This workshop introduces the use of concept mapping (not mind mapping!) for identifying structure in complex texts, and for creating structure as you write. Cmap Tools is a freeware that is very suitable for structure work related to your writing. Visit https://cmap.ihmc.us/ to download Cmap Tools freeware and study with their excellent resources.

1. Concept Mapping
for Summarizing and Structuring
Lawrie Hunter
Editor/mentor, GRIPS
http://lawriehunter.com cpc_editor@grips.ac.jp

2. Download this PPT*
from Hunter’s SlideShare
https://slideshare.net/rolenzo/presentations/
*and many more

3. Concept Mapping
for Complexity Management
To be knowledgeable in some area
is to understand the interrelationships among
the important concepts in that domain.
Goldsmith, T. E., Johnson, P. J., & Acton, W. H. (1991). Assessing structural knowledge. Journal
of Educational Psychology, 83(1), 88–96.

4. Strategy: how to use Cmap Tools?
1. To map your thoughts and ideas
-to get your thinking clear before you write.
2. To map a text (e.g. an abstract or paper)
or a body of work (literature)
-to summarize its content
-to discover its structure
-to understand it

5. 1. To map your thoughts and ideas
-to get your thinking clear before you write.

6. 1. To map your thoughts and ideas
-to get your thinking clear before you write.

7. The research experience:
In the middle of a research project, the researcher possesses a large body of detailed
knowledge. However, all that knowledge can be confusing without some kind of mental
map representing the comprehensive structure of the research design and the results. Such
a roadmap can mitigate the confusion arising from knowledge complexity.

8. Strategy: how to use Cmap Tools?
2. To map a text (e.g. an abstract or paper) or a body of work (e.g. literature)
-to summarize its content
-to discover its structure
-to understand it

9. Strategy: how to use Cmap Tools?
2. To map a text (e.g. an abstract or paper) or a body of work (e.g. literature)
-to discover its structure
-to understand it

10. Example of complexity work
Abstract
The internationalisation of currencies is a topic that has received substantial attention
following the recent inclusion of the currency X in the International Monetary Fund’s Special
Drawing Rights. Although currency internationalisation is fundamentally an outward-oriented
policy goal, there is a tendency to link it exclusively to capital account liberalisation and
domestic financial deregulation; this has shifted debate on the subject in a more inward-
oriented direction.
The present paper seeks to reconcile these two perspectives by demonstrating how currency
internationalisation hinges critically on international liquidity provision. Proceeding on the
assumption that international currencies, both as a matter of historical experience and
macroeconomic logic, are associated with current account deficits, the argument is made here
that international liquidity provision depends crucially on economic structural and
international institutional conditions.
This paper demonstrates how an economy’s position within the international monetary system
and regional supply chains shapes its development path and mode of production, which in
turn become important determinants of its currency’s international profile. Then the historical
experience of the Japanese yen is applied to the case of internationalisation of currency X, and
the resulting analysis suggests that internal rebalancing towards greater domestic
consumption and external rebalancing towards higher imports will be required if the
international role of currency X is to expand.

11. Example of complexity work

12. Example of complexity work
Can you see the structure?
Abstract
The internationalisation of currencies is a topic that has received substantial attention
following the recent inclusion of the currency X in the International Monetary Fund’s
Special Drawing Rights. Although currency internationalisation is fundamentally an
outward-oriented policy goal, there is a tendency to link it exclusively to capital account
liberalisation and domestic financial deregulation; this has shifted debate on the subject
in a more inward-oriented direction.
The present paper seeks to reconcile these two perspectives by demonstrating how
currency internationalisation hinges critically on international liquidity provision.
Proceeding on the assumption that international currencies, both as a matter of historical
experience and macroeconomic logic, are associated with current account deficits, the
argument is made here that international liquidity provision depends crucially on
economic structural and international institutional conditions.
This paper demonstrates how an economy’s position within the international monetary
system and regional supply chains shapes its development path and mode of production,
which in turn become important determinants of its currency’s international profile. Then
the historical experience of the Japanese yen is applied to the case of internationalisation
of currency X, and the resulting analysis suggests that internal rebalancing towards
greater domestic consumption and external rebalancing towards higher imports will be
required if the international role of currency X is to expand.

13. Example of complexity work
Before

14. Example of complexity work
After

15. Sample abstract map

16. http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Default mapping tool: Cmap Tools

17. Cmap Tools software
and the mechanics of
concept mapping

18. http://cmap.ihmc.us/
Default mapping tool: Cmap Tools

19. Demo: Cmap Tools freeware

20. What do we put in Cmap nodes and links?
noun / noun phrase
noun / noun phrase
verb

21. bribes in Canadian
construction projects
survey of bribe size
revealed that
average 13% of
project budget
account for
noun / noun phrase
noun / noun phrase
verb
What do we put in Cmap nodes and links?

22. clause
logical connector
clause
What do we put in Cmap nodes and links?

23. Hunter mapped
15 abstracts
No literature on
abstract structure
was found
so
determine the
variety of structures
in order to
clause
logical connector
clause
What do we put in Cmap nodes and links?

24. Demo:
the concept mapping process

25. Concept mapping process
1. Input the text into your wetware
2. Identify all the main concepts
3. Identify the core concepts (<12)
4. Arrange the concepts as a cmap
(max 12, top-down, dyads)
5. Identify relations between dyads
6. Incubate, reconfirm.

26. Concept mapping process
1. Input the text into your wetware
2. Identify all the main concepts
3. Identify the core concepts (<12)
4. Arrange the concepts as a cmap
(max 12, top-down, dyads)
5. Identify relations between dyads
6. Incubate, reconfirm.

27. Concept mapping process
1. Input the text into your wetware
2. Identify all the main concepts
3. Identify the core concepts (<12)
4. Arrange the concepts as a cmap
(max 12, top-down, dyads)
5. Identify relations between dyads
6. Incubate, reconfirm.

28. Concept mapping process
let your
subconscious
mind
process it
let it sit
for a while
later
check the
links and the
top-down
arrangement show it to
your friends
(everyone’s
an expert)
INCUBATE
IT
1. Input the text into your wetware
2. Identify all the main concepts
3. Identify the core concepts (<12)
4. Arrange the concepts as a cmap
(max 12, top-down, dyads)
5. Identify relations between dyads
6. Incubate, reconfirm.

29. Today’s task:
mapping a text

30. Concept mapping process
1. Input the text into your wetware
2. Identify all the coreconcepts
3. Arrange the concepts as a cmap
(max XX, top-down)
4. Identify relations between dyads*
5. Incubate, reconfirm.
*dyad = two concepts and the relationship between them

31. Mapping: finding structure in a text
Does Machine Translation Afiect International Trade?
Evidence from a Large Digital Platformfi
Erik Brynjolfsson, Xiang Hui, Meng Liuy
August 1, 2018
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is matching or surpassing human performance in a growing
number of domains. However, there is limited empirical evidence of its economic
effects. Using a major e-commerce platform as the empirical context, we study an
application at the leading frontier of AI: machine translation. We find that the
introduction of a machine translation system has already had a significant effect on
international trade on this platform, increasing export quantity by 17.5%. Furthermore,
heterogeneous treatment effects are consistent with a substantial reduction in buyers'
translation-related search costs due to the introduction of this system. Our results
provide causal evidence that language barriers significantly hinder trade and that AI has
already substantially improved overall economic efficiency.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, International Trade, Machine Translation, Machine
Learning, Digital Platforms

32. Analysis: find structure signal words
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is matching or surpassing human performance in a growing
number of domains. However, there is limited empirical evidence of its economic
effects. Using a major e-commerce platform as the empirical context, we study an
application at the leading frontier of AI: machine translation. We find that the
introduction of a machine translation system has already had a significant effect on
international trade on this platform, increasing export quantity by 17.5%. Furthermore,
heterogeneous treatment effects are consistent with a substantial reduction in buyers'
translation-related search costs due to the introduction of this system. Our results
provide causal evidence that language barriers significantly hinder trade and that AI has
already substantially improved overall economic efficiency.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, International Trade, Machine Translation, Machine
Learning, Digital Platforms

33. Mapping a text:
1. Distil – choose core concepts
2. Constrain (fewer than XX nodes)
3. Arrange (top-down order)

34. Analysis: find sections of the abstract
Abstract
Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) is matching or surpassing human performance in a growing
number of domains. However, there is limited empirical evidence of its economic
effects.
Introduction
Using a major e-commerce platform as the empirical context, we study an application at
the leading frontier of AI: machine translation.
Findings
We find that the introduction of a machine translation system has already had a
significant effect on international trade on this platform, increasing export quantity by
17.5%. Furthermore, heterogeneous treatment effects are consistent with a substantial
reduction in buyers' translation-related search costs due to the introduction of this
system.
Discussion/Conclusion
Our results provide causal evidence that language barriers significantly hinder trade and
that AI has already substantially improved overall economic efficiency.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, International Trade, Machine Translation, Machine
Learning, Digital Platforms

35. Mapping a text:
Map the sections

36. Mapping a text:
Technique: nesting

37. Now it’s up to you…
… Hunter will help.

38. Hunter’s map of the abstract.
(This took some time.)

39. That’s it!
Please share your maps with Hunter.
cpc_editor@grips.ac.jp
https://lawriehunter.com
slideshare.net/rolenzo/presentations

40. Map
typology
by function
Novakian map
typology
by
link type