this PPT is useful for the students of physiotherapy faculty and for the first year health science students who are keen about the joint structure and movements. this presentation will give an ease of understanding among viewers about the minute movements occurring at the joint interface. this may be valuable in understanding the mechanism of movement and its range.

1. Dr. Sachin Chaudhary
Principal cum Professor
Datta Meghe College of Physiotherapy
Nagpur.

2. 2nd YR BACHELOR OF PHYSIOTHERAPY

3. The purpose of the lecture is to explain
 function and classification of joint according to different
structure

4. At the end of the lecture the student should be able
to understand
 Types of Joints
 Classification of Joints
 Concave Convex Rue

5.  Definition:
Joint is the articulation between any of rigid
component parts of the skeleton whether
bones or cartilage by different tissues.

6. 1) Allowing movements of body segments by
providing the bones with a mean of moving
or rather of being moved.
2) Providing stability without interfering with the
desired motion.
The function of the joints depends upon:
A. The shape of the contours of the contacting
surfaces.
B. How well it fits together.

7. Classification of human
Joints according to structure
Synarthoroses
Limeted or no movement
Diarthroses
Free movement
Synostoses
Bone is connected to bone by bone
Synchonroses
Bone is connected to bone by
Cartilage or fibrocartilage
Syndesmoses
Bone is connected to bone by a fibrous
Connective tissues
Synovial
There is synovial membrane and
Synovial fluid

8.  According to the degree of freedom of
movement:
 One degree of freedom of movement.
 Two degree of freedom of movement.
 Three degree of freedom of movement.
 According to the number of axes of
rotation:
 Uniaxial.
 Biaxial.
 Multiaxial.

9. Example
Mechanical
Classification
Anatomical classification
Elbow joint
Uniaxial
Hinge joint
Atlanto axial joint,
Superior radio-ulnar joint
Uniaxial
Pivot joint
Knee joint
Biaxial
Codyloid joint
Carpometacarpal joint of
the thumb
Biaxial
Saddle joint
Wrist joint
Triaxial
Elbsoid joint
hip joint and shoulder
joint
Triaxial
Ball and socket
Midtarsal joints of foot
Nonaxial
Gliding joint

10.  Rotation
 Is motion about an axis,
causing points on the
rotating body to travil
different distances
depending upon their
distance from the point
of rotation
 Translation
 Produces a linear
movement in which all
points in the body travel
the same distance
regardless of their
location in the body,
most cartilaginous and
fibrous joints allow
translation, or linear
movements.
 Synovial joints allow
rotation and translation
movements

11.  Concave : hollowed or rounded inward.
 Convex : curved or rounded outward.
 Congruent: The surfaces of the joint are
equal
 Incongruent : The surfaces of the joint are
not equal

12.  Ovoid – one surface is convex, other surface is
concave
◦ What is an example of an ovoid joint?
 Sellar (saddle) – one surface is concave in one
direction & convex in the other, with the opposing
surface convex & concave respectively
◦ What is an example of a sellar joint?

13.  Biomechanics of joint motion
◦ Physiological motion
 Result of concentric or eccentric active muscle
contractions
 Bones moving about an axis or through flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction or rotation
◦ Accessory Motion
 Motion of articular surfaces relative to one another
 Generally associated with physiological movement
 Necessary for full range of physiological motion to occur
 Ligament & joint capsule involvement in motion

14.  Arthrokinematics means motions of
bone surfaces within the joint are :
Roll, Slide, Spin, Compression
and Distraction
(5 motions)

15.  A series of points on one articulating surface come into
contact with a series of points on another surface
◦ Rocking chair analogy; ball rolling on ground
◦ Example: Femoral condyles rolling on tibial plateau
◦ Roll occurs in direction of movement
◦ Occurs on incongruent (unequal) surfaces
◦ Usually occurs in combination with sliding or spinning
 In rolling, equidistant points touch each other in
the course of motion.

16.  Occurs when one bone rotates around a stationary
longitudinal mechanical axis
 Same point on the moving surface creates an arc of a
circle as the bone spins
 Example: Radial head at the humeroradial joint during
pronation/supination; shoulder flexion/extension; hip
flexion/extension
◦ Spin does not occur by itself during normal joint motion
In spinning, the contact point of one surface rotates
around a longitudinal axis.

17. Specific point on one surface comes into contact with a
series of points on another surface
In sliding, a point of a shallow concave gliding surface sweeps over a larger
surface of the other convex joint body. (sometimes referred to as a GLIDE)
Surfaces are congruent
.
Combined rolling-sliding in a joint
The more congruent the surfaces are, the more sliding
there is
The more incongruent the joint surfaces are, the more
rolling there is

19.  Compression –
◦ Decrease in space between two joint surfaces
◦ Adds stability to a joint
◦ Normal reaction of a joint to muscle contraction
 Distraction -
◦ Two surfaces are pulled apart
◦ Often used in combination with joint
mobilizations to increase stretch of capsule.

20.  a) CLOSE-PACKED POSITION OF THE
JOINT .
 b) LOOSE- PACKED POSITION

21.  It is a combination of several successively
arranged joints constituting a complex motor
system.
 Kinematic chain is when a number of links are
united in series.

22. Body link system:
 Body link is the distance between joint axes and it
unites joint axes.
 A body link is the central straight link that extends
between two joint axes of rotation. In the case of
hands and feet, the terminal links are considered to
extend from the wrist and ankle joint centers to the
center of the mass of these so- called and
members.
 Link systems are interconnected by joints that
predetermine the particular type of motion
permitted to the functional segments.
 The link system is used to make calculations
regarding different body segments in different
positions.

23.  In a closed kinematic chain,
the distal segment is fixed
and the end segments are
unite to form a ring or a
circuit.
 When one link moves all the
other links will move in a
predictable pattern. e.g. the
rib cage.
 In an open kinematic chain,
the distal segment terminates
free in space.
 Each segment of an open chain
has a characteristic degree of
freedom of motion; the distal
possessing a higher degree of
freedom than the proximal
ones.
 Such linkage system allows the
degrees of freedom of the
many joints in the chain to be
pooled giving the segments
(particularly those more distal)
greater potential for achieving
a variety of movements than
any one joint could possibly
have on its own.
 e.g. when reaching forward to
pick up a small object from a
high shelf.

24. OPEN CHAIN
The distal end terminates free in
space.
It has a characteristic degree of
freedom.
The distal segments possess higher
degrees of freedom than the proximal
one.
Such linkage system allows the degree
of freedom of many joints in the chain
to be pooled giving the segments
greater potential for achieving a variety
of movements than can any one joint
could possibly have on its own
CLOSED CHAIN
The distal segment is fixed and
the terminal joint meets with great
resistance which restraints its
free motion.
e.g. chinning oneself on horizontal
bar or stance phase of gait
cycle.
2) end segments are united to form a
ring when one link moves, the other
links will move in a predictable
pattern e.g. rib cage

25.  Walking and ascending and descending stairs
are examples of alternation between open
and closed chains
 Open kinematic chains are the most common
type in the human body

26. 1. Shape of the bony structure: e.g. depth of the acetabulum of the
hip joint and shallowness of the glenoid fossa of the shoulder
joint.
2. Ligaments Arrangement: the ligaments attach the ends of the
bones that form a movable joint and help in maintaining them in
the right relationship to each other.They check the movement
when it reaches its normal limits and the resist the movements for
which the joint is not constructed, e.g collateral ligament of the
knee. The importance of this factor remains as long as the
ligaments remain undamaged.
3. Fascia: Accordingly to the location and function of the fascia, it
may vary from thin to tough and fibrous membranes.
4. Muscular Arrangement: They play part in the stability of joints
especially in those joints whose bony structure contribute little to
stability; e.g. rotator cuff of the shoulder have strong inwards pull
on the humeral head toward the glenoid fossa.
5. Atmospheric Pressure: It plays a role mainly in the hip joint.

27.  Arthokinematics of the joint
 Osteokinematic of the joints
 Type of Joints and Joints surfaces

28.  Explain the Classification of joints
 Describe Synovial Joint

29.  Cynthia c. Norkin
 Dena gardiner

30.  Thank you