Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral Arterial Disease
Running Header: Peripheral Arterial Disease
Peripheral Arterial Disease
April 22, 2010
ME 1352
Abstract Peripheral Arterial Disease is a common secondary disease that follows Atherosclerosis.
Once so much plaque builds up in the arteries, they become block the blood flow. P.A.D. usually
affects the lower extremities and can cause intermittent claudication and, if severe enough,
gangrene. Many people live with atherosclerosis and P.A.D. and show no symptoms. There are
numerous prevention methods for P.A.D that is similar to preventing any cardiovascular disease.
Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is by far, the best form of prevention.
Peripheral Arterial Disease Peripheral Arterial Disease or P.A.D. is a disorder that ... Show more
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Certain medications can help treating PAD. Anti–platelet agents and statins may be prescribed.
Anti–platelet agents make the blood platelets less likely to stick to one another and form blood clots;
a low dose aspirin regimen is usually prescribed. Aspirin also helps prevent strokes and heart attacks
in individuals diagnosed with PAD. Statin medications will also help prevent the risk of strokes and
heart attacks. Statins will decrease plaque buildup in the arteries and improve the painful symptoms.
In more severe cases, angioplasty may be the only solution to the problem. Angioplasty is non–
surgical and can widen narrowed or blocked arteries. The procedure is done by inserting a catheter
into the groin area and moved to the area of narrowing, and then a small balloon is inflated to open
the artery.
Prevention
As with all cardiovascular diseases, Peripheral Arterial Disease can be easily prevented. A good
heart healthy diet should be implemented everyday for meals and snacks. A good tip is to include
fresh fruits and vegetables everyday. Eating foods low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in
fiber can help prevent high blood cholesterol. Limiting salt or sodium in your diet can also lower
your blood pressure. (CDC, 2009) Making sure to get at least 30 minutes of moderate physical
activity a day can not only help maintain
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Gibbs Model Of Reflective Report
The topic I'm choosing to discuss for this clinical skills assignment is the manual
sphygmomanometer or also known as the manual blood pressure. All nursing students are required
to have the ability to carry out the clinical or practical skill safely (Nursing and Midwifery Council
2008). The reflective model I will be using for this reflection on this skill is the Gibbs' Model of
Reflection (1988) which consists of five elements. They are the descriptions, feelings, evaluation,
analysis, conclusion and an action plan. The reason why I chose this skill of all other clinical skills
is because this blood pressure taking skills is a procedure that is almost every day are carry out. I
could see that there are different tips on how to perform the blood pressure taking skills during
observing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Washing my hands before performing the skills encourages good practice (WHO 2002). Evidence
has shown that the cross infection between patients has decrease with the introduction of the
campaign on washing your hands (NSPA 2008) Gaining consent from the patient before performing
the skills is part of the nursing and midwifery code (2008). I must gain permission from a patient
before performing any clinical procedure and the patient have their rights to reject or disapprove the
treatment or care given by me. I as a nurse must respect any decision made by the patient. The aim
of gaining permission or consent is to help the patient to understand the procedure that is being
carried out. I have to make sure that the patient does not have any restrictive clothing on the arms
and the arm must be placed on a flat surface. An evidence shows that when blood pressure taken
with the arm hanging or suspending, the blood pressure can be 10–12 mmHg higher compare to
when taken in flat surface (Mallett & Dougherty

Integrated Pathology Case Study On Cardiovascular Disease
Integrated Pathology Case Study
Multifactorial disease – Vascular Dysfunction in Heart Disease
BSc Biomedical Sciences
School of Healthcare Science
Faculty of Science and Engineering
Manchester Metropolitan University
Ayesha Iqbal 12109879
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality has reached epidemic proportions.
Consequently, the importance of prevention of the disease, in addition to the treatment of the clinical
outcome of the existing disease, has emerged as a priority in the field. These efforts have turned to
what is in fact the underlying cause of myocardial infarctions and the resulting heart disease,
specifically, atherosclerotic vascular disease.
This vascular condition affects the entire vascular tree and is also the cause of cerebrovascular and
peripheral vascular disease (PAD), as well as the reason for major clinical complications such as
restenosis and vein graft arterialisation. The development of atherosclerotic vascular disease
involves a complex interplay of genetic, metabolic, cellular, and immunological factors, and
understanding these factors is the first step in targeting heart disease.
Aetiology of the disease
aetiology: describe the specific disorder and the biological basis of its cause of origin
CVD are diseases of the cardiac muscle or vasculature. The cause of most CVD is a build–up of
atheroma a fatty deposit within the inside lining of blood vessels arteries. Atheroma is also known as

Metacarpal Veins
The systemic circulation consists of the arterial and the venous systems.
Arteries are a high pressure system and a pulse can be palpated. The muscle layer in arteries is
stronger and they will not collapse like veins. Arteries are also deeper than veins and are surrounded
by nerve endings, making arterial puncture painful.
The venous system consists of superficial and deep veins. The superficial or cutaneous veins are
those used for venipuncture. Because thrombosis of the superficial veins of the lower extremities
can easily extend to the deep veins, it is important to avoid the use of these veins. Superficial veins
are bluish in color. The pressure within veins is low and therefore a pulse will not be palpated in a
vein.
Knowledge of vein wall anatomy and physiology is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If large enough they may accommodate a small gauge needle, however they are used as a last resort.
Metacarpal Veins:
The metacarpal veins are formed by the union of the digital veins. They are usually visible, lie flat
on the hand, are easy to feel, and are easily accessible. The hand provides a flat surface for
stabilization and as this vein is in the extremity it allows successive venipunctures to be performed
above the site. These veins may therefore be the first choice for venipuncture.
Cephalic Vein:
The cephalic vein flows upward along the radial aspect of the forearm. Its size readily
accommodates a large needle, while its position provides easy access and natural splinting. This
vein can be accessed from the wrist to the upper arm (using the most distal region of the vein first).
These veins tend to "roll" so "anchoring" the vein during venipuncture essential.
Accessory Cephalic Vein:
The accessory cephalic vein ascends the arm and joins the cephalic vein below the elbow. Its large
size accommodates a large needle.
Basilic

The Three Trunks Of The Plexus
Rick Winstead
Steve Hammons
PTA 150
2/13/15
Brachial Plexus At first glance, the brachial plexus may be a bit intimidating. The nerves arising
from it and the muscles of the trunk and upper extremity of which it innervates may seem
overwhelming, but as one begins the process of adding all of the components together in an orderly
fashion, it begins to be seen in a much more easily understood manner. The first step in this process
is to gain a grasp on the basic main structure of the plexus, and then gradually build on that
foundation. The basic organization is split into five areas. These are the roots, trunks, divisions,
cords, and terminal branches. The five roots originate from spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1. It
is important to remember that these five areas contain both motor and sensory components. Next are
the three trunks of the plexus. The roots of C5 and C6 combine to form the upper trunk, C7
continues on its own to form the middle trunk, and the lower trunk is formed by C8 and T1. Each
trunk then divides into an anterior and posterior division. The divisions then combine to form cords.
The anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunk combine to form the lateral cord, the anterior
division of the lower trunk forms the medial cord, and all three posterior divisions combine to make
the posterior cord. Finally, the cords give way to the terminal branches of the brachial plexus. The
lateral cord splits and becomes the musculocutaneous nerve, and a

Male Ap + Tg Sprague Dawley
Methods Materials Male AP+ Tg Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats weighing 350–450 g will be used in
this study. There will be a total of 40 rats which will be divided into four groups with ten in each
group. Adult DRG from C1 to L1 will be dissected from rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard
techniques. Operative Techniques DRG isolation, plating, and axon elongation: Adult DRG from C1
to L1 will be dissected from SD rats ≥ 8 weeks of age using standard techniques.14,32,33 Dissected
DRGs are treated in 0.25% collagenase–P (Boehringer Mannheim) in Neurobasal media
(Invitrogen) for 1.5 hours followed by a treatment in 0.25% trypsin in cell dissociation buffer for an
additional 1.5 hours. After trypsin inhibition, the pellet will be resuspended in complete medium and
mechanically separated using a fire polished pasture pipet until the DRGs are completely
dissociated. The DRG cells will be plated along the elongation interface and maintained in complete
growth medium consisting of Neurobasal Media supplemented with B27 (Invitrogen), 1% FBS
(Hyclone) and 1mM L–Glutamine (Invitrogen), 2.5g/L glucose, and 10μg/mL 2.5S nerve growth
factor (Becton Dickinson). After cells attach, DRG cultures will be immediately treated with mitotic
inhibitor cocktails consisting of 5 μM cytosine arabinoside, 20 μM 5–fluoro–2'–deoxyuridine and 20
μM uridine. Five days after plating, the axon fascicles spanning the two overlapping membranes
will be elongated. Stretch–induced axon elongation is controlled by

Coronary Artery Disease: A Case Study
First, Coronary Artery Disease is a serious heart condition that impairs blood flow to the heart
muscle. A nurse should have knowledge of the disease process, signs and symptoms, diagnostic
tests, and treatments available. The coronary arteries supply blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the
heart. The main coronary arteries are the left and the right arteries. The left coronary artery. The
disease is typically caused by plaque accumulation in the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis is the
formation of plaque affecting layers of the large and midsize arteries. Plaque contains cholesterol,
triglycerides, phospholipids, and collagen. When plaque accumulates in the arteries it decreases the
size of the inside of the arteries. Plaque may surround the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A person with Coronary Artery Disease may show no signs and symptoms. On the other hand, a
person may experience heart problems related to the impaired blood flow through the arteries. A
person with a reduction of blood flow due to CAD may experience chest pain, heart attack,
dysrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden death. There are many known risk factors and diagnostic tests
available to help recognize a person at risk or diagnose a person with CAD. There are two types of
risk, factors modifiable and non–modifiable that can diagnose a person at risk for the development
of CAD. Non–modifiable risk factors are risk factors that cannot be changed. A person over the age
of 65, male gender, and a first–degree relative history of CAD are non–modifiable risk factors.
Modifiable risk factors can be changed or controlled, such as lifestyle eating habits, physical
activity, and control over health related problems. Also, laboratory testing can assess for risk factors
of CAD such as a lipid profile. A lipid profile includes triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels in the
blood. Elevated lipid levels are an abnormal reading that increases the risk of CAD. However,
diagnostic tests will be able to provide a more in–depth reading if a person has

Golfer with Brachial Neuritis Misdiagnosed Essay
During Dr. Wallace's clinic, one of the golf girls came into the Athletic Training Room complaining
of right shoulder pain. Dr.Wallace first began the evaluation by asking if she remembered how she
hurt her shoulder. The golfer said she had been at home during winter break and was wearing socks
in the house. She said she was running and fell and when she was falling, she attempted to catch
herself by using a nearby wall. Dr. Wallace then checked her strength by asking her to abduct her
shoulders as far as she could. He then added resistance and noticed weakness in her right shoulder.
He tested the ligaments and told her they were all intact. He also asked her if she had been
experiencing any numbness, tingling, etc. since she fell and she ... Show more content on
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She still had some loss in her sensory neurons, but they showed some slight improvement from the
initial evaluation. A follow–up MRI also showed a "...decrease in the brachial plexus thickening and
hyperintensity." (Gazioglu) The patient in this case study experienced rare symptoms. Patients who
are usually diagnosed with brachial neuritis have severe pain in the shoulder and some even have
localized pain. Only a small number of patients have pain that subsides to the fingers of the affected
side. This case study supports the signs and symptoms along with the treatment that our team doctor
prescribed. When I asked him about the situation, he said that he asked her if she had the flu recently
because sometimes the brachial plexus can give off flu like symptoms such as a fever, fatigue,
cough, and runny nose. He said this condition is called brachial neuritis. He said the majority of the
time it affects one side of the shoulder and that's why he asked the golfer is she had any of the
symptoms or the flu during the break. He said that the muscles become weak and in some cases,
paralyzed. For treatment, Dr. Wallace said he prescribes pain relievers so it won't bother the patient
as much. He said in severe cases, the patient will undergo surgery and then see a physical therapist
to help regain strength in the shoulder. When I asked if he thought the golfer had had brachial
neuritis he said most likely no since

Carotid Artery Essay
The pathological changes of the carotid artery can affect the brain and on another hand the
hemodynamic changes at the heart, aorta and brain can be detected at carotid artery. For example, if
the narrowing of the carotid arteries becomes severe enough to block blood flow, or a piece of
atherosclerotic plaque breaks off and obstructs blood flow to the brain, a stroke may develop.
Therefore, this is a strong rationale to consider that cardiovascular event may ultimately be more
closely related to carotid artery rather than brachial artery [5]. Carotid arteries, the major vessels
supplying the brain are directly connected to aorta closer than peripheral arteries such as brachial
and radial artery (Figure 1). Currently research is more focused on non–invasive determination of
pressure waveform measured at carotid artery [12].
The pulse examination of the human artery has been practiced in assessing health since the history
of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the 6th century BC [13]. Pulse palpation is an important part of
the vascular physical examination. The pulse can be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be
compressed against a bone, such as carotid artery at the neck, brachial artery on the inside of the
elbow, radial artery at the wrist and femoral artery at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The technique of non–invasive pulse wave analysis, as described here, depends on different
principles and type of the pulse wave. Pulse wave analysis in clinical practice is commonly used by
the hand–held tonometry probe. It is simple to use, a non–invasive and accurate method using a
small strain gauge sensor detects the force on the artery wall [2]. The principal of applanation
tonometry is a partial compression of a pulsating carotid artery against muscle and vertebral body of
the neck and its pulse wave spreading in the skin impacts the

Cpc Icd-9-Cm Coding Essay
1. A 54–year–old patient is seen by the physician in the outpatient clinic setting for CLL that is
currently in remission. The patient's WBC counts, particularly lymphocytes remain within normal
limits 2. Susan Oster, 45, is admitted to the hospital with a temperature of 38.5º C, heart rate 102
beats/min, respiration 20/min with septicemia and SIRS. WBC 12,500. Documentation states
respiratory and acute hepatic failure are due to septicemia. 3. OPERATIVE REPORT
PATIENT: Mara Bell Lee
PHYSICIAN: Randy Greenfield,
MD PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Pleural effusion with unknown cause.
POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: Pleural effusion with unknown cause.
PROCEDURES PERFORMED:
Diagnostic thoracentesis.
Four–quadrant pleural biopsy,
Pleural ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Downey, MD PROCEDURE PERFORMED: Central venous access placement. INDICATION:
Massive gastrointestinal bleed.
The procedure was done emergently because of the patient's critical condition. His right IJ area was
prepped in the usual fashion. It was very difficult to visualize his right IJ vein, even though his
habitus should have allowed us to do so, but the patient was, I believe, severely intravascularly
volume depleted, and his vein was collapsing. I have attempted to access the right internal jugular
vein multiple times, both under real–time ultrasound guidance and even later on blindly. I was able
to get blood return and hit the vein; however, I was not able to advance the guidewire. I was able to
advance it one time and put the catheter in, and it was nonfunctioning. I had to take the catheter out
and tried multiple other times on the right IJ vein without success. That procedure was terminated.
Pressure was applied. There was no cervical hematoma whatsoever. The patient was uncomfortable
because of the length of the procedure but did well otherwise. Hemodynamically, he was
unchanged, and his oxygen saturations remained stable.I prepped the IJ vein area in the usual
fashion. One percent lidocaine was used for local anesthesia. Again, the left IJ vein was collapsing.
With deep inspiration, the vein could be well visualized on the real–time and ultrasound guidance,
after which I could get access to the left IJ vein. A wire was advanced without difficulty while the

Present Data Collected Before and After a Standard Period...
Pulse rate before the exercise.
1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd attempt
69 77 80
After the exercise:
115 110 108
The pulse rate increases each time due to the acknowledgment of the pulse and I therefore was able
to get more accurate results.
Breathing rate before the exercise:
28 24 19
After the exercise:
45 39 31
Before the exercise the breathing decreased when I was counting how many breaths I can take in a
minute. However whilst breathing, my breathing rate was not normal but it was essential for me to
keep the results reliable.
Temperature before the exercise:
1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the exercise, we then took the measurements of our pulse, breathing rate and temperature too
to see the change. Once we had completed this the first time, we then did it 2 other times, so in total
3 time so that the data was reliable and trustworthy. (Stretch, B., & Whitehouse, M. (2007).
Also as none of us had any allergies, we therefore had no need to take any medication whilst the

exercise was taking place. Before the exercise had taken place me and my partner were both calm
and relaxed, however one the exercise had been undertaken we then started to breathe very heavily
and also consumed a full water bottle due to dehydration.
The pulse can be taken on two pressure points. One on the neck this is called carotid artery however
it is sometimes quiet hard to find, so people measure from the wrist, the Radial artery, with two
fingers as the thumb as a pulse but is uneven and can affect accuracy. The average heart rate for 15–
20 year olds is 122–163 bmp. Exercise causes the blood to pump faster, making our intake for
oxygen more and temperature rise, which creates sweat.
The results of my pulse rate, breathing rate and temperature before and after the exercise are down
below.
Pulse rate before the exercise.
After the exercise:
36.9 36.9 36.9
The temperature was relatively constant before and after the exercise.
Bar charts for the results
Key=
Series 1=

Venipuncture Essay
Identify the main superficial veins used in performing venipunctures. State the order of the draw.
Venipuncture is a process done by a phlebotomist to either collect blood from the patient or to
administer therapy via an IV. The arms, hands and feet are all accessible for venipuncture procedure.
The most common location most of us get blood drawn from is where your elbow bends also known
as the antecubital fossa. This location is where you will be able to locate the Median Cubital Vein.
The median cubital vein is the superficial vein that connects the cephalic and the basilic vein that are
the largest veins in the arm. When puncturing this vein be cautious to not penetrate the bicep tendon
or the brachial artery.
Another vein is the cephalic

Blood Pressure Lab Report
How BP is Measured
Blood pressure (BP) is measured using an instrument called a sphygmo– manometer. This has an
inflatable cuff which goes around your upper arm, a small pump to push air into the cuff and a
column of mercury (or a dial) to record the pressure within the cuff.
As the cuff is inflated with air, the person measuring your BP usually feels for a pulse (brachial
artery) in the crook of your elbow. While the pressure within your artery stays higher than that in the
cuff, blood can be felt pulsing through. Once the pressure in the cuff becomes greater than that in
your artery, the vessel is squashed flat and blood stops flowing through it at that point. By inflating
the cuff to an initial pressure that is higher than the expected systolic pressure, then lis– ... Show
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The pressure registering in the cuff at this point is taken as your systolic BP. The cuff is then slowly
deflated further while listening over your artery. The tapping sounds become louder, then change to
a dull whooshing noise before disappearing. The point at which blood can no longer be heard
whooshing through the vessel is taken as your diastolic BP. The pulsing noise heard in the artery
between these two pressures is a result of turbulence as the cuff impinges on the vessel and deforms
its walls. We therefore know that the blood pressure in the artery is the same as that in the cuff at the
point where the sounds disappear, as turbulence is no longer occurring. BP can also be measured
with modern digital cuffs that fit around the wrist. BP is measured according to the length of a
column of mercury it can support. It is therefore expressed in millimetres of mercury (mmHg). BP is
written down as the higher pressure (systole) over the lower figure

Single Injection Technique Essay
Landmark techniques of axillary brachial plexus block: Perivascular "Single–Injection" Technique
The patient lies supine, the arm was abducted about 90° and the elbow is flexed about 90° and
externally rotated. The axillary artery, which is usually palpated readily, acts as a landmark. The
coracobrachialis muscle runs cranial to the axillary artery. The palpating fingers find the gap
between the axillary artery and coracobrachialis somewhat distal to the axillary crease (Fig. 22). The
injection site is located where the lateral edge of pectoralis major crosses the axillary artery. The
needle used for the block is 22G, 5–6 cm long short bevel for optimal identification of the
neurovascular sheath. Following sterilization, intracutaneous local ... Show more content on
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However, undetected venous puncture may occur if the venous lumen collapses during aspiration.
Intra–arterial injection causes sudden hand paleness and paresthesia, which may stay few minutes.
Seizures, loss of consciousness, and cardiac arrest are the results of intravascular infusion of a large
LA dosage. Frequent needle aspiration during a slow injection is a must. Afterward arterial puncture,
haematoma might happen. A firm steady pressure must be applied over the puncture point for 5–10
min if the artery has been punctured. Symptoms of LA overdose show after 5–10 min of injection in
contrast to the accidental intravascular injection, in which symptomatic appear during or
immediately after the unintentional injection. The ordinary clinical picture is: dizziness,
lightheadness, circum–oral paraesthesie, tunnel vision, brady– alternately tachycardia, anxiousness
which in the end progress to loss of consciousness and seizures. Immediately oxygen should be
supplied, a sedative/hypnotic administered, and airway supported if necessary. (Koscielniak–
Nielsen,

Cardiovascular Function Lab
Cardiovascular Function
This report focus on the cardiovascular system to obtain measurement, understand and compare the
differences of blood pressure, heart rate, pulse pressure, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure under
normal conditions and when exercising.
Introduction
To examine dynamic exercise which is the independent variable of this experiment and obvserve the
changes it had on HR, SP, DP, PP and MAP.
Excercising involves alot of body movment which increases our metabolic rate and cardiac out put
leading to increase in DP, SP, HR, PP and MAP.
Materials and Methods
Auscultatory method (with the manual and automated blood pressure machine) was used to measure
blood pressure and pulse rate. Measuring the systolic and diastolic

Group 1 Bee Sting Final Fall 2014 Essay
BIOL 2010, Anatomy and Physiology I
FINAL EXAM
Group 1
Tammy Bohanan, Hannah Thompson, and Hannah Grigsby
Bee Sting,
Fall 2014
The Case: It's a warm Fourth of July and you are walking across the park to your favorite picnic
spot. You are allergic to and highly phobic about bee stings. While walking, you hear a buzzing
sound to your right. You turn your head and see a large bee hovering over your right shoulder. You
reach with your left hand to swat the bee, but just as you make contact, it stings you anyway. You
notice that you are sweating and your skin turns red. You realize that your Epi–pen was left in the
car, so you panic and begin sprinting back to the car to get it.'
The Assignment: Name and describe all of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CO2 is released as a waste product. The 2–carbon acetyl group binds to coenzyme A. At this point,
the process starts to move into the mitochondria and the Krebs Cycle is initiated. There is a net gain
of 2 ATP and 2 molecules of NADH produced.
During Krebs Cycle, the acetyl CoA breaks down further into two molecules of carbon dioxide
during each turn of the cycle. In the process, the molecules FAD and NAD are reduced to FADH2
and NADH. 2 ATP is generated during the Krebs Cycle.
The reduced FADH2 and NADH enter the Electron Transport System where they are re– oxidized to
FAD and NAD. These electrons release energy which forms 32 ATP molecules.
During aerobic respiration, there is a total net gain of 36 ATP.
2. (6 pts) Turn your head to the right. (Create a table* that describes which muscles move which
bones across which joints under the control of which nerves)
Action
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Nerve

Turn head right:
Rotation to the shoulder of opposite side
Sternocleidomastoid
Manubrium of Sternum and Clavicle
Mastoid Process of temporal bone and the occipital bone
Accessory Nerve
Flexion and slight rotation of the head
Scalenes
(scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, and scalenus posterior)
Transverse processes of clavicle vertebrae
First two ribs
Cervical nerves (C3–C6)
3. (10 points) Trace the image of the bee to perception. (Include all focusing, transduction,
transmission and perception processes and structures)
The ear receives

Effects Of Caffeine On The Body Metabolism
Caffeine is one of the most prevalent drugs consumed around the world, and is frequently used by
athletes in efforts to enhance their performance. It is defined by the Medical Dictionary as "A bitter
white alkaloid, C8H10N4O2 that stimulates the central nervous system and body metabolism"
(2010). Some believe that increasing their caffeine intake will then improve their energy and
endurance levels during long–term sporting events such as running, biking, or swimming. Caffeine
is found in an assortment of foods and drinks including but not limited to coffee, tea, cokes and cola
products, chocolate and energy drinks. Caffeine can also be found in some over–the–counter
medications.
In a recent research study produced by the Kinesiology Department of Delaware University, the
following findings were presented: that caffeine is a vasoconstrictor and stimulant; caffeine can
increase blood pressure by contracting the heart and blood vessels in non–habitual users; caffeine
changes the electro–physiological activity of the heart, increasing conductivity, even in limited
doses (University of Delaware). In regards to the gastrointestinal side effects, the UD study wrote
that caffeine stimulates gastric secretion, stating that some individuals are sensitive to caffeine and
suffer ill effects such as acid indigestion, heartburn, abdominal pain, gas or constipation to varying
degrees. In addition, caffeine inhibits vasopressin, and it acts as a powerful diuretic. Liver
metabolism is

Blood Pressure Procedure
Getting your blood pressure taken is the first thing that nurses do when giving a check up to their
patients. When getting blood pressure checked the nurses put the arm ring, which goes around the
arm of the patient, is very uncomfortable and bulky. I have thought of a way that uses newer
technology. The supplies I will be using would be the blood pressure monitor and a piece of the heat
monitor. The piece of the heart monitor I would be using is the clamp that goes on the patient's
finger. The reason I am going to use this is because it is, seems to be, the more efficient way to make
the blood pressure monitor less uncomfortable and bulky as I had stated earlier. Sense I'm not using
the clamp for the heart monitor to check the heart I need to enhance the clamper. The way I would
enhance the clamper would be to make the sensor a little more sensitive to the blood flow going
through the arteries. Instead of the blood pressure monitor going around the patients arm it would
clamp on top the finger. In order to get the proper measurement, ... Show more content on
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Like I stated in the paragraph before this one, one would also try to take medicines to try and get the
blood pressure back on a stable level. The list of medicines that might work are above. Some foods
that can help get high blood pressure back to normal are: peas, baked potatoes, celery, green beans,
papaya fruit, oatmeal, guava, yogurt, tomatoes, kiwis, blueberries, spinach, avocados, cantaloupe,
prunes, carrots, dandelion, salmon, skim milk, watermelon, raisins, spices, beans, dark chocolate,
beets, bananas, nuts, and oranges. The tree worst things that can rise blood pressure are: fast food,
alcohol, and

5 Types of Physical Therapy
Physical Therapy There are different types of therapies, but the 5 types of therapies that I have
chosen are as follows: Sport therapy Impotency: New Therapy Chest physical therapy Burner
syndrome Osteoarthritis of the Knee Sport therapy: Today in sports athletes bear many mental and
physical obstructions from there competitive environment. Negative belief and psychological
pressure from spirited moments; create many interruptions for athletes who do not focus mental
pictures in their minds. A bright picture is one that allows individuals to see stress and negative
belief as a challenge, rather than an intimidation. Psychologists assist athletes in coping with many
obstructions that might occur, so that when they get in a pressured predicament, they can react
rapidly to the situation. Psychological pressure has a main effect on athletes' performance and
individual aptitude, rather than the physical state. Psychologist tries to set high principles for
athletes to uphold poise and discipline. Athletes must make forgoes, in which they have to follow
steps in order to complete these tasks: first, relax, and let your mind put back all the negative
feelings with positive ones. Secondly, gain knowledge from mistakes and make adjustments. To
achieve last physical performance it is essential for one's mind and body work in tandem. The mind
is a message center that permits the body to achieve whatsoever it wants. Coaches and psychologists
believe your mind concludes, how fast,

Arterial Lines
Arterial Lines 3/8/05
1– What is an a–line? 2– What are the parts of an a–line? 3– Does it matter if the flush setup is made
with saline or heparin? 4– What are a–lines used for? 5– What do I have to think about before the a–
line goes in? 6– What is an Allen test? 7– Where can a–lines go besides the radial artery? 8– Who
inserts a–lines? 9– How is it done? 10– What kinds of problems can happen during a–line
placement? 11– How do I use an a–line to monitor blood pressure? 12– How should I set the alarm
limits? 13– How do I draw blood samples from a–lines? 14– What order ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
4– What are a–lines used for?
Two things mainly: blood pressure monitoring, and for patients who need frequent blood draws. Any
patient on more than a small amount of any vasoactive drip really needs to have an a–line for proper
BP management – if they're sick enough to be put in the unit and need pressors, then they're sick
enough for an a–line. Non–invasive automatic blood pressure cuffs are useful, but if a person is
labile – push for an a–line.
Certain situations absolutely require an a–line for BP monitoring: any use of any dose of nipride, for
example. This is a truly powerful drug – it works very quickly, and your patient can rapidly get into
all sorts of trouble unless you're monitoring BP continuously.
I've heard lately that there's a trend towards using fewer a–lines – it seems silly (and painful) to have
your patient get stuck what seems like twelve times in a shift for labs and ABGs. Remember that it's
always been our unit's policy for nurses to send ABGs after every vent change, or for any clinical
change that the patient makes.
Update – this has changed a little: ABGs probably don't seem to be necessary for vent changes that
are only going to affect oxygenation: changes in FiO2 or PEEP, since the O2 sat will keep you

Reflection On Clinical Skills Activities Essay
Introduction The last week of classes for NURS1005 were a series of clinical skills activities. These
activities refreshed the student's minds on what they will be doing on placement and how to do it.
We got assessed on three clinical skills; taking and recording vital signs, blood glucose levels and
doing a urine analysis. I've chosen to reflect on taking vital signs and how I performed them.
Reflection is a very important part of learning from experiences which is essential in nursing.
Nursing practises continue to change and it is easier to go with and to add to that change if you are
reflecting on your practise. This essentially makes nursing practises better for the patients. I have
reflected on the process of how I took the vital signs during my clinical skills activities. I was very
nervous but believe I performed them well due to how I was taught, what I have read and seen and
the vital signs signified how my peer was acting which was healthy and within a normal range. Even
though I felt I did them well, there were improvements that could and have happened since. Most of
the improvements are minor in comparison to the strengths I have but it is important to recognise
improvements when needed so you are giving the best and accurate care. I was aware of these
improvements needed and tried to strengthen them during my clinical placement which helped me
learn different ways of doing processes and also the rationale behind the processes. Value of
personal reflection in

Cardiovascular Disease Research Paper
Introduction Cardiovascular disease is a class of disease that involve the heart or blood. The most
common cardiovascular diseases are Myocardial infarction, Congestive Heart failure and peripheral
artery disease. These cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of the death in the United States
and are responsible for 17% of national health care expenditures. Every year about 610,000 people
die of heart disease in the United States. Most of the cardiovascular diseases are preventable. The
main risk factors for the cardiovascular disease are tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, family
history, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia and. Most of the health care costs
associated with these cardiovascular diseases can be reduced if the individuals can ... Show more
These participant's include both men and women. The information regarding the participants age,
smoking habits and utilization of any medications to reduce the blood pressure was gathered from
the participants self–report whereas the blood pressure and cholesterol values were calculated by
using the appropriate measurement tool. Blood pressure value of the participants was measured by
using sphygmomanometer. The participant was allowed to relax for 5 minutes. Next, the proper
blood pressure cuff was selected based on the participant arm circumference and then brachial artery
was palpated then the systolic and diastolic reading were noted while inflating and deflating the
cuff.
Cholesterol values of the participants was determined by using the machine Cholestech. The
participant was given a finger prick using a needle and small sample of the blood is collected and
spread on a diagnostic strip. The strip was then placed in the machine and waited for 5 to 7 minutes
for the results to appear. Then the various cholesterol values like total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol,
HDL cholesterol were noted.

Importance And Importance Of Efferent Fibres
Importance of efferent fibres to sweat glands
T2 facial sweating can take T1 nerve to brachial plexus if can avoid Stellate ganglion.
T2/3 for all upper limb
T4/5 for axilla
T2–7 ( variable) for lower limb – plantar hyperhidrosis.
T5–8 – greater splanchnic nerves
Importance of afferent fibres from heart in management of angina and afferent fibres in pancreatic
pain.
Would it be better if we place the above info in a table? Or a paragraph?
Thoracic sympathicotomy is the therapy of choice for craniofacial or upper limb hyperhidrosis not
responding to medical treatment. It may also be indicated to treat vasomotor disease such as
Raynaud's disease or peripheral arterial obstructive conditions of the upper limbs.(13) Further,
thoracic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thoracic duct
A precise understanding and knowledge of the anatomy of the thoracic duct is essential to avoid
injury to the duct during surgical procedures performed within the chest cavity. The thoracic duct is
the largest lymphatic vessel, with an hourly flow of lymph estimated at 1.38mL/kg of body weight.
(16) Arising from the upper pole of the cisterna chili at the level of L2 vertebra, the thoracic duct
enters the chest through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm. The duct ascends to the right side of the
midline until the level of T5, where it then crosses over to the left side. It then continues to ascend
adjacent to the left posterolateral margin of the esophagus. At the level of C7 transverse process, the
duct takes an upward and lateral course to a level approximately 3cm above the clavicle. It then
crosses behind the left common carotid artery, the vagus nerve and the left internal jugular vein. The
duct then turns sharply downward where it crosses anterior to the first part of the left subclavian
artery. Most commonly, the duct drains into the central venous system at the junction of left internal
jugular vein and left subclavian vein. Drainage into the left sided central neck veins is seen in more
than 90% of patients, with the remaining cases draining into a right–sided central vein or have a
bilateral central drainage. (17) Despite this described pattern, multiple variations of the

The 2000 Meter Row Case Study
The 2000–Meter Row: A Case in Homeostasis
Adapted from the National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong
At the start 1. Recall that Jim's heart and respiratory rate are increased, he was sweating and that his
mouth was dry before the raise began. Explain what is happening to his autonomic nervous system
(including which division is the most active) and specify exactly how those ANS responses are
creating the symptoms noted. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary
systems at this time? (8 points)
In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during
the race because it is what prepares your body for extra somatic activity. It activated ... Show more
Now, pick one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the
way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all intermediate structures, synapses, plexuses and nerves.
(8 points)
Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal
lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex. The primary motor
cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla
oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments
C5–C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5–C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial
plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to
extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary
nerve is derived. The axillary nerve's motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular
junction.
4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jim's muscles. What metabolic process is
providing most of the energy for Jim's muscles at this point and why do Jim's muscles feel like they
are burning? (5 points)
As Jim's muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed ATP
through aerobic respiration because oxygen is unable to diffuse fast enough into his muscle fibers.
At this time anaerobic

Maximal Oxygen Consumption And The Oxygen
Maximal oxygen consumption or VO2 max refers to the single maximum oxygen consumption that
an individual can utilize during graded–intensity exercise. VO2 max can be assessed through
properly administered submaximal oxygen consumption test which can include exercise test modes
of treadmill, cycle ergometer or step test. In an individual, VO2 max can be determined by the
cardiovascular system 's ability to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles and then the muscle
's ability to extract that oxygen from the blood and generate energy for work. Influencing factors can
include genetics, decline of VO2 max with aging, and finally aerobic training can positively
influence an individual 's VO2 max and overall aerobic fitness. Individuals with high VO2 maxes
often have greater overall aerobic fitness, which includes high efficiency, or running economy,
better glycogen storage and is often an indicator of success when completing aerobic tasks of over
20 minutes. On the contrary, a low VO2 max can predict poor overall aerobic fitness which can
include cardiovascular disease and problems with transporting oxygen to working muscles. (3) In
these laboratory exercise test, submaximal intensity exercises were used to determine an individual
's predicted VO2 max which allowed the assessment of their overall aerobic fitness and the ability to
compare the correlations between tests. Before performing any submaximal exercise test, the
individual should be in the proper state of mine

Vital Signs Experiment Essay
Record of Vital Signs before & after Exercise
<ol>
<li value="1"> Plan &Aim
<li value="2"> Topics Under Investigation
<li value="3"> The Experiment
<li value="4"> Analysis & Evaluation
<li value="5"> Conclusion
</ol>
Plan & Aim
The plan and aim of this project is to select a group of six people and record their blood pressure,
temperature, pulse and respiration whilst at rest. When they return from a brisk walk I will then
record the same observations and analyse, evaluate the results. With this information I will then
draw my conclusions and make recommendations.
Topics under Investigation
The effects of exercise and the change in the vital signs:
Aerobic exercise gets the heart working to pump blood through the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Diastolic pressure represents the point of greatest relaxation of the artery wall and is the last regular
beat heard.
Steps in taking blood pressure (B/P):
a. Explain the procedure to the subject.
b. With the arm extended and supported apply the deflated B/P cuff snugly with the arrow pointed
toward the brachial artery.
c. Position the dial so that it is in a straight line of vision for accurate reading.

d. Feel the brachial artery by pressing your fingers on the inner elbow joint.
e. Place the diaphragm of the stethoscope with a minimum of pressure over the brachial artery at the
bend of the elbow.
f. Close air valve on bulb and inflate cuff until the dial registers at approximately 180.
g. Open air valve slowly enough to be able to read the dial accurately at the place where you hear
the first sound.
h. Note position of the hand on the dial when you hear the first regular thumping sound. Consider
this the systolic reading.
i. Take the diastolic reading when you hear the last full regular thumping sound.
j. Deflate the cuff as quickly as possible and remove it. Do not leave the cuff inflated for more than
1 or 2 minutes at a time.
k. Record readings immediately.
The pulse:
Equipment needed: Clock/watch with a second hand.
The pulse is the expansion and contraction of an artery with the heartbeat. It must be felt by first and
second fingers; never use thumb

Erb 's Palsy : A Form Of Brachial Plexus Palsy
Erb's Palsy
Amanda Metrikin
5/11/16
Pediatrics
Erb's palsy is a form of brachial plexus palsy. Brachial plexus palsy occurs when nerves in the
brachial plexus get damaged and signals cannot travel in their normal pattern from the brain to the
arm muscles. This causes paralysis (palsy) or weakness in the arm (brachial) region, as well as
atrophy of the deltoid, biceps, and brachialis muscles. About two out of every 1,000 babies have this
condition and it often occurs during birth when the infant's neck is stretched during a difficult
delivery. Common risk factors of Erb's palsy include use of forceps or a vacuum during delivery,
large infant size, small maternal size or excessive maternal weight gain, a large infant, breech birth,
or prolonged labor. Recovery of movement and feeling in the arm can reoccur with daily physical
and occupational therapy, as well as an active role by the parents to help maintain maximum
function (Erb's Palsy Ortho Info).
The brachial plexus is made up of five large nerves, which come out of the spinal cord between the
vertebrae and give movement and feeling to the arm. After coming out of the neck, the nerves come
together and then divide amongst the muscles and tissues of the arm. The area of the brachial plexus
runs from the neck and passes under the collarbone and is the major area of the nerves of the armpit.
When the upper nerves are affected, this is known as Erb's palsy. The infant may not be able

Aortic Regurgitation Essay
AORTIC REGURGITATION
Aortic regurgitation(AR) refers to the failure of incompetent aortic valve to prevent the flow of
blood from aorta back to the left ventricle.
HEMODYNAMICS:
The backward leak of blood from the aorta to left ventricle during diastole increases left ventricular
volume. The left ventricle accommodates extra volume of blood by increasing ventricular size. This
regurgitation leads to impaired forward systemic blood flow reducing cardiac output. Left ventricle
increases ejection during early part of systole to compensate this. In increased regurgitation, left
ventricular pressure increases, which may leads to increased left atrial pressure and pulmonary
congestion.
CLINICAL FEATURES:
 Asymptomatic in mild form.
 Palpitation, dyspnea on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 High pitched decrescendo diastolic murmur.
DIAGNOSIS:
 ECG: Normal or left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic overloading pattern of left ventricle.
 Chest X–ray: Enlargement of left ventricle.
 Echocardiography: Dilated aorta, enlargement of left ventricle.
 Droppler study determine the severity of AR.
TREATMENT:
 Calcium channel blockers.
 Prevention of infective endocarditis.
 Surgery: Aortic valve replacement by homograft or prosthetic valve.
AORTIC STENOSIS:
Aortic stenosis results due to narrowing of aortic valve or adjacent part of aorta. This leads to a
development of pressure gradient between left ventricle and aorta increasing the left ventricular
pressure and hypertrophy. It is very rare in children.
CLINICAL FEATURES:
Classical triad of exertional dyspnea, exertional angina and exertional syncope.
Fatigue, exercise intolerance.
Pulsus parvus et tardus (slow rising pulse).
Narrow pulse pressure.
Ejection systolic murmur.
DIAGNOSIS:

ECG: Left ventricular hypertrophy.
Chest X–ray: Cardiomegaly in case of CCF.
Echocardiography: Identify site of

A Brief Note On The Mechanism Of Injury
Mechanism of injury:
Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is caused by traction to the brachial plexus during labour. In the
majority of cases delivery of the upper shoulder is blocked by the mother's pubic symphysis
(shoulder dystocia). If additional traction is applied to the child's head, the angle between the neck
and the shoulder is forcefully widened, overstretching the ipsilateral brachial plexus. Recently, the
exact origin of OBPP was again a matter of debate. It was suggested that intrauterine maladaptation,
not nerve traction, causes the plexopathy. [43]
However OBPP at birth is one of the causes of permanent neurological disability. The delivery
process is associated with several factors which, together, may result in OBPP in the newborn but it
is difficult to predict OBPP based on antenatally available information. Despite extensive research
one OBPP, there is no generally accepted strategy for prevention. [7]
Fortunately, Permanent damage to the upper roots is uncommon. Usual involvement is of the
suprascapular, axillary and musculocutaneous nerves. Muscles most often paralyzed are
supraspinatus and infraspinatus supplied by the suprascapular nerve, which is fixed between two
points and does not accommodate stretching. In more severely affected patients, deltoid, biceps,
brachialis and subscapularis are also involved. Patients with C5 and C6 palsies usually have residual
weakness of rhomboids and serratus anterior leading to mild winging of scapula, an acceptable

Blood Pressure Lab
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON BLOOD PRESSURE
Courtney Triplett
Bio 211 Lab
Mark Fandel
March 3rd, 2015
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to measure the effect one minute of physical activity would
have on a subject's blood pressure. In this experiment, physical activity is defined as stair climbing
at a moderate pace. For comparison purposes, standing blood pressure was measured before and
after physical activity. One subject was used and three trials were completed and the initial blood
pressures were as followed; 94/62 mmHg, 106/74 mmHg, and 102/66 mmHg. Blood pressures after
physical activity were 110/68, 112/76, and 106/70 mmHg. Blood pressure increased after physical
activity.
INTRODUCTION
Blood ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next the subject was informed to sit for five minutes to allow his body to come to a resting point.
The subject was sitting upright with their upper arm positioned so it was level with their heart and
feet flat on the floor. Using two fingers the subjects brachial artery was located and the
sphygmomanometer was positioned so the cuffs artery marker pointed to the brachial artery. Next
the sphygmomanometer was wrapped tightly around the arm. On the same arm that the
sphygmomanometer placed, the arm was palpated at the crease of the arm to locate the strongest
pulse and the bell of the stethoscope was placed over the brachial artery at this location. Using the
cuff bulb, the cuff was inflated until no sounds were heard through the stethoscope. Once this point
was reached the cuff was slowly deflated and listening for the systolic and diastolic readings began.
The systolic reading is the first rhythmic sound heard and the diastolic is the last rhythmic sound
heard. The blood pressure reading was recorded on paper. The subject was then instructed to climb
the stairs at a constant rate. The subject was timed for one minute. Next, the subject's blood pressure
was taken again and recorded. This was repeated two additional times with an hour in between trials
to allow for

The Trapezius Muscle Essay
The trapezius muscle:
– Origin: it has an extensive origin from the base of the skull to the upper lumbar vertebrae.
– Insertion: it inserts on the lateral aspect of the clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine.
– Nerve supply: It is innervated by the spinal accessory nerve.
– Action: It functions mainly as a scapular retractor and elevator of the lateral angle of the
scapula[19].
The rhomboids muscles:
The rhomboids, consisting of the major and minor muscles.
– Origin: the major and minor muscles originate from the spinous processes of C7 and T1 and T2 to
T5, respectively.
– Insertion: They insert on the medial aspect of the scapula.
– Nerve supply: The dorsal scapular nerve innervates the rhomboids.
– Action: and retract and elevate the scapula. [19]
The levator scapulae muscle:
– Origin: originates on the transverse processes of the cervical spine.
– Insertion: inserts on the superior angle of the scapula.
– Nerve supply: Innervation is from the third and fourth cervical spinal nerves.
– Action: The levator scapule elevates the superior angle, resulting in upward and medial rotation of
the scapular body[19].
The serratus anterior muscle:
– Origin: it takes origin from the bodies of the first nine ribs and the anterolateral aspect of the
thorax
– Insertion: it inserts through three portions from the superior to the inferior angle of the scapula.
– Nerve supply: Innervation is by the long thoracic nerve, and nerve injuries here often manifest as a
winged scapula.
–

Peripheral Artery Disease Is A Prevalent Condition That...
Peripheral artery disease is a prevalent condition that greatly increases risk of death from myocardial
infarction or stroke. In the clinic, PAD will most often present itself as intermittent claudication. It is
important to understand this disease's symptoms, progression, risk factors, and pharmacological
treatment options to provide patients with individualized, high–quality physical therapy.
Pathophysiology:
Peripheral artery disease is caused by the narrowing and hardening of blood vessels that supply
oxygen and nutrients to the periphery of the body. Arterial occlusion from atherosclerosis could be
found in many locations throughout the body; however, the lower extremities are affected more
often than the upper extremities.1 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tobacco use is an important contributor to PAD, as smoking promotes atherosclerotic changes in the
endothelium of blood vessels. Almost 90% of patients diagnosed with PAD are current or former
smokers; smokers' risk of PAD is positively correlated with the number of cigarettes they smoked
each day, and the number of years they smoked for.1
Diabetes also increases the risk of PAD by causing dysfunction of the smooth muscle and
endothelium of the arteries. The risk of developing PAD is positively correlated with the duration
and severity of the patient's diabetes. Dyslipidemia accelerates the progression of PAD, and
hypertension can increase the incidence of intermittent claudication.1
Clinical Manifestations:
The symptoms of Peripheral Artery Disease are classified into four different stages.
In stage one, the patient is asymptomatic; approximately 50% of individuals with PAD are
asymptomatic.4 They will not have pain with exercises, however, their distal lower

Atherosclerosis Research Paper
Atherosclerosis is the hardening and narrowing of arteries, which quietly and gradually blocks
arteries, putting blood flow at risk, according to WebMD. Plaque gathers up in the arteries and is
composed of fatty substances, calcium, fibrin, cholesterol, and waste products from cells. It can
completely or partly cut off the blood in the artery. One of two things can happen in the area where
the plaque is building up in the artery: a piece of the plaque may break off or a blood clot may form
on the plaque's surface, according to the American Heart Association. Atherosclerosis is a kind of
arteriosclerosis, which is simply the thickening and hardening of arteries. It is typically the agent of
strokes, peripheral vascular disease, and heart attacks, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also heart disease, stroke, insufficient blood supply to the specific body parts, and even
death, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Patients with this condition should
make sure they see their doctors to see if they need to make any changes to their current lifestyle.
They may have to take certain medicine to maintain atherosclerosis and prevent further problems.
With treatment, simple lifestyle changes can have a huge impact, such as eating healthier, exercising
regularly, and not smoking. This won't get rid of the artery blockages but it will decrease the
possibility of getting a heart attack or stroke. Taking medicine for high cholesterol and blood
pressure can possibly impede atherosclerosis and also decrease the possibility of getting a heart
attack or stroke. Angioplasty and stenting can often open up a blocked artery, according to WebMD.
Stenting assists in decreasing the symptoms but it does not stop any heart attacks from happening
later on. In bypass surgery, surgeons get a healthy blood vessel, from usually the chest or leg, and
use it to go around a blocked section. The surgery does come with complications so it's reserved for
patients with crucial symptoms and disadvantages because of

Case Study: S/O EMT Perez
S/O EMT Perez was requested by Gate One to assist with an Ambulance escort to CT–403 on the
early morning of 8/7/2015. When arriving at gate at Gate One S/O EMT Perez realized that the
ambulance crew was already enroot To CT–403. S/O EMT Perez managed to catch up with the Four
Butler Private Ambulance Crew Members at the door of CT–403 (due to his stature Mr. Haskey
required the Bariatric unit). The resident returning, a Mr. Robert Haskey was reportedly discharged
from Holy Cross that night. S/O EMT Perez unsecured the door to let the Butler Associates into the
apartment to place the resident in his bed. While Butler was in the process of unloading Mr. Haskey
S/O EMT Perez announced his presence and proceeded into the room where Mrs. Mary Haskey ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Haskey was very upset by this, she was under the impression that Mr. Haskey was going to Arbor
Ridge for rehabilitation. Mr. Haskey retorted by saying "Arbor ridge was full so they are putting me
here". Mr. Haskey was very adamant of this and insisted in being put in his own bed. Mrs. Haskey
was very distressed by this and stated "I can't take care of you, I'm not a nurse and I don't know how
to help you and if you fall I cannot possibly lift you up". While on the way out S/O EMT Perez was
very unsure about the situation at hand and stated to Mrs. Haskey that he would immediately report
this to his supervisor. After S/O EMT Perez cleared he talked to his supervisor S/S EMT Salamy
about the situation and eventually found out after following up with the Arbor Ridge Nursing staff
that Mr. Haskey had a room ready for him and that the staff were waiting for his arrival. After
receiving this news S/O EMT Perez, S/O EMT Ayesu and S/S Salamy reported back up to CT–403
and S/S Salamy explained the situation to Mrs. Haskey and apologized for the mis–communication
error that had happened at some point during the return process. S/O EMT Ayesu and S/S EMT
Salamy escorted Mr. Haskey to his room at Oak Grove 3205 and with the help of S/O EMT Perez
and the nursing staff placed MR. Haskey in his

Martin-Gruber Anastomosis
ur in the forearm region. It is composed in crosses of axons which may produce changes in the
innervations of the upper limb muscles, mainly motor part of intrinsic muscles in the hand
(MANNERFELT, 1966; KIMURA, MURPHY and VARDA, 1976). Anastomosis in which the
branch anastomotic originates proximally in the median nerve and unites distally in the ulnar nerve
is known as Median–
Ulnar anastomosis type or Martin–Gruber anastomosis.
Martin, a Swedish anatomist, in 1763 was the first one to consider the possibility of connection
between the fascicles of the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm (MARTIN,
1763). In the following century, in 1870, Gruber dissected
250 forearms and found 38 connections (GRUBER, 1870)
(15.2%), thenceforth, anastomosis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can arise between the branches destined to the deep flexor muscle of the fingers, or directly in the
median to the ulnar nerve, or between the anterior interosseous and ulnar nerves or in combinations
between these types of anastomoses
(NAKASHIMA, 1993).
However, another type of anastomosis can happen in the forearm. When the anastomotic branch
originates proximally in ulnar nerve and unites distally to median nerve is simply called anastomosis
of Median–Ulnar type, or Martin–Gruber reverse anastomosis or Marinacci anastomosis. Marinacci
in
1964 made a case report of a patient who traumatized the medium nerve in forearm, but still had
preservation of the median nerve innervations in the hand muscles, although had denervation of the
flexor muscles in forearm (MARINACCI,
1964). The Marinacci anastomosis is infrequently notified.
In some studies this type of anastomosis had not been found, being considered for many authors as
anatomical anomaly.
The occurrence of the Martin–Gruber or Marinacci anastomoses can be understand by the fact that
the median and ulnar nerves were developed from a similar embryonic region (ALMEIDA, VITTI
and GARBINO,
1999). In addition, there are studies with high incidence

The Flexor Tgitorum Equilibrium
The flexor digitorum which is on the anterior forearm arises from the medial epicondyle of the
humerus by the common tendon. The flexor digitorum lies between the superficial and deep groups.
In the anterior fingers, which inserts on the sides of the middle phalanges, splits at the level of the
proximal phalanges, permitting the deeper tendons of the FDP to pass on through to the bases of the
distal phalanges. It is from the intermuscular septa between it and the adjacent muscles, and from
the antebrachial fascia. It divides into four tendons, which pass, together with that of the extensor
indicis proprius, through a separate compartment of the dorsal carpal ligament, within a mucous
sheath. Flexor digitorum flexes digits at MCP and PIP joints,

Medical Monitors for the Heart and Brain
Arterial lines (A–lines) are a monitoring device inserted into arterial vascular system that is used to
assess blood pressure. A transducer in the device is used to translate the arterial pressure into
electrical impulses (Kaur, 2006). It secures the most accurate and precise measurements on a
continuous basis by obtaining intra–arterial pressure. These factors, over the manual and non–
invasive blood pressure cuffs, makes the A–line advantageous particularly in patients that are
receiving vasodilator/vasoactive infusion therapies. The tubing leading the patient also has a
specialized port for ready access to arterial blood samples.
The waveform display is the interpreted reading from the transducer. The waveform reflects the
accuracy and integrity of the actual blood pressure value. Impaired circulation integrity, external
blood pressure devices, incorrect leveling/zeroing of the transducer, air bubbles in the tubing, and
arterial stenosis can impair the arterial lines readings. Infusing intravenous fluids is contraindicated.
Sterility must be maintained during application and dressing changes. It is preferable to use the
patient's non–dominant hand to decrease the chances of dislodgement, hemorrhage, and injury. The
head of the patient's must be at or lower than 60 degrees and the level of the transducer must align
with phlebostatic axis to ensure accurate readings (Iversen, 2011). It is necessary to use pressured
flushing solutions at 300 mg Hg to maintain patency and

The Heart : A Muscular Pumping Organ Located Medial
The heart is a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the body's midline in the
thoracic region. The bottom tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so that about 2/3
of the heart is located on the body's left side with the other 1/3 on right. The top of the heart, known
as the heart's base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary
trunk, and pulmonary veins.
Circulatory Loops
There are 2 primary circulatory loops in the human body: the pulmonary circulation loop and the
systemic circulation loop.
Pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs,
where the blood picks up oxygen and returns to the left side of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Blood vessels are often named after either the region of the body through which they carry blood or
for nearby structures. For example, the brachiocephalic artery carries blood into the brachial (arm)
and cephalic (head) regions. One of its branches, the subclavian artery, runs under the clavicle;
hence the name subclavian. The subclavian artery runs into the axillary region where it becomes
known as the axillary artery.
Arteries and Arterioles: Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Blood
carried by arteries is usually highly oxygenated, having just left the lungs on its way to the body's
tissues. The pulmonary trunk and arteries of the pulmonary circulation loop provide an exception to
this rule – these arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Arteries face high levels of blood pressure as they carry blood being pushed from the heart under
great force. To withstand this pressure, the walls of the arteries are thicker, more elastic, and more
muscular than those of other vessels. The largest arteries of the body contain a high percentage of
elastic tissue that allows them to stretch and accommodate the pressure of the heart.
Smaller arteries are more muscular in the structure of their walls. The smooth muscles of the arterial
walls of these smaller arteries contract or expand to regulate the flow of blood through their lumen.
In this way, the body controls how much

Essay about Lab Report: Blood Pressure
Variables Affecting Human Arterial Pressure and Pulse Rate
BIOL–204
Introduction:
The woozy feeling when standing up too quickly. After going for a run, feeling as if one more beat
and the heart would project itself out of the chest. Or quite the opposite and being in a very relaxed
state. These are all changes one experiences at some time or another. What causes the different
feelings and how each variable affects pulse rate and blood pressure has many wondering. Because
of this curiosity, an experiment was performed to get some answers. The purpose of the experiment
is to see how different variables affect pulse rate and blood pressure. Before starting the experiment,
self educating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is hypothesized that while doing this, the subject arterial pressure and pulse rate will increase.
This is to be thought because while the subject is spelling the words the mind will be under a lot of
stress therefore causing acts of anxiety or nervousness to arise, making the heart beat faster than
normal.
Procedure:
"For procedures, refer to Lab 6, Activity 2, in the Anatomy and Physiology Lab Manual."
Results: (See Below)
Exercise
Baseline
Immediate
1 Minute
2 Minutes
3 Minutes
Well Conditioned Subject
BP:188/70 mmHg
HR: 61 BPM
BP: 162/62 mmHg
HR: 76 BPM
BP: 138/70 mmHg
HR: 74 BPM

BP:132/68
mmHg
HR:72 BPM
BP: 130/64 mmHg HR:70 BPM
Poorly Conditioned Subject
BP: 122/44 mmHg HR: 60 BPM
BP: 134/65 mmHg
HR: 76 BPM
BP: 128/50 mmHg HR: 64
Discussion/Conclusion: To start off the experiment, a baseline was needed in order to be able to
compare the different variables through out the experiment. The subject was instructed to sit and
relax quietly while the blood pressure cuff and pulse plethysmograph were placed properly. After the
blood pressure was taken and analyzed, it was found that the subject's blood pressure was 122/64
mm Hg and a pulse rate of 60 bpm. Now that the baseline was obtained, continuing with the
changing variables could take place. Starting with the variable of postural changes, the subject first
reclined for three minutes. After the two minutes, the

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