West sun" prayer which takes place five
minutes after sunset. Salat al–Maghrib started around 6:37 p.m. Imam Taha Hassane's lecture started
at 7:00 p.m. and ended at 8:01 p.m. before the last prayer of the day: salat al–'Isha'a. Imam Taha
Hassane was already waiting for me outside of the mosque. The first matter he explained was that it
was considered proper to enter the masjid (mosque) with my right foot first and exit with my left
foot first. Furthermore, I was also explained that in order to enter the prayer hall, I needed to be in a
state of ritual purity. This purification consists of ablutions, called wudu', which involve the washing
of the feet, hands, head and face. Once I completed the ablutions, Imam Taha Hassane instructed me
to take off my shoes in the designated cabinets in the hallway. This is primarily done to ensure that
no outside dirt would violate the sacred space. At Abu Bakr Masjid, like in many other mosques
around the Muslim world, genders are separated–men pray in the main prayer hall while women
pray upstairs in a separate prayer room. When I asked why, Imam Taha simply explained that it was
a matter of modesty and concentration. Once inside the prayer hall, the imam explained to me that
in a mosque there

Compare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam
Pillars of Islam Compared to Christian Beliefs
In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five
pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars ("Islam").
In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live
their life by ("Christianity"). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the
beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faith, prayer, and a period of sacrifice are pillars of the
Islamic faith but also can be found in the practice of Christianity.
A pillar in the Islamic religion is faith, also called Shahada, meaning the declaration of faith in the
Arabic language ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prayer is central to the practice of both Islam and Christianity. As with Islam, Christians can pray in
their home if they cannot make it to a church, which is the Christian house of worship
("Beatitudes"). Jesus also said that before one even starts to pray, God knows what they will pray
for. When praying, one should say the lord's prayer. One should also forgive the sinners, and in
return, they will be forgiven when they sin ("Beatitudes"). When praying, people sing, read
scripture, listen to a sermon, and go to communion ("Christian Worship"). Prayer is essential to both
religions, but the frequency in which the people pray varies in Islam and Christianity. Christians do
not have a specific time of day or amount that they must pray. Christians pray when they feel the
need to, unlike Muslims who have specific rules regarding their prayers ("Beatitudes"). While
prayer is an important practice of both religions, the frequency varies as well as the method.
Lastly, a pillar of Islam is fasting. Fasting takes place during the month of Ramadan. During this
period of sacrifice, Muslims do not eat or drink from sunrise to sunset, with the exception of the
elderly, sick, or pregnant. Children start to learn and experience fasting when they reach their
teenage years. If one cannot fast, they must make up the days that they missed later in the year. They
also

Essay on A Comparison of Christian and Islamic...
A Comparison of Christian and Islamic Architecture in Spain
By the 6th century a Germanic tribe called the Visigoths, converts to Arian Christianity, had
established themselves as the aristocratic elite. The Christians built many monumental basilica–plan
churches. The Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las Vinas, Burgos, Spain and San Juan de Banos de
Cerrato are two such churches that still remain today. In the beginning of the 8th century Islamic
Muslims conquered Spain and ended Visigothic rule. They constructed militaristic and religious
architecture including castles, watchtowers, rock castes, the Great Mosque, and the Red Palace. The
remaining Christians adopted some of the Islamic styles and soon built upon a new style that ended
up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Moors also built atalayas, or watchtowers and rock castles that served as part of the defense
system for the castle. The watchtowers were used as communication devices for castles that were
great distances apart. The watchtowers would signal the castle in case of an enemy attack by using
smoke and mirrors. They built rock castles, or small defense castles high on rocks, using the natural
terrain to the maximum effect. Since the rock castles were small they did not house many soldiers.
Another important Islamic site is situated in Cordoba, southern Spain, along the banks of
Guadalquivir river (the Great River). Cordoba served as the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba.
Cordoba houses the famous Great Mosque or Gran Mezquita, the largest mosque in the Western
World. The interior of the mosque consisted of a mirhab, a niche that separates the qibla wall from
the others. The mirhab was intentionally positioned facing Mecca for the faithful who prayed in that
direction.
The mosque can be identified by its elaborate squinch–supported domes. The Great Mosque of
Cordoba is one of the finest surviving examples of Umayyad architecture in Spain. The mosque has
marble capitals and columns in the hypostyle prayer hall. A person enters the hall through an open
courtyard called a sahn. Its famous horseshoe arches have an alternated pattern of pale stone and red
brick voussoirs

Islam : A Monotheistic Religious Tradition Essay
Amina Kamil
Religious Studies 150
May 7, 2015
Randal Cummings
Islam
Islam is a monotheistic religious tradition that developed in the Middle East in the 7th century C.E.
Islam which means "surrender" or "submission," was founded on the teaching of Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh) as a surrender to the will of Allah. Followers of Islam are called Muslim those
who make peace to all. Muslims believe in the one and only divine creator of the world, Allah. The
prophet Muhammad (pbuh) gave the name Islam to the religious movement because the meaning is
"surrender". The Muslims surrender to the will of Allah in all aspects of life and end up with
resulting peace and affection with one another and Allah. In the Islamic worldview the origins of the
faith lie in Allah's creation of the entire universe. Historically, Islam began with Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh), who was born in Mecca in 570 C.E. The first revelation sent to him was while he was
meditating in Mount Hira, just outside of Mecca. The angel Gabriel came to him and told him to
"Read!" The Prophet replied saying he didn't understand and didn't know how to read. Still, Angel
Gabriel insisted the Prophet to read. After a couple tries, Angel Gabriel told the Prophet to repeat a
few verses, or lines, from the Quran. After the Prophet did this, he revealed the lines and the
message of Islam to the people of Mecca, claiming he was the new prophet. Since the people of
Mecca believed in polytheism, they declined and were angered by Muhammad

Essay about The Cause of Hatred and Distrust in the Middle...
The Cause of Hatred and Distrust in the Middle East
The war in Iraq is further poisoning the already noxious political atmosphere between Arabs and
Americans. It has intensified and increased dangerous feelings of humiliation and outrage among
the Arab public, while paranoid rhetoric about Western attacks against Islam elsewhere is spreading
from the religious fringe to the mainstream. It is simplistic and self– serving for political leaders in
the West to tell us that the terrorists attacks happen because they "hate freedom," or "hate our
democratic values" or "they despise our love of liberty." Many, in fact, hate what they perceive as
materialistic Western values, but this is not what leads them ... Show more content on
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This means that about 20% of the world's population is Muslim, 18% Christian, and 2.1% Jewish.
Of the 13 million Jews in the world, about 5.8 million live in the United States and about 4.8 million
live in Israel. This boils down to the fact that about 80% of the population in Israel is Jewish and
about 20% (or 1.1 million) is Arab Muslims. The population in the West Bank (a dry, land–locked
area of about 5,860 square miles right smack in the middle of Israel) is about two million, of which
Palestinian Arabs comprise 83% (1.7 million) and Jews comprise about 17% (340,000). The
predominant religions in the West Bank are thus about 75% Muslim and 17% Jewish (with the
balance being mostly Christians). Basically there are about two million Arab Muslims surrounded
by about 4.8 million Jews. The Arabs and the Jews hate each other and have been fighting since the
United Nations had the "brilliant" idea of partitioning the country in this insane manner in 1947
(CIA par.3).
Also, U.S. aid to Israel has played a major role in tension between Arabs and America and between
Arabs and Israel. On Ted Koppel's (NIGHTLINE), Henry Sigman said: "The U.S. is seen as a sort
of an insensitive hegemony, with arrogance that seeks to impose its own values on the rest of the
world. It is seen as an uncritical supporter of the State of Israel in its conflict with the Palestinians
and the

Abrahamic Religions: Judaism, And Islam
A:
Abraham: Abraham was the founder of the religion known as Judaism. Followers of Abraham are
known as Jews up to today. The three religions that are known as the "Abrahamic religions" are
Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. These religions are known as the "Abrahamic religions" because
Abraham is featured in their Hebrew stories.
Avesta: Avesta is the sacred text of the religion known as Zoroastrianism. The avesta holds a variety
of writings of the Zoroastrian people.
B:
Bhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita is considered to be part of the sacred text in the religion of
Hinduism. It hold the avataras of the Lord Krishna. It is filled with Hindu scripts and dialogue.
Buddhism: Is one of the five major religions of the world. It was founded by ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It contains a variety of Buddhist scriptures.
Torah: The Torah is the sacred text of Judaism. Torah can be referred to the laws in which Judaism
was founded.
U:
Unbeliever: An unbeliever is a person who doesn't believe in a particular religion. They are less
judgmental, but still don't believe in particular events or things.
Upanishads: Upanishads is one of the sacred text of the religion of Hinduism. It holds a collection of
religious texts and nature philosophies that were written in India centuries ago.
V:
Vedas: Vedas are groups of writings. They form the oldest Hinduism's sacred scripts.
Vishnu: Vishnu is one of the Gods that Hindus believed in. He is one of the three main gods along
with Shiva and Brahma.
W:
Worship: Worship is the expression of regard towards God or a supernatural entity. Many religions
around the world worship many God or many other gods of their religion.
Wrath (God's): Wrath is God's judgement towards sinners. It is his anger towards them, his hatred.
X:
Xenophobia: Xenophobia is the fear of persons. It is also the hatred of persons of a different

nationality.
Xylolaters: Xylolaters means "wood worshipers ". It is a rather disrespectful term to address Eastern
Orthodox

Ethnographic Project
Life at the Mosque For my ethnographic project, I chose to experience the life at Islamic Center of
Tucson, which is placed near the university of Arizona. For the purpose of this project, I will point
to the Islamic center of Tucson as "The Mosque." Ethnography is exploring culture phenomena
which are the anthropologists understand societies from a research of a study. According to Eller,
"participant observation by definition puts researchers skin to skin, life to life, with "subjects" who
are living people. That fact demands a particularly self–conscious code of ethical behavior" (Eller
2013:37). The main focus of the paper is to observe the setting of the place from the outside, inside,
human social interaction and language use. First, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, we could descript a culture, but we can't define her. Culture is something we learn.
According to the author, "humans, then, are not born with a culture but acquire one" (Eller 2013:21).
It was thrilling to see how people interact with each other. Each one of them came with a different
culture, but in the mosque, they follow the Islamic culture as unite. Now I do understand what Eller
means in the

Ancient Architecture : Ancient And Medieval Architecture
Religion's Architecture
Ancient and Medieval Architecture spans from the meaningful Zygurats in Mesopotamia to the
elaborate Gothic Churches in France. Architecture has been influenced by many factors like
environment, politics, and culture. However, the greater factor that influenced Ancient and Medieval
Architecture is religion. Religion, Gods, and the heavens where the key factors in creating
Mesopotamian Ziggurats, Egyptian Pyramids, Greek Temples, Christian Basilicas, Islamic
Mosques, and Romanesque and Gothic churches.
The Deir el–Bahri and the Mortuary temples of Queen Hatshepsut are influenced by nature, since
the temples lay adjacent to the Nile River. The Deir el–Bahri was located further to avoid flooding,
local materials also influenced how architecture was made in all non–trading civilizations. In the
Roman Empire, politics were the reason architecture was being made; emperors commissioned the
structures. An example of architecture influence by culture are Minoan and Mycenaean architecture.
Architecture in Knossos symbolized the lenient and easy going culture in the Minoan civilization. In
contrast, Architecture in Mycenae symbolized the militaristic and war–centered culture of the
Mycenaean culture. Even though environment, politics, and culture had a significant role in Ancient
and Medieval Architecture, religion was the most influential factor in Ancient and Medieval
architecture.
In Mesopotamia, the region in–between current day Iran, Iraq,

Islamic And Islamic Architecture: Islamic Art And...
Islamic art
The term Islamic art describes both the art created specifically to serve the Muslims desires and
characterizes the art and architecture historically produced in the lands ruled by Muslims, produced
for Muslim patrons, or created by
Muslim artists. Hence, it is not only a religion but a way of life, Islam fostered the development of a
distinctive culture with its own unique artistic language that is reflected in art and architecture
throughout the Muslim world. After the muslims have conquered many cities they were affected by
their artistic style like Byzantine or Sassanian patronage styles[1]. The art of the Ottomans At the
time of its foundation in the early fourteenth century, the Osmanli or Ottoman state was one among
many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Sultan Ahmed Mosque has five main domes, six minarets, and eight secondary domes. The
design is the culmination of two centuries of Ottoman mosque development. It incorporates some
Byzantine Christian elements of the neighboring Hagia Sophia with traditional Islamic architecture
and is considered to be the last great mosque of the classical period. The architect, Sedefkâr
Mehmed Ağa, synthesized the ideas of his master
Sinan, aiming for overwhelming size, majesty and splendour.[4]. The following materials were
used: 1– porphyry 2–red granite 3– bres stone 4– pudding stone 5– marble.Walls of building was
built with the mold stone because this material is light and easy for processing.The mold stone was
transported by sea way to Ahirkapı , then this material was transported from here to the construction
site with horse cars.According to the Ottoman archives ;white marble from the island of
Marmara, red porphyry stone (porphyry) from Anatolia Mihalic, lead for covering the domes from
Üsküp ve Sidre Kapsa and the wood Bart from Ereğli, Izmit, Karasu, Üsküdar, Rumeli and the
Samanli.Marble, granite and

The Five Pillars Of Islam
The Islamic tradition is a monotheistic Semitic religion that embraces the paradigm of submission to
the will of Allah for adherents to understand their place in the universe. To live a faithful Islamic
life, Muslims are required to reflect and cultivate their faith through practicing the Arkan al–Islam –
the Five Pillars of Islam. It is the foundation for Muslim faith as evident by Muhammad's statement
of 'Islam is built upon five [pillars]' recorded in the Hadith 3. This entails the declaration of faith
(Shahadah), the five daily prayers (Salat), almsgiving (Zakat), fasting during the month of Ramadan
(Sawm) and the Hajj pilgrimage. The Shahada translated as 'testimony' is the first pillar of Islam that
involves reciting the testimony ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second pillar salat entails performing ritual prayers five times daily in the direction (qibla) of
the Kaaba shrine in Mecca at sunset, in the evening, at dawn, noon and in the afternoon. This is
executed for Muslims to practically convey their gratitude, reverence and love to Allah, achieve
submission and demonstrate awareness of their faith and its role in their daily lives. Muhammad
states 'Allah wipes away sin with the five daily prayers' in a hadith from Abu Sai'id al–Khudri to
encourage humbling oneself before Allah for repentance and spiritual purification. The five
canonical daily prayers involving the call of the muezzin each include a recitation of the shahada.
Although salat existed before Muhammad, it was corrupt and unacceptable for God. It was then
reintroduced to Muhammad through Allah and made obligatory at the 'Night Journey' in 691 CE and
the ascension (al–Mi'raaj) at the 7th heaven and recorded in the Qur'an. Prayer can be offered in any
clean setting, setting aside a few minutes to perform recitations from the Quran and praising Allah
with various physical postures such as sitting on small prayer mats (sajjada), standing and ritual
bowing followed by prostration when reciting Qur'anic verses are supreme acts of submission. In
preparation for salat, muslims engage in ritual ablutions to reach a state of ritual purity. The
adherent repeats softly or inaudibly phrases including 'Allahu akbar' (Allah is Great). The salat
enriches a

The Transition Of Our Society Essay
The smooth transition of our society, from nomadic groups to vilages and states, resulted in the
development of religons, as a result of reformed social and political environments. Where it started
of as other wordly beliefs adopted by the small nomadic group and slowly developed into full blown
religions over time.
The earliest evidence of religon found in the world was in the Neolithic Period . The figurines found
from that period, along with the religious texts, reflect a society of religious people.In buddhism
religon, there are twenty five buddhas, each of whom is known as Dipankankara, with the last one
known as Guatama . There is also Maitreya who is the buddha for future. In Mahayana Buddhism,
there is a Buddha known as Manushi–Buddha who is referred to as a human buddha and five to six
types of Dhyani–Buddha known as mediation buddhas.Islam on the otherhand is a monotheistic
religon, where there is only God. He is referred to as Allah. the founder of islam, Prophet Hazrat
Mummad P.B.U.H. who is the last prophet.
Borobudur was constructed in 800 AD , at that time central Java was under the rule of Cailendra
dynasty who belonged to Mahayana Buddhism. It is not only a place to worship the people of
Celindra dynasty , it also had a religious purpose to it. It belonged to the Mahayana sect of
Buddhism and encompassed the Ten Buddihisattvas through which a person seeking buddha–hood
had to pass through to achieve nirvana. These ten Buddisattvas were also called Lokottara

The Importance Of Sacred Architecture
Religion, mythology and rituals are means to express the placement of humans within different
societies in the world. They constitute consciousness and society–cultural values.Architecture is a
fundamental act to express such purposes. It is a deliberate human creation to reflect beliefs of a
particular culture or to preserve the history of such cultures. Therefore, sacred architecture is a
manifestation of architecture expressing meaning associated with human existence at its deepest
most fundamental level. Meaning in sacred architecture or architecture representing the history of
religious beliefs can be interpreted on three levels. First, at a deeper level within the composition of
the form and the expression of the interpretation at the unconscious level of the mind through
[various emotionally evoking themes.GIVE CLEAR EXAMPLE] Second, at a symbolic level.
Representation of religious aspects can be expressed either pictorially or symbolically. Certain
architectural settings, as it will be discussed through a case study, symbolize a spiritual journey
weaving local images, textures and spaces into a narrative. Lastly, architecture can be considered a
"built myth" that acts as a stage that accommodates the enactment of the rituals through spatial and
architectural elements of the path and place. The various means of forming and entering the
architectural spaces, or orientation and the sequence of spaces will be discussed. A place can +come
about through a narrative,

Descriptive Essay On An Imperial Complex
The Imperial complex built in my honor sits on the highest hill of the capitol serving as the city's
architectural focal point and drawing the eye of both the residents and visitors. Meant to symbolize
the expanse of my wealth and power as a ruler, the complex sits above the thriving capital,
reminding the residents of the sole person responsible for the wondrous accomplishments and
successes of the people. The location also helps protect the complex as the defensive walls and
watch towers appear large due to the additions of the hills. To visit my complex, one must travel
through the highly decorated roads of the hills, past beautiful vegetation and scenic views of the
countryside. However, once at the entrance of my complex, a massive gate greets the visitors, and
leads them to a small courtyard, with gardens and decorative fountains. Above the main door, my
tugra marks the complex, visually demonstrating the importance of this site. The main entrance
leads into a reception hall, a long and narrow room with colonnades marking off smaller side rooms
for guests to interact and marvel at the decorations and beauty of the room. Through the utilization
of spoila, the columns appear in various shades of marble, adding to the regality of the space.
Muqarnas consistently decorate the room, as many exist within the niches of the room and on the
tops of the columns. Furthermore, the muqarnas dome found in the center of the hall invokes awe
within the viewers, and illustrates both

The Funeral And Mourning Rituals Of Judaism
How are the customary funeral and mourning rituals of Judaism, Protestant Christianity, Roman
Catholicism, and Islam similar and different? Judaism and Islam have similar funeral practices. Both
Islam and Judaism appoint the responsibilities of the burial of the deceased within their
communities. Both traditions require the dead be buried as promptly as possible. It is for the body to
be buried on the same day of the death. Islam and Judaism forbid embalming and routine autopsies
as desecration of the dead. However, both religions consider organ donation as permissible.
Muslims are strictly forbidden from the process of cremation, while Jewish rules on cremation can
vary depending on the denomination. Conservative Jews oppose cremation while the process has
become an increasingly more popular and acceptable practice among Reform Jews.
In both religions the body is considered sacred and handled with care. Muslims are obligated to
perform a procedure known as ghusl, or washing, on the body of the deceased. This procedure
should be done by community members of the same gender. A deceased man should be washed by a
male relative and a deceased woman by a female relative. During the procedure all clothes are
removed from the body leaving the private areas covered. The deceased is then washed three times
with a combination of both water and scented oils. The body is then wrapped in a plain white cloth
called a kafan. The kafan is composed of three pieces of material for men and a

The Pros And Cons Of ISIS
ISIS has been said to take the concept of Jihadism to the extreme. They use the Hadith (scriptures)
and verses from the Quraan in order to justify their actions in Arab countries such as Palestine and
Egypt.
The word Jihad originated from Arabic which is commonly translated as "holy war" or "spiritual
struggle", (Source A). Many people associate the word with a negative concept, simply because it is
misunderstood. There are two types of Jihad and many people of the western world only experience
the 'Lesser Jihad' which is where Muslims undertake a hot war with non–believers. It is these
actions that allow people to label the Muslims as terrorists. More often than not the Islamic
population prefers not to use the word as it has a negative concept. When the word Jihad is used it
refers to the spiritual struggle one faces in the western world. It is the struggle that each muslim
faces in order to increase their faith and become closer to Allah (God). This is where people often
misinterpret the word and its meaning.
However Jihad does indeed mean to wage a war but only if it is ... Show more content on
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ISIS is an organization that claims to be helping their fellow muslim brothers and sisters in the hash
situation they find themselves in. During the times when Islam was fairly new and just beginning to
develop, the tribes of those times were allowed to avenge their loved that were killed by a different
tribe, so as the religion began to develop this rule was carried but with a set of rules. It is also on this
piece of history that ISIS justifies their actions. They have claimed along with Al–Qaida that they
feel no remorse for those they attack as they are simply avenging the deaths of their many loved
ones. It is due to their extremely strong belief of the religion and the concept of being allowed to
take the life of the one that took their loved

The Five Pillars Of Islam
The five pillars of Islam are five official acts considered mandatory for all Muslims. The Quran
presents them as a structure of devotion and a sign of obligation to faith. One most accomplish them
all to live a good and responsible life according to Islam. These pillars comprise of: Shahada which
means the declaration of faith, preforming the five daily prayers, giving money to the needy and the
poor, cleansing the soul through fasting during the month of Ramadan, the pilgrimage once in a
lifetime to Mecca for those who are able.
The first pillar of Islam, is Shahada, it is the most essential expressions of Islamic beliefs. The
Shahada consists of two depositions. The first, "There is no god but God," affirms belief in a single
divine reality. The second, "Muhammad is the messenger of God," affirms submission to God
through accepting that Muhammed is the messenger of God. This simple yet deep declaration
signifies acknowledgement not only of Allah and his prophet, but of the entirety of Islam. As one of
the Pillars, the Shahada must be narrated accurately and loudly with full understanding and internal
acceptance at least once in every Muslim 's lifetime. Moreover, it emphasizes the monotheistic
nature of Islam.
The second Pillar, the prayer, also known as Salat. Adult Muslims are expected to pray five times a
day: at dawn, midday, afternoon, sunset, and evening. Each Salat does not take more than five
minutes to perform. Having particular times every day to be close to

Background On Muslim Practices And Beliefs
Before interviewing Mr. Chowhury I read information online to get some background on Muslim
practices and beliefs. I found on religionfacts.com that Muslim's have only a few rituals and
practices but the ones that they do have are very important to them. One of their most important
practices seems to be the Five Pillars of Islam which are Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Sawm, Hajj(). I
found on pbs.org the Muslim's have six major beliefs. The first thing they believe in is oneness of
God. God is creator of all things, he is all–powerful and has no offspring, race gender or body. The
second thing they believe in are the angels of God. Unseen beings who worship God and carry out
his orders. Their third belief is the book of God. They believe that God ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mr. Chowdhury began by giving me a background of his Islamic religion. He stated that being a
Muslim is a choice the individual makes. It is not something you are born into or converted too. The
word "Islam" simply means peace and you submit yourself to the will of God. In addition, the word
"Muslim" means one who submits to the will of God.
He does have a bible that they call "Quran" (the holy book) and there are five (5) pillars that must be
followed faithfully if you are to be considered a Muslim or an individual of Islamic faith/religion.
Those are 1) Shahada: Declaration of faith; Testifying to God 's One–ness and Prophet Mohammad
is the final messenger, 2) Salat: Prayer five times a day at the proper times, 3) Zakat: Giving charity
(You must help others, It is mandatory that you give at least 2.5% of your extra earnings above what
you feel you need to live on), 4) Sawm: Fast, and 5) Hajj: going to Mecca once in their life.
You MUST pray five times each day. Those times are as follows: a) Fajr – the dawn prayer; Before
sunrise, b) Dhuhr – the noon prayer (in the middle of the day), c) Asr – the afternoon prayer, d)
Maghrib – the sunset prayer just after sunset, and e) Isha 'a – the night prayer before you go to bed.
Once a week you are also required to pray with a group of people of the same faith. This is called,
"Juma". You should face a certain direction when you pray. It is the direction of Qibla also known

Auwal Mosque Essay
(mosques are unique due to the context (historical and social) to which they belong) THESIS
ADD A TITLE HERE (MAYBE THIS IS YOUR ABSTRACT?)
ABSTRACT
There are approximately 800 000 Muslims in South Africa (REFERENCE). The Auwal Mosque was
the
first mosque in Cape Town, initially occupied with Malay slaves and 'free blacks' in the 18th
century.
In contrast, almost 100% of Turkey's entire population consists of Muslims, at 74.28 million people.
The 21st century Yesil Vadi mosque is one of thousands in Istanbul used in its area.
INTRODUCTION
As a monotheistic religion, early Islamic architecture was opposed to building mosques that were
specifically designed to accommodate the worshippers, thus focusing on a simple space for
communal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By 1958, they added stairs for a library and extended the building into
yard space. In the beginning of 2015 there was a replacement of the mosques wooden panelling on
the walls as well as marble added to the columns.
In contrast, the Yesil Vadi mosque, designed by Adnan Kazmaoglu, was built to be the centre of a
new settlement area which aimed to create a neighbourhood. The mosque has housing, shops, a
school and a sports centre built around it. As the majority of Istanbul is Muslim, building a new

mosque is well acknowledged and the community will utilize it. Due to the majority of the Turkish
population being Muslim, there were no particular religious restrictions on building the mosque. In
fact, the intention of building the Yesil Vadi mosque was to create a focal point in its area whereas
the Auwal mosque was forced to blend in. There is also a lot more space around the Yesil Vadi
mosque allowing for a dispersed population unlike the condensed population surrounding the Auwal
mosque. Construction of the Yesil Vadi mosque ended in 2010. There have been no need

Art-100
Abstract A reflection on religious monuments and their implements in their connection to their faith
and use of prayer. This reflection uses Christian, Islamic, and Jewish religions as examples of study
in the Medieval era. Welding Sacer and Profanus Religion is sacred, the cradle of the sacer, the faith
that we intertwine within our reality, our profanus. It's within our churches, our cathedrals, our
temples, our synagogues, or our mosques that we connect the sacer and the profanus, the home of
our prayers. Among the diversity of religions and beliefs there brings a multitude of holy sectors,
each with their own composition of devoted art and architecture, their own contrivance to
communicate and praise the godly. The construction of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A customarily symbolic creature used was the peacock, another sign of immortality, because of the
myth that a peacock's flesh doesn't rot. This is displayed on the Sarcophagus of Saint Theodore (6th
century A.D.), where two peacocks are placed on either side of an emblem containing the symbols
chi and rho, the first two letters of Christ, in a circle signifying completion (Soltes, 11, 21:20). Near
the end of the 11th century, we see the style of Romanesque architecture transfigure into what is
known as the Gothic era, introduced by Abbot Suger during his rebuilding of the Abbey of St.
Denis. Looking at the basilica of St. Sernin de Toulouse (1080–1120), named after the bishop who
was apprehended by the former Pagan priest when Christianity was illegal, we can see the basilica is
itself in shape of the cross. There are also five aisles, to suggest the five wounds of Christ, five
entryways (Soltes, 12, 3:25). The most notable difference between a Romanesque church and a
Gothic one can be seen in the arches. Gothic arches, ogives they're named, are pointed instead of
rounded, giving a new criss–cross pattern, as exampled in the Chartres Cathedral (12th century)
(Soltes, 12, 10:40). New patterns can also be found in the buttressing, where instead of holding the
framework directly through the walls, the Gothic structure works from the roof and down as if
flying away, coining the term the flying buttresses (Soltes, 12, 11:15). This sort of buttressing is
competent for

Christianity, Islam, And Judaism Essay
Christianity, Islam, and Judaism represent the three most influential religions in the world
throughout history. Judaism is, however, not as widespread as both Islam and Christianity, but it still
has a profound impact in the world. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity are also known as the
"Abrahamic religions" because their history is traced to the ancient individual, Abraham who is first
referred to in the Hebrew Bible. There are many similarities as well as some differences between
these religions, even regarding death and the afterlife. These differences are seen with regards
mainly to be written in the Judaism, Islam and Christian Holy books. In some cases, it is found,
however, Islam refers to details which are not present in the earlier traditions so comparison cannot
be made. In both the Judaic and Christian teachings, there is a lot of information regarding the
afterlife and this has led to many scholars creating many hypotheses as well as speculations about
death and what is to be expected in the afterlife. Islam also gives many details pertaining to what
will take place after death. In the Christian religion, there is a straightforward dualistic conception
of existence which is the body and soul. At death, the non–physical soul separates from the physical
body, however there is also different perspectives. (Segal 2010, p24). For example, others believe
that the spiritual body which might have three dimensions as well as physical resurrects after death,
even though

Importance Of Place Of Worship
A place of worship is a place to stop, think, learn, and pray. Each religion has their own practices,
own rituals, and own values. A place of worship may differ in name, but serve the same purpose. In
the Christian religion it's called a Church. In Judaism it is called Synagogue. And, in Islam it's called
a Masjid. Abu Hurairah reported, Muhammad peace be upon him said "A slave becomes nearest to
his Rubb when he is in prostration. So increase supplications while prostrating." The closer that
worshiper can be to his lord or his maker is when he is in the position of prostration, which means
surrender or submission to God. (Nasr, 38). This prostration solely and only being for the sake of
God who made us, this act of worship is so grateful that the place person engages in prostration is
known as Masjid/Mosque. It's derived from the root Sajdah, which means to prostrate for the sake
of God. Mosque is the place of prostration, or it is the house of God, but any place of prostration. It
is a place where men, women, and children, people of different ages, different race join together as
ummah. The very first official Mosque was built in Medina, the house of Prophet Muhammad.
(Nasr, 40.) It was a square shaped regular structure with an open roof built around a central lawn.
Additionally, when entering into this yard, there were series of numerous rooms in which the wives
of Mohammed used to live. There were other rooms too for general gatherings and eating, as well as
there were

Mihrab Essay
As my chosen work of art is the The Mihrab, it was a remarkable experience to visit the The
Metropolitan Museum of Art. After a two hour long commute, which includes two train switch and
one wrong train, my friend and I were finally able to locate this museum. As lavish as it is on the
outside, it also does not disappoints on the inside. The Metropolitan Museum left me spellbinding
with its aura of artistic treasures from multiple eras. However, my favorite work of art belongs to the
Islamic art period, the Mihrab. The Mihrab is a semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that
indicates the qibla–that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca–and it contains typical patterns and
calligraphy from the Islamic art period.
The Mihrab is located in Gallery 455 on the second floor in the Iran and Central Asian Wing.
Gallery 455 displays art materials from the thirteenth to the early sixteenth ... Show more content on
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When stepping on the floor one can hear a hollow sound which is why this place is traditionally
named the ''Well of Souls" or "Cave of Spirits". The is a crack in the rock, which is believed to have
occurred when prophet Muhammad ascended to the heavens, as the rock wished to follow him.
Inside the Dome of the Rock too, belongs a Mihrab that points south to Mecca and indicates the
direction of Prayer. This is considered to be one of the oldest Mihrabs in the world.
This Mihrab was originally set into the qibla wall of a theological school in Isfahan, now known as
the Madrasa Imami, built just after the collapse of the Ilkhanid dynasty. It was created by joining a
myriad of cut glazed tiles to produce its intricate arabesque and calligraphic designs. which resulted
as one of the earliest and finest examples of mosaic tilework. An incredible work using religious
architectural decoration of the Islamic period, making the Mihrab as one of the most significant
works in the Museum's

Why I Visited The Orange County Museum Of Art
When I visited the Orange County Museum of Art (OCMA), I was mesmerized by the beautiful
sculptures, paintings, and many other works of art. This museum introduces many different
exhibitions at different times and dates. The exhibition that I chose to visit is called the "Sandow
Birk: American Qur'an". The reason why I was very interested in this type of exhibition was because
it displayed Middle Eastern artwork. Another reason was because I am Middle Eastern and that I
can relate to it. Although I was so focused on this exhibition only, I did not realize the other works
of art. However, as I walked deeper into the museum, another exhibition caught my attention. That
exhibition is called the "Olga Lah: Amass and Swell". If anyone decides to visit the Orange County
Museum of Art (OCMA), I would recommend to look online about any appealing exhibitions that
are being displayed as well as calling their office to plan a visit. Furthermore, in my opinion, there
were some types of art that I did not fully analyze because they were not relatively fascinating as the
rest. Moreover, the artworks that I examined displayed unique qualities and their messages were
demonstrated in a significant, yet informative way. First, the artwork that I would like to discuss
about is a painting called American Qur'an, Sura 85–86 which was created in 2007 by Sandow Birk.
The reason why Birk decided to paint American Qur'an, Sura 85–86 was because he wanted to
undermine cultural prejudices about one

The Golden Age Of Science In The Medieval Islamic World
The medieval Islamic world of science started as a controversial field to be working in. The
scientific practices went against the beliefs of the people because it stated things that were the
opposite of the readings in the Koran. Religious peoples said that Allah created everything in
existence himself while scientists said that everything occurred naturally. Even though there was
conflict over the beliefs of the people, the Islamic scientists still managed to prosper and produce a
Golden Age of Science in the medieval Islamic world. The contribution of the Arabo–Islamic
scholars to the genesis of modern sciences constitutes a passionately debated topic of research, and
in many encyclopedias of science and its history, the Arabo–Islamic ... Show more content on
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Islamic engineers invented a distillation process that expanded the kinds of medicines that could be
used. This allowed physicians to prescribe even more precise treatments for their patients. The
Islamic world of science produced a large amount of forward progress in the medical industry,
which helped people for centuries afterwards. Astronomy was a discipline that was very serious to
Islamic scholars and scientists, and throughout the Golden Age of Science they consistently worked
to further develop astronomy, even applying other fields to help them. In the opening years of the
Golden Age, astronomy was studied vigorously and even was used to assist the religion of the
people. Because of its importance to religious duties (for example, calculating the qibla and prayer
times), astronomy held a prominent place on the scientific scene. Rulers sponsored the construction
of observatories and large observation instruments and employed scientists such as al–Battani, al–
Khayyan, and al–Tusi to construct astronomical tables and keep time. An instrument that was well
known around the world was the astrolabe. It came from a Hellenistic origin and was perfected by
Muslim scientists and craftsmen. Many problems involving astronomy, that would normally take the
likes of mundane computing, could be solved quickly and easily with the astrolabe.

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